Ecostat

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	1 	
 
Chapt e r 1	 	
I NT R ODUCT I ON
 
1.1	 Agriculture scenario in Kerala	 	
 	The  State  is  the  first  in  the  country  in  human  development  index,  literacy  rate 	
and  sex  ratio.  In  recent  years,  the  State  is	 going  ahead  as  a  potential  destination  for 	
ecotourism,  information  technology  etc.  However  the  predominantly  agro  based  rural 
economy  drags  back  the  State  economy.  The  State’s  agriculture  sector  (including 
livestock)  contributes  only  10.88%  of  the  total  G	DP  (at  current  prices  in  2013	-14) 	
compared  to  34.2%  in  Madhya  Pradesh,  29.3%  in  Utter  Pradesh  and  Rajasthan  and 
27.4% in Punjab.	 Poor return and high labour cost has forced many of the growers to 	
keep away from agriculture. 	 	
 	In  1955	-56,  agriculture  was  th	e  main  economic  activity  of  Keralites 	and  about 	
53.1 percent of the total working population was engaged in agriculture. 	The State has 	
witnessed  a  remarkable  transformation  in  agricultural  sector  since  its  formation  in 
1956.  Cash  crops  like  coconut,  rubber	,  tea,  coffee,  pepper,  cardamom,  arecanut, 	
ginger, nutmeg, cinnamon etc and food crops like paddy, tapioca gives the agricultural 
sector of Kerala a distinct flavor.  The agro climatic conditions in the State suit for the 
cultivation of a variety of season	al crops and perennial crops.	  	
 	Kerala  or  Keralam  got  its  name  from  ‘kera’  (coconut).  For  centuries,  coconut 	
trees  and  coconuts  played  a  vital  role  in  the  everyday  life  and  economy  of  Kerala. 
Al	though  coconuts  are  cultivated  i	n  nearly  8.08  lakh  hectares  of	 land,  constituting 	
almost 	39.4  percent  of  the  state’s  net  cropped  area,  there  are  very  few  large  coconut 	
plantations in the state. More than 95 percent of coconut trees in Kerala are grown in 
the front and back yards of homesteads.	 	
 	Coconut  palms  grow	 alm	ost  everywhere  in  Kerala.  In  the  low  lands,  coconut 	
forms  one  of  the  main  c	rops.  The  midlands  and  the  slope	 of  the  high  lands  are  also 	
best suited for its cultivation. The seaboard, the shores of lagoons, backwaters and the 
banks of rivers are studded with	 coconut trees. Coconut cultivation is now extended to 	
higher elevations such as in Idukki district. 	Coconut farming in	 Kerala is facing severe 	
setback	 in  recent  years  owing  to  fall  in  market  price  and  low  productivity  due  to  pest 	
and  disease  attacks. 	The 	rise  in  cost  of  cultivation  and  competition  from  other  oils 	
such  as  palm	 oil  etc	 are  other  reasons	 affecting 	the  production  of  coconut	. Kerala’s 	
share in area of coconut farming in the country had de	clined from 	69	%  in 19	55	-56 to 	
38	% in 2013	-14	.

Page	 2  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
 	 Paddy  cultivation  is  the  part  and  parcel  of 	our  culture  and  it  is  the  State’s 	
major  foodgrain  crop	. In  the  early  years	,  paddy  cultivation  was  the 	main  agriculture 	
activity  in  coa	stal  and  midland  wet  fields  in  Kerala  and  is  also  connected  with  the 	
culture  a	nd  festivals  of  Kerala. 	Despite  these  facts,  the  area  and  production  of  paddy 	
in  Kerala  continues	 to  decline  over  the  years. 	The  State  has  achieved  50  percent  self	-	
sufficien	cy  in  rice  production  in  1972	-73.  But  the  area  and  production  of  paddy  has 	
declined  at  an  alarming  rate  in  the  later  years. 	The  gap  between  investment  and 	
production  made  the  cultivators  away  from  paddy  cultivation,  while  the  high  job 
opportunity and alternative wages shifted the workfor	ce to other lucrative construction 	
works.  The  high  remittance  from  abroad  boosted  the  real  estate  and  construction 
sector	s in  Kerala  weaning  away  the  land  under  paddy  and  other  crops  and  labour 	
force involved in cultivation and small land owners to real es	tate sector. 	 	
 	Kerala  has  wide  network  of  rivers,  rivulets  and  springs  spread  over  the  entire 	
cropped  area. 	Out  of  the  net  cropped  area  of  the  State,  only  19  percent  is  irrigated. 	
The  net  area  irrigated  has  slightly  increased  from  3.93  lakh  hectares  during	 2004	-05 	
to 3.97 lakh hectares during 2013	-14. Coconut is the major irrigated crop of the State 	
which accounts for 35 percent of the gross irrigated area followed by paddy with 33%. 	 	
1.2	 Agriculture scenario in 	India	 	
Agriculture  sector  contributes  Rs.1	653802	 crores  in  total  GDP  of  India 	(at 	
2013	-14 	prices	)  and 	the  share  of  this  sector  is  15.8	%.  At  all  India  level,  agriculture 	
sector  shows  a  growth  rate  of 	16.67	%  in  2013	-14  over  the  previous  year. 	Thus 	this 	
sector  plays	 an  important  role  in  Indian  economy.  In  addition  to  the 	GDP  in  primary 	
sector	,  the  value  addition  from  agricultural  produces 	contributes  a 	major  share	 of 	
GDP 	in manufacturing sector. 	 	
In India, in 1950	-51, the net cropped area was 118.75 million hectares 	and now 	
(in 2011	-12) it has increased to 140.80 million hectares	. While the gross cropped area 	
is  increased  from  131.89  million  hectares  to  195.25  million  hectares. 	Thus  the 	
cropping intensity is increased from	 111.07% 	to	 138.67% 	during the above period.	 	
The  percapita  net  availability  of  total  food  grains  in  India  during  the  year  1951	 	
was 144.1 kg per year or 394.9 grams per day. Now 	in 2014, it has	 increased to 179.3 	
kg  per  year  or  491.2  grams  per  day. 	By 	considering	 rice  alone,  the  percapita 	
availability of rice in the country is 58 kg per year or 158.9 grams per day 	during 1951 	
and 72.6 kg per year or 199.0 grams per day during 2014. 	 	
In  the  global  food  production  scenario,  India  continues  to  maintain  a  major 	
share 	and  thus  earn  foreign  exchange  from  the  export  of  many  agricultural  produces 	
and  value  added  food  products. 	India  is  the  leading  producer  of  rice  and  wheat  after 	
China  in  the whole world.  The  country has  21  percent 	share in global  rice  production 	
and	 14 pe	rcent in wheat	 production. Maize is another produce in which the country is 	
in 	the 	4th position  in  the  world  with  2.5  percent  share. 	India  occupies  19.6  percent

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	3 	
 
contribution in the world production of sugarcane after Brazil. 	India is also the second 	
larges	t  producer  of  vegetables,  fruits,  melons,  tobacco,  onions  and  groundnut	.  The 	
country  has  11.6  percent  share  in  global  production  of  groundnut,  11.7  percent  in 
tobacco,  9.6  percent  in  vegetables  and  melons,  11.6  percent  in  fruits,  11.3  percent  in 
potatoes a	nd 17.4 percent in onion. 	 	
In  India,  during  1955	-56,  31.52	 million  hectares  of  area 	is  under  paddy 	
cultivation  with  27.56	 million  tonnes  of  rice  production. 	Now,  as  per  2013	-14 data, 	
this  has  increased  to  43.95	 mill	ion  hectares  of  area  with  106.54	 million 	tonnes  of 	
production. 	During this period, the producti	vity has increased from 874	 kg/ hect	are to 	
2424	 kg/  hectare. 	West  Bengal  is  the  leading  producer  of  rice  in  India  with  14.33 	
percent of all India production followed by UP with 13.8 percent. Kerala’s co	ntrib	ution 	
in rice production is 0.53	%. Among the rice producing States, Punjab has	 the highest 	
productivity of 3952	 kg/ hecta	re followed by Haryana with 3256	 kg/ hectare. Ke	rala’s 	
productivity is only 2837	 kg/ hectare.	 	
During  the  year	 2013	-14,  India  has  e	xported  107	.76  lakh  tonnes  of  rice  with  a 	
value  of  Rs.46793 	Crores.  Wheat  is  the  2	nd major  food  grain  commodity  exported 	
during the year 2013	-14. The total exported quantity of wheat in 2013	-14 is 55.6 lakh 	
tonnes  with  a  value  of  Rs.9257  C	rores. 	Even  thoug	h  India  has  exported  10.29  lakh 	
tonnes of spices (value Rs.15981 crores) during the year 2013	-14, some other spices of 	
1.48 	lakh  tonnes  (value  Rs.3431  crores) 	were  imported 	during  the  same  year. 	The 	
other  major  agricultural  commodities  imported 	to  India  (d	uring  the  year  2013	-14) 	are 	
edible vegetable oils (104.34 lakh tonnes, Rs.56489 crores), pulses (30.49 lakh tonnes, 
Rs.10551  crores),  raw  cashew  (7.71  lakh  tonnes,  4564  crores)  and  sugar  (8	.81  lakh 	
tonnes, 2287 crores). 	 	
 	  	
1.3 Analytic	al	 study	 	
 	The 	agricultur	al situation  in  the  State  during  the  last  10  years  in  terms  of 	
development  in  area,  production,  productivity,  economy,  changes  happened  during 
this  period  etc  are  analysed  in  this  re	port  through  various  chapters.  The  area  and 	
production share of 	the State in all India area and production of various crops are also 	
mentioned  in  this  report.  Since  paddy  and  coconut  are  the 	very 	important  crops  in 	
Kerala,  special  emphasis  is  given  on  these  two  crops  and  separate  chapters  are 
provided  in  this  report.  S	o,  the  area,  production  and  productivity  of  paddy  and 	
coconut from 1955	-56 to 2013	-14 of Kerala and all India are given as annexure of this 	
report. 	 
This  report 	also 	contains  an  analysis  on  the  performance 	in  implementation  of 	
plan schemes of 	the 	Departmen	t of Agriculture 	during the last 10 years from 2005	-06 	
to  2014	-15. 	The  scheme  wise  outlay  of  the  State  budget 	according  to  the  amount 	
earmarked  in  each  Head  of  Account 	and  its  progress  of  achievement  in

Page	 4  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
implementation up to 31	st March of 	each	 year 	are compiled in this report. 	The scheme 	
expenditure  figures  mentioned  in  this  report  are  accounts  figures  published  by  State 
Finance  Department. 	For  the  year  2014	-15,  since  the  accounts  figures  are  not 	
published  yet,  the  department  expenditure  figures  are 	provided. 	The  basic  data 	
sources for this report are	 	
1.	 Annual Plan documents of State Finance 	department	 	
2.	 Annual accounts of State Finance department	 	
3.	 Performance reports 	of the D	epartment	 of Agriculture	 	
4.	 Subject Committee Reports of	 Department of 	Agriculture 	 	
5.	 Economic review 	documents 	and other reports of State Planning Board	 	
6.	 Reports published by the 	State D	epartment of Economics & Statistics	 	
7.	 Reports on socio economic surveys conducted by NSSO	 	
8.	 Reports of Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India	 	
9.	 Re	ports  of  tea  boar	d,  rubber  board,  coffee  board  etc  available  in  their  official 	
websites	 	
The first chapter of this report gives an introduction to agricultural situation in 	
Kerala  and  the  country.  In  chapter  2,  an  overview  of  the  plan  schemes  implemented 
from  2005	-06  to  2014	-15  are  analysed.  The  sectoral  share  and  its  growth  during  the 	
period,	 growth  in  outlay  and  share  of 	State  and  centrally  sponsored  schemes 	etc  are 	
also  analysed  here.  In  chapter  3,  the gross domestic product  from  agricultural  sector, 
its sectoral share, its changes over the period, compari	son of Kerala with India etc are	 	
ana	lysed.  The  overall  situation  of  agriculture  in  Kerala  in  comparison  with  all  India, 	
cropping  pattern,  land  use  pattern,  production  changes  during  the  period  of  last  ten 
years  etc  are  analysed  in  chapter  number  4. 	A  comparison  of  cropping  pattern  of 	
Kerala 	in  1955	-56  with  201	4-15,  comparison  with  all  India,  district  level  ranking 	
position  in  area  and  production  of  various  important  crops  et  are  also  mentioned  in 
chapter 4.	 	
In  chapter  5,  the  crop  production expense  on  various  crops  in  the  state  during 	
the 	period  from  200	4-05 to  201	3-14 are  analysed.  The  receipt	s and  expenses  in  crop 	
production  of  other  states  in  India  are  also  analysed  in  chapter  5.	 The  growth  in  cost 	
of  cultivation  and  growth  in  farm  price  of  various  agricultural  produces  are  also 
compared	 and  analysed  in  this  chapter. 	In  chapter  6,  the  consumption  pattern  in 	
rural and urb	an areas in the States based on the socio economic surveys conducted in 	
the State during the past and 	the estimated requirement of rice and vegetables for the 	
next  15  year	s  for  Kerala  are  analysed. 	In  chapter  7	,  the  development  of  paddy 	
cultivation  in  Kerala  is  analysed.  The  schemes  implemented  on  the  aspect  of 
developing  rice  production  in  Kerala  and  its  financial  and  available  physical 
achievements  are  also  summarised  in 	this  chapter.  The  schemes  related	 to	 the 	
improvement  of  production  and  productivity  of  coconut  implemented  in  the  State 
during 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14 and the area, production and productivity improvement of

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	5 	
 
coconut  cultivation  in  comparison  with  other  coconut 	producing  States  are  explained 	
in chapter 8.	 	
Chapter  number  9  gives  the  development  of  vegetables  and  fruits  in  Ker	ala 	
during  the  last  ten  years,  the  schemes  on  development  of  horticultural  crops 
implemented  through  the  department  of  agriculture,  VFPCK,  Ho	rticorp,  SHM  are 	
analysed. 	In  chapter  10,  the  development  of  plantation  crops  and  spices  in  the  State 	
and  the  schemes  implemented  on  this  aspect  during  the  last  ten  years  are  analysed. 
The  share  of  the  State  in  the  area  under  spices  and  plantation  crops  in	 the  country 	
and  production  share  and  its  changes  are  analysed  here.  In  chapter  11,  the  schemes 
implemented in Kerala for providing insurance support to crops, welfare of the farming 
community,  debt  relief  etc  are  analysed.  Chapter  12  gives  the  schemes  imp	lemented 	
on  improving  the  mechanisation  in  agriculture  in  Kerala  and  its  performance  are 
analysed.  In  chapter  13,  the  schemes  related  to  extension  and  communication  and 
other techn	ology  transfer  to  farmers  and  their	 performance  are explained.	 Chapter  14 	
gives  the  details  of  schemes  related  to  market  development,  establishment  of  storage 
and warehousing facilities for agricultural produces etc 	implemented 	during the above 	
period. 	The  plan  schemes  not  covered  in  chapters  7  to  14  are  covered  in  chapter  15. 	
Sin	ce  the  schemes  implemented  in  earlier  periods  but  no  budget  outlay  during  the 	
succeeding years, the available details are covered. 	 	
The  data  used  for  the  analysis  made  in  the  above  chapters  are  appended  as 	
Annexure at the end of this report. 	These contain	 scheme wise plan progress, cropped 	
area,  production  and productivity,  cost  of  cultivation, 	agricultural  population,  various 	
prices  such  as  farm  wholesale  price,  farm  retail  price,  market  wholesale  price  etc  of 
agricultural commodities, consumption of pest	icides etc.

Page	 6  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Chapt e r 2	 	
PLAN PER FOR MANCE	- AN 	
OVER VI EW
 	
The  performance  of  plan  schemes  implemented  by  the  department  of 	
agriculture  during  the  last  ten  years  from  2005	-06  to  2014	-15  are  analysed  here. 	
State  plan  schemes  and  centrally  sponsored  schemes  are  analysed  separately.	 For 	
scheme  wise 	year  wise 	budget  o	utlay,  revised  budget  outlay,  expenditure  and  head  of 	
account during the above period, the annexures given at the end of this report may be 
referred.	 	
2.1 	State Plan schemes	 	
 	The  Department  of  Agriculture  have  implemented  a  total  of  94  State  plan 	
schemes  du	ring  the  period  from  2005	-06  to  2014	-05  ranging  from  30  schemes  (in 	
2005	-06)  to  49  (in  2011	-2).  The  annual  total  outlay  corresponding  to  these  State 	
sector schemes is ranging from 54 crores to 925 crores. An increasing trend is shown 
in the budget allocati	on in agricultural sector during the period of 10 years.	 	
2.2 	Centrally Sponsored schemes	 	
 	During the period of 10 years, the total number of centrally sponsored schemes 	
implemented  by	 the  department  is  55,  which	 rang	es	 from  8  (in  2012	-13)  to  the 	
maximum of	 23 (in 2005	-06). In 2005	-06, 16 numbers of macro management schemes 	
under  90%  central  funding  pattern  have  been  implemented  by  the  department. 
Central  Government  have  reduced  the  scheme  components  year  by  year  and  finally 
withdrawn all the macro managemen	t schemes by 2013	-14. 	 	
2.3 	Original and Revised Budget Outlay	 	
 	The  following  table  shows  the  original  budget  outlay  and  revised  budget  outlay 	
during  the  last  10  years  as  per  the  budget  records  of  Finance  department  and  the 
implementation  reco	rds  of 	Departm	ent	 of  Agriculture	.  The  state  share  and  central 	
share  of  centrally  sponsored  schemes  are  given  separately.  The  state  share  of  CSS  is 
only for the CSS other than 100% centrally sponsored schemes.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	7 	
 	
Rs. in Crores	 	
Year	 	
Original Outlay	 	Revised Outlay	 	
State 
Plan	 	
CSS	 	
State 
Plan	 	
CSS	 	
Other 
CSS 
State 
share	 	
Central 
Share	 	
Other 	
CSS State 	
share	 	
Central 
Share	 	
2005	-06	 	54.33	 	8.35	 	136.71	 	53.53	 	9.35	 	145.36	 	
2006	-07	 	152.44	 	7.11	 	82.07	 	250.01	 	6.26	 	100.82	 	
2007	-08	 	162.69	 	3.27	 	53.84	 	148.99	 	3.33	 	47.00	 	
2008	-09	 	143.20	 	4.00	 	59.09	 	198.09	 	3.77	 	46.84	 	
2009	-10	 	194.17	 	2.56	 	21.90	 	246.99	 	3.07	 	29.14	 	
2010	-11	 	283.22	 	2.56	 	24.60	 	305.07	 	2.58	 	22.52	 	
2011	-12	 	485.23	 	3.46	 	20.84	 	494.39	 	4.03	 	22.15	 	
2012	-13	 	685.74	 	3.00	 	20.65	 	698.98	 	3.00	 	20.15	 	
2013	-14	 	778.66	 	2.93	 	29.45	 	667.70	 	2.73	 	27.65	 	
2014	-15	 	924.52	 	0.30	 	18.00	 	972.17	 	1.30	 	63.48	 	
Total for 	 	
10 years	 	3864.20	 	37.54	 	467.14	 	4035.92	 	39.41	 	525.10	 	
 
2.4 	Expenditure and Performance percentage	 	
Regarding  the  performance  of  State  Plan  schemes,  the  utilization  of  fund  was 	
100%  in  2008	-09  and  least 	in  2007	-08  with  40%.  In  the  case  of  centrally  sponsored 	
schemes, the central fund utilization is maximum in 2012	-13 (91%) and least in 2005	-	
06  (33	%).  The  overall  fund  utilization  is  maximum 	in  2009	-10  with  95  percent  and 	
least  in  2005	-06  with  47  percent.  T	he  performance  at  a  glance  is  depicted  in  the 	
following trend chart. 	 	
 	
20
40
60
80
100
120	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Percentage
 	
Plan performance from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
State Plan	CSS alone	Total

Page	 8  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
The following table shows the expenditure and its percentage values against the 	
revised  budget  allocation over  the  years  from  2005	-06  to  2014	-15.  For  the years  from 	
2005	-06 to 2013	-14,	 the expenditure values are the accounts figures published by the 	
Finance  Department  and  for  the  year  2014	-15,  the  expenditure  is  the  provisional 	
figures available in the records of the Department of Agriculture. 	 	
Rs. in Crores	 	
Year	 	
Expenditure	 	Percentage	 	
State 
Plan	 	
CSS	 	
State 
Plan	 	
CSS	 	
Total	 	
Other CSS 	
State 
share	 	
Central 
Share	 	
Other CSS 	
State 
share	 	
Central 
Share	 	
2005	-06	 	46.51	 	4.22	 	47.26	 	87	 	45	 	33	 	47	 	
2006	-07	 	198.99	 	4.12	 	43.40	 	80	 	66	 	43	 	69	 	
2007	-08	 	59.32	 	2.73	 	35.06	 	40	 	82	 	75	 	49	 	
2008	-09	 	200.04	 	2.89	 	26.59	 	101	 	76	 	57	 	92	 	
2009	-10	 	237.52	 	2.52	 	24.74	 	96	 	82	 	85	 	95	 	
2010	-11	 	288.17	 	2.39	 	19.09	 	94	 	93	 	85	 	94	 	
2011	-12	 	448.47	 	3.12	 	16.55	 	91	 	77	 	75	 	90	 	
2012	-13	 	641.43	 	2.64	 	18.39	 	92	 	88	 	91	 	92	 	
2013	-14	 	640.40	 	0.89	 	10.67	 	96	 	32	 	39	 	93	 	
2014	-15	 	694.30	 	1.27	 	31.67	 	71	 	98	 	50	 	70	 	
Total for 
10 years	 	3455.16	 	26.78	 	273.42	 	86	 	68	 	52	 	82	 	
 	
The  total  allocation  of  both  State  and  Central  plan  schemes  (based	 on  revised 	
budget outlay) during the last 10 years and its utilization (actual values) is depicted in 
the following bar chart.	 	
 	
0	
200
400
600
800
1000
1200	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Rs. in Crores
 	
Allocation and utilisation from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
Outlay	Expenditure

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	9 	
 
2.5 	Budget share of Agriculture Department	 	
The  plan  outlay  of  the  D	epartment  of  Agriculture  is  provided  under  the 	
subsectors 	1.1  Agriculture  and  1.8  Marketing  storage  and  warehousing  in  the  State 	
budget.  On  analyzing  the  State  plan  budget  allocation  of  Department	 of Agriculture 	
and  the  sectoral  outlay  under  a	griculture  and  allied  services  for  the  period  of  last  ten 	
years from 20	05	-06 to 2014	-15 we can see that the share of the department has been 	
increased  from  29%  to  53%.  This  shows  that  more  thrust  has  been  given  to  the 
subsectors  Agriculture  (subsector  1.1)  and  Marketing  storage  and  warehousing 
(subsector  1.8)  rather  than  the 	other  subsectors,  viz  Soil  &  water  conservation  (1.2), 	
Animal husbandry (1.3), Dairy development	 (1.4), Fisheries (1.5), Forestry and wildlife	 	
(1.6) and Investment	s in	 agricultural financial institutions (1.7).	 	
The trend chart showing the outlay share of 	Department 	of Agriculture 	over the 	
agriculture and allied sector and total State budget  during the period is shown below. 
Both show an increasing trend. 	 	
 	
 	 
While  considering  the  total  State  plan  budget  during  the  period,  the  budget 	
share  of  the  department	 has  increased  from  1%  to  5%.  The  following  table  shows  the 	
above facts in detail. 	 	
 
 
 
 
0
10
20
30
40
50
60	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Percentage
 	
Outlay share of Agriculture department	 	
% of Agri dept over Agri & allied sectors
% of Agri dept over total State plan outlay

Page	 10	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Rs. in Crores	 	
Year	 	
 	
Outlay of 
Agri	culture	 	
Dept	 	
Agri & 
allied 
sectors	 	
Total State 	
Plan	 	
outlay	 	
% of Agri dept 
over Agri & 
allied sectors	 	
% of Agri dept	 	
over total State 	
plan outlay	 	
2005	-06	 	62.68	 	214.30	 	5370	 	29	 	1 	
2006	-07	 	159.55	 	396.19	 	6681	 	40	 	2 	
2007	-08	 	165.96	 	368.49	 	6950	 	45	 	2 	
2008	-09	 	147.20	 	403.31	 	7700	 	36	 	2 	
2009	-10	 	196.73	 	444.04	 	8920	 	44	 	2 	
2010	-11	 	285.78	 	705.55	 	10025	 	41	 	3 	
2011	-12	 	488.69	 	995.00	 	12010	 	49	 	4 	
2012	-13	 	688.74	 	1288.47	 	14010	 	53	 	5 	
2013	-14	 	781.59	 	1494.74	 	17000	 	52	 	5 	
2014	-15	 	924.82	 	1730.63	 	20000	 	53	 	5 	
Total for 
10 years	 	3901.74	 	8040.72	 	108666	 	49	 	4

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	11	 	
 
Chapt e r 3	 	
GDP FR OM AGR I CULT UR E
 
3.1 	Agricultural Economy of Kerala 	 	
 	In  1956	-57,  the  share  of  agricultural  products 	in  Kerala 	was  nearly  53  percent 	
of  the 	Net  State  D	omestic 	Product 	(NSDP).  The  relati	ve  share  of  agriculture  in  s	tate 	
income was the lowest 	when compared with	 any State in the country while the relative 	
share  of  service  sector  was  the  highest.  During  1957	-58,  the  percapita  income  from 	
agriculture  in  Kerala  was  Rs.2	43  wher	eas  it  was  only  Rs.188  in  all	 India. 	Now  (at 	
2013	-14 prices),  the  percapita  income  from  agriculture  in  Kerala 	(based  on  GSDP) 	is 	
Rs.12738	 and 	in	 all India 	it 	is Rs.13228	.  	
 	The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from agriculture and allied sector consists of 	
the	 following subsectors	 	
1.	 Agriculture (including livestock and dairying)	 	
2.	 Forestry and logging	 	
3.	 Fishing	 	
Thus 	GDP  from 	agriculture  is  the  total  value  of  goods  and  services  produced 	
from agriculture (principal, minor and miscellaneous crops [products and byproducts]) 
and  livestock  (milk,  meat,  egg,  wool,  hair,  dung,  honey  etc).  At  current  prices,  th	e  all 	
India  GDP	 during	 th	e  year  2013	-14 is  Rs.	10472807	 crores  and  out  of  this  the 	
agriculture sector has shared a	n amount	 of 	Rs.	1653802	 crores (15.	8 percent).	 	
 	While  considering  the  State  of  Kerala,  the  total  GDP  in  2013	-14  is 	
Rs.	396282.46	 crores and the share of agriculture subse	ctor is 43	096.47 crores (10.88 	
percent	 of  total  GDP	).      The  GDP 	contribution  from	 above  subsectors,  primary  sector 	
and  tota	l  GDP  in  Kerala  and  all  India  during  2004	-05  and  2013	-14  at  current  prices 	
are	 given in the following table.

Page	 12	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Rs. in Crores	 	
Subs	ector	 	
KERALA	 	INDIA	 	
2004	-05	 	2013	-14	 	2004	-05	 	2013	-14	 	
Agriculture	 	16980.51	 	43096.47	 	476634	 	1653802	 	
Forestry & logging	 	2049.02	 	4828.27	 	61640	 	NA	 	
Fishing	 	1814.22	 	6264.54	 	27153	 	NA	 	
Agriculture & allied 
sector 	total	 	20843.75	 	54189.28	 	565426	 	190	6348	 	
Primary 	sector total	 	21301.5	3 	56097.20	 	650454	 	2129000	 	
Total GDP	 	119264.00	 	396282.46	 	2971464	 	10472807	 	
 
 	The  change  in  GDP  share  of  each  of  the  above  subsectors  of  agriculture  and 	
allied sector in Kerala from	 2004	-05 to 2013	-14 at current 	prices is shown below.	 	
GDP contribution from agriculture & allied sectors in Kerala	 	
 	 	
 	 
The  share  of  agriculture  including  livestock  is  decreased  by  2%  in  the  State 	
during the period of 10 years. But in all India, the subsectoral	 share of agriculture has 	
increased  by  2%  from  2004	-05  to  2012	-13  (note  that 	sub  sectoral  figures  of 	all  India 	
for  the  year  2013	-14 	are 	not  available).  The  following  pie  charts  shows  the  changes 	
happened in sub sectoral share of GDP o	f all India from 2004	-05 to 2012	-13. 	
 
 
 	
Agricult
ure	 	
81%	 	
Forestry 	
& 	
logging	 	
10%	 	
Fishing	 	
9%	 	
2004	-05	 	
Agricultu	
re 	
79%	 	
Forestry 
& logging	 	
9%	 	
Fishing	 	
12%	 	
2013	-14

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	13	 	
 	
 	
GDP contribution from agriculture & allied sector in India	 	
 	 	
 
3.2 GDP from agriculture in Kerala	 	
The  following  table  shows  the  GSDP 	from	 Agriculture  sub  sector 	and  total 	
GSDP 	in Kerala at current prices and at 2004	-05 prices during the last 10 years from 	
2004	-05 to 2013	-14. 	 	
 Rs. in Crores	 	
Year	 	
Current prices	 	Constant prices	 	
GDP from 
Agriculture	 	Total GDP	 	
GDP from 
Agriculture	 	Total GDP	 	
2004	-05	 	16980.51	 	119264.00	 	16980.51	 	119264.00	 	
2005	-06	 	18949.14	 	136841.76	 	18041.97	 	131293.93	 	
2006	-07	 	20821.01	 	153784.88	 	16567.85	 	141666.69	 	
2007	-08	 	22216.33	 	175141.08	 	16196.60	 	154092.68	 	
2008	-09	 	24927.44	 	202782.79	 	16533.94	 	162659.20	 	
2009	-10	 	25748.35	 	231998.67	 	16036.66	 	177571.35	 	
2010	-11	 	34012.38	 	263773.30	 	14869.15	 	189850.71	 	
2011	-12	 	40379.10	 	312677.16	 	15701.19	 	200957.73	 	
2012	-13	 	40288.47	 	347840.78	 	15931.67	 	212859.53	 	
2013	-14	 	43096.47	 	396282.46	 	15473.30	 	226208.50	 	
 
Note:	 GDP 	from	 Agriculture  subsector  includes  animal  husbandry  and  dairying  also, 	
because the exact figures of income generated in respect of each cannot be segregated. 	 	
Agricultu	
re 	
84%	 	
Forestry 
& logging	 	
11%	 	
Fishing	 	
5%	 	
2004	-05	 	
Agricult
ure	 	
86%	 	
Forestry 	
& 	
logging	 	
9%	 	
Fishing	 	
5%	 	
2012	-13

Page	 14	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
 
3.3	 Growth rate of 	GDP from agriculture	 sector	 in	 Kerala	 	
 	The  table  given  below  shows  the  growth 	rate  of  GDP  from  agriculture  and  that 	
of  total  GDP  at  current  and  constant  prices  over  the  previous  year  from  2005	-06  to 	
2013	-14 in Kerala.	 	
Year	 	
at current prices	 	
at constant (2004	-05) 	
prices	 	
Agriculture 
sub sector	 	Total GDP	 	
Agriculture 
sub sector	 	Total 	GDP	 	
2005	-06	 	11.59	 	14.74	 	6.25	 	10.09	 	
2006	-07	 	9.88	 	12.38	 	-8.17	 	7.9	0 	
2007	-08	 	6.7	0 	13.89	 	-2.24	 	8.77	 	
2008	-09	 	12.2	0 	15.78	 	2.08	 	5.56	 	
2009	-10	 	3.29	 	14.41	 	-3.01	 	9.17	 	
2010	-11	 	32.1	0 	13.7	0 	-7.28	 	6.92	 	
2011	-12	 	18.72	 	18.54	 	5.6	0 	5.85	 	
2012	-13	 	-0.22	 	11.25	 	1.47	 	5.92	 	
2013	-14	 	6.97	 	13.93	 	-2.88	 	6.27	 	
 
3.4	 Growth rate of 	GDP from 	agriculture 	sector 	in	 India	 	
 	The percentage growth of GDP from agriculture sector and total GDP of all India 	
at current and constant prices over the previous year from 2005	-06 to 2013	-14 is as 	
follows.	 	
Year	 	
at current prices	 	
at constant (2004	-05) 	
prices	 	
Agriculture 
sub sector	 	Total GDP	 	
Agriculture 
sub sector	 	Total GDP	 	
2005	-06	 	12.63	 	14.10	 	5.53	 	9.48	 	
2006	-07	 	12.64	 	16.60	 	4.13	 	9.57	 	
2007	-08	 	18.46	 	15.91	 	6.34	 	9.32	 	
2008	-09	 	12.62	 	15.75	 	-0.27	 	6.72	 	
2009	-10	 	15.12	 	15.18	 	0.41	 	8.59	 	
2010	-11	 	23.15	 	18.66	 	9.54	 	8.91	 	
2011	-12	 	13.73	 	15.77	 	5.34	 	6.69	 	
2012	-13	 	8.99	 	11.88	 	0.91	 	4.47	 	
2013	-14	 	16.67	 	11.54	 	4.93	 	4.74

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	15	 	
 
3.5	 GDP c	ontribution from	 Agriculture 	- Kerala Vs India	  	
 	The percentage share of GDP from 	agriculture (including livestock and dairying) 	
over total GDP of Kerala and India at current and constant prices is given below.	 	
 Year	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	
Current 
prices	 	
Constant 
(2004	-05) 	
prices	 	
Current 
prices	 	
Constant 
(2004	-05) 	
prices	 	
2004	-05	 	14.24	 	14.24	 	16.04	 	16.04	 	
2005	-06	 	13.85	 	13.74	 	15.83	 	15.46	 	
2006	-07	 	13.54	 	11.69	 	15.30	 	14.69	 	
2007	-08	 	12.68	 	10.51	 	15.63	 	14.29	 	
2008	-09	 	12.29	 	10.16	 	15.21	 	13.36	 	
2009	-10	 	11.10	 	9.03	 	15.20	 	12.35	 	
2010	-11	 	12.89	 	7.83	 	15.78	 	12.42	 	
2011	-12	 	12.91	 	7.81	 	15.50	 	12.26	 	
2012	-13	 	11.58	 	7.48	 	15.10	 	11.85	 	
2013	-14	 	10.88	 	6.84	 	15.79	 	11.87	 	
 
Source: GDP of Kerala & India 2004	-05 to 2013	-14, Dept of Economics & Statistics, 	
Kerala and website of Planning Commission (	http://planningcommission.nic.in	)  	
 	The following graph shows that the 	GDP 	contribution of agriculture in Kerala is 	
decreasing more quickly compared to that of all India. 	 	
 	
 	
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17	
2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Percentage
 	
Trend in GDP contribution from agriculture in Kerala and India 	
at current prices	 	
Kerala	India

Page	 16	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
3.	6 GDP contribution from agriculture in major states	 	
While  comparing  the  GDP  share  of  agriculture  sector  (including  livestock)  of 	
Kerala  with  other  major  agricultural  producing  States  in  the  country,  it  is  observed 
that the State’s contribution is relatively much below than other States but just above 
our ne	ighbor Tamil Nadu. The following graph shows a clear picture on this aspect. 	 	
 	
The  GSDP  contribution  from  agriculture  sector  including  livestock  of  major 	
states  in  India  during  the  year  2013	-14  at  constant  (2004	-05)  prices  is  given  in  the 	
following table.	 (Rs. in Crores)	 	
Sl No	 	State	 	Agriculture 	
GSDP	 	Total GSDP	 	% share of 	
agriculture GDP	 	
1 	AP	 	67742.75	 	457351.14	 	14.8	 	
2 	Assam	 	15	73	3.44	 	88537.17	 	17.2	 	
3 	Bihar	 	28908.36	 	174733.58	 	16.5	 	
4 	Haryana	 	28683.12	 	198858.27	 	14.4	 	
5 	Jharkhand	 	15016.9	0 	109408.41	 	13.7	 	
6 	Karnataka	 	35396.66	 	314355.55	 	11.3	 	
7 	Kerala	 	15473.3	0 	226208.5	 	6.8	 	
8 	Maharashtra	 	53961.02	 	897785.79	 	6.0	 	
9 	MP	 	64879.98	 	238526.47	 	27.2	 	
10	 	Odisha	 	18889.25	 	148226.03	 	12.7	 	
11	 	Punjab	 	34079.48	 	173221.48	 	19.7	 	
12	 	Rajasthan	 	44123.38	 	244996.71	 	18	.0	 	
13	 	Tamil Nadu	 	30094.26	 	480618.05	 	6.3	 	
14	 	UP	 	94035.12	 	465968.88	 	20.2	 	
15	 	WB	 	49169.17	 	374898.99	 	13.1	 	
 
Source: Agricultural Statistics 2014, M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India	 	
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Percentage
 	
GDP share from agriculture of major States	- 2013	-14

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	17	 	
 
Chapt e r 4	  	
AGR I CULT UR E I N K ER ALA	- AN 	
OVER VI EW
 
4.1 	Cultivators and agricultural labourers in Kerala 	 	
The  number  of  people  engaged  in  agricultural  activities  has  been  reducing  in 	
the  Sta	te  due  to  high  returns  from  other  entrepreneurial 	ventures 	or  business  and 	
service  sectors.  The 	population	 of  agricultural  labourers 	in  Kerala 	is  also  decreasing 	
due  to 	migration  of  labour  force  to	 construction,	 manufacturing  and  service  sector	s. 	
On 	analyzing  the  census  population  of  cultivators  and  agricultural  labourers  in  the 	
State  i	n  2001  and  2011  years, 	it  is	 observe	d that  both  the  number  and  share  of 	
cultivator	s  and  agricultural  labourers  had	 reduced	.  The  decadal  rate  of  decline  of 	
cultivators  a	nd  agricultural  labourers  is	 7.4%  and  18.4%  respectively.  While  a  slight 	
inc	rease  of  female  cultivators  has	 been  recorded  during  the  decade.    But  at  the  same 	
time  a  positive  growth  in  urban  population	 in  all  the  above  categories  has	 been 	
recorded both in a	bsolute values and t	heir shares during the period. T	his may be due 	
to  the  urbanisation  by 	the  formation  of	 new  Corporations/  Municipalities  and 	
expansion  of  existing  urban  local  bodies  by 	conversion  of	 nearest 	rural  Panchay	ats 	
during  the  period.  The  follow	ing  tables  show  the  population  of  cultivators  and 	
agricultural labourers in 2001 census and 2011 census.	 	
Total population	 in Kerala	 	
 	
2001 census	 	2011 census	 	
Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	
Total	 	31841374	 	15468614	 	16372760	 	33406061	 	16027412	 	17378649	 	
Rural	 	23574449	 	11451282	 	12123167	 	17471135	 	8408054	 	9063081	 	
Urban	 	8266925	 	4017332	 	4249593	 	15934926	 	7619358	 	8315568

Page	 18	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Population of cultivators 	in Kerala	 	
 	
2001 census	 	2011 census	 	
Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	
Total	 	724155	 	6020	38	 	122117	 	670253	 	546906	 	123347	 	
Rural	 	693986	 	577726	 	116260	 	587029	 	478881	 	108148	 	
Urban	 	30169	 	24312	 	5857	 	83224	 	68025	 	15199	 	
 
Population of agricultural labourers	 in Kerala	 	
 	
2001 census	 	2011 census	 	
Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	
Total	 	1620851	 	1078354	 	542497	 	1322850	 	857995	 	464855	 	
Rural	 	1507081	 	1003265	 	503816	 	1083003	 	690294	 	392709	 	
Urban	 	113770	 	75089	 	38681	 	239847	 	167701	 	72146	 	
 
Source: Census estimates 2001, 2011	 	
 	
Percentage of cultivators and agriculture labourers to total population	 	
  	
Cultivators	 	Agricultural 	labourers	 	
2001 census	 	2011 census	 	2001 census	 	2011 census	 	
T 	M	 	F 	T 	M	 	F 	T 	M	 	F 	T 	M	 	F 	
Total	 	2.3	 	3.8	 	0.7	 	2.0	 	3.4	 	0.7	 	5.1	 	7.0	 	3.3	 	4.0	 	5.4	 	2.7	 	
Rural	 	2.9	 	5.0	 	1.0	 	3.4	 	5.7	 	1.2	 	6.4	 	8.8	 	4.2	 	6.2	 	8.2	 	4.3	 	
Urban	 	0.4	 	0.6	 	0.1	 	0.5	 	0.9	 	0.2	 	1.4	 	1.9	 	0.9	 	1.5	 	2.2	 	0.9	 	
0
4
8
12
16
20	
2001	2011	2001	2011	
Cultivators	Agricultural labourers	
Population in Lakhs
 	
Population of cultivatos and agricultural labourers in Kerala	- 	
2001 & 2011	 	
Total
Rural
Urban

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	19	 	
 
Growth rate of cultivators and agricultur	al labourers during 2001	-2011	 	
  	
Cultivators	 	Agricultural labourers	 	
Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	
Total	 	-7.4	 	-9.2	 	1.0	 	-18.4	 	-20.4	 	-14.3	 	
Rural	 	-15.4	 	-17.1	 	-7.0	 	-28.1	 	-31.2	 	-22.1	 	
Urban	 	175.9	 	179.8	 	159.5	 	110.8	 	123.3	 	86.5	 	
 
For  district  wise  population  of  main  and  marginal  cultivators  and  agricultural 	
labourers  in  the  State  as  per  2011  census,  the  tables  given  in  annexure  may  be 
referred. 	 	
4.2 	Agricultural households in Kerala	 	
The  following  table  shows  the 	category  wise  estimated  number  of  agricultural 	
households in Kerala and India during the agricultural year 2012	-13.	 	
No. in ‘000	 	
  
Category	 	
Kerala	 	All India	 	
Number	 	% 	Number	 	% 	
SC	 	23.4	 	1.7	 	12118.6	 	13.4	 	
ST	 	72.6	 	5.2	 	14668.1	 	16.3	 	
OBC	 	753.7	 	53.7	 	40979.4	 	45.4	 	
Others	 	554.7	 	39.5	 	22435	.0	 	24.9	 	
Total	 	1404.3	 	100.0	 	90201.1	 	100.0	 	
Source: Key Indicators of Agricultural households in India, 2012	-13, NSSO, Govt of India 	 	
4.3 	Operational Holdings in Kerala	 	
During  the  period  of  1955	-56,  66.7  percent  of  total  number  of  holdings  in 	
Travancore	- Cochin area and 	28.9 percent in Malabar 	area wer	e less than one acre in 	
extent.  Now,  more  than  96  percent  of  holdings  in  the  state  are  less  than  one  hectare. 
The number, 	area and average size of operational holdings in all size class in the State 	
and  all  India  as  per  the  quinquennial  Agricultural  census  hel	d  in  2010	-11  by  Govt  of 	
India are	 given in the following table.

Page	 20	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
 
 	
Size 
Class	 	
Number	 	  
% 	
Area (in Hectares)	 	  
% 	
Average size 
(in Hectares)	 	
Kerala	 	All India	 	Kerala	 	All India	 	Kerala	 	India	 	
Marginal	 	6579692	 	92356335	 	7.12	 	885644	 	35409560	 	2.50	 	0.13	 	0.38	 	
Small	 	180171	 	24705047	 	0.73	 	282305	 	35135580	 	0.80	 	1.57	 	1.42	 	
Semi	- 	
Medium	 	57028	 	13840048	 	0.41	 	159075	 	37547232	 	0.42	 	2.79	 	2.71	 	
Medium	 	12044	 	5855536	 	0.21	 	64063	 	33708831	 	0.19	 	5.32	 	5.76	 	
Large	 	1854	 	1000403	 	0.19	 	119729	 	17378819	 	0.69	 	64.58	 	17.37	 	
All 
Holdings	 	6830789	 	137757369	 	4.96	 	1510816	 	159180022	 	0.95	 	0.22	 	1.16	 	
Source:  Agricultural  Statistics  2013,  M/o  Agriculture	 & Cooperation	,  Go	vt  of  India; 	
Economic 	Review	 1960	 	
Note	: The size class definition of land holdings is	 	
1.	 Marginal	 	 	: less than 1 hectare	 	
2.	 Small	  	 	: 1 to 2 hectares	 	
3.	 Semi	-Medium	  	: 2 to 4 hectares	 	
4.	 Medium	 	 	: 4 to 10 hectares	 	
5.	 Large	  	 	: 10 hectares and above	 	
 
4.4 	Average size of holdings in Kerala	 	
 	The  Stat  has  observed  drastic  decrease  in  area  of  operational  holdings  due  to 	
increase in demand of lan	d for housing due to increase in	 its population. The average 	
size  of  operational  holdings  in  Kerala  is  0.22  hectares 	(54.36  cents).  During  1990	-91, 	
the  average 	size  of  holding  was  0.37  hectares  and  in  20	00-01  it  was  0.24  hectares. 	
Thus about 40.5 percent decrease in area 	had 	occurred	 during the period of 20 years. 	
The  rate  of  decrease  in  the  first  decade  is  35  percent  an	d  in  the  last  decade  is  8 	
percent.  The  district  wise  average  size  of  operational  holdings  in  the  State  as  per 
Agricultural  census  held  during  1990	-91  and  2010	-11  and  its  rate  of  change  during 	
the  two  decades  is  given  in  the  following  table.  Note  that  holdi	ngs	 having	 less  than 	
0.	02 hectares (5 cents) of area are excluded from this computation.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	21	 	
 	
Area in C	ents	 	
  	District	 	1990	-91	 	2010	-11	 	% Variation	 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	51.89	 	27.18	 	-47.62	 	
2 	Kollam	 	56.83	 	39.54	 	-30.43	 	
3 	Pathanamthitta	 	96.37	 	54.36	 	-43.59	 	
4 	Alappuzha	 	56.83	 	34.59	 	-39.13	 	
5 	Kottayam	 	116.14	 	74.13	 	-36.17	 	
6 	Idukki	 	247.10	 	155.67	 	-37.00	 	
7 	Ernakulam	 	71.66	 	46.95	 	-34.48	 	
8 	Thrissur	 	66.72	 	37.07	 	-44.44	 	
9 	Palakkad	 	118.61	 	71.66	 	-39.58	 	
10	 	Malappuram	 	81.54	 	46.95	 	-42.42	 	
11	 	Kozhikode	 	71.66	 	42.01	 	-41.38	 	
12	 	Wayanad	 	212.51	 	128.49	 	-39.53	 	
13	 	Kannur	 	113.67	 	64.25	 	-43.48	 	
14	 	Kasaragode	 	150.73	 	93.90	 	-37.70	 	
  	State Average	 	91.43	 	54.36	 	-40.54	 	
 
Source:  Reports  of  Agricultural  Census  19	90	-91,  2000	-01,  2010	-11,  Department  of 	
Economics & Statistics, Kerala	 	
 	From the above table, it can be observed that the size of operational holdings in 	
all  districts  have  been  reduced,  and  the  maximum  reduction  is  in  the  capital  district. 
Idukki  district  has  the  maximum  size  followed  by  Wayanad  and  Kasragode.  While  the 
area 	is least in Thiruvananthapuram district followed by Alappuzha and Thrissur. 	 	
 	
0
50
100
150
200
250
300	
TVPM	KLM	PTA	ALPA	KTM	IDY	EKM	TSR	PKD	MLPM	KKD	WYD	KNR	KSD	State	
Area in Cents
 	
Average size of operational holdings in Kerala	 	
1990-91	2010-11

Page	 22	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
4.5 	Change of pattern in land use	 	 	
The  total  area  sown  under  crops  in  201	4-15  was  26.25	 lakh  hectares,  aga	inst 	
26.	17 lakh  hectares in 201	3-14. T	he net  area sown was 20.43 lakh 	hectares in 2014	-	
15 and recorded a slight	 decrease	 from the previous year. The land use pattern in the 	
State during the last 10 years is given in the following table. 	 	
Area in 	Lakh	 Hectares	 	
Year	 	
Total 
geogra 
phical 
area	 	
Forest 
land	 	
Land put 
to non	-	
agricul 
tural use	 	
Barren 	
& 	
unculti 
vable 
land	 	
Fallow 
land	 	
Other 
uncult 
ivable 
land	 	
Net 
area 
sown	 	
Gross 
cropped 
area	 	
2005	-06	 	38.86	 	10.82	 	3.70	 	0.26	 	1.15	 	1.60	 	21.32	 	29.86	 	
2006	-07	 	38.86	 	10.82	 	3.59	 	0.26	 	1.29	 	1.90	 	21.01	 	29.18	 	
2007	-08	 	38.86	 	10.82	 	3.72	 	0.26	 	1.28	 	1.90	 	20.89	 	27.61	 	
2008	-09	 	38.86	 	10.82	 	3.76	 	0.25	 	1.15	 	2.00	 	20.89	 	26.95	 	
2009	-10	 	38.86	 	10.82	 	3.72	 	0.22	 	1.22	 	2.10	 	20.79	 	26.69	 	
2010	-11	 	38.86	 	10.82	 	3.84	 	0.20	 	1.28	 	2.02	 	20.72	 	26.47	 	
2011	-12	 	38.86	 	10.82	 	4.00	 	0.18	 	1.35	 	2.12	 	20.40	 	26.62	 	
2012	-13	 	38.86	 	10.82	 	4.03	 	0.16	 	1.33	 	2.05	 	20.48	 	25.92	 	
2013	-14	 	38.86	 	10.82	 	4.06	 	0.14	 	1.28	 	2.06	 	20.51	 	26.17	 	
2014	-15	 	38.86	 	10.82	 	4.20	 	0.13	 	1.20	 	2.09	 	20.43	 	26.25	 	
 	
The  following  chart  shows  that  the  extent  of  land  put  to  non	-agricultural  use 	
has  been  increasing  from  year  to  year.  The  area  under  building  and  courtyard, 
playground, road, small streams etc is covered under land put to non	-agricultural use. 	
During  the  ye	ar	 of  State  formation,  1.9  lakh  hectares  of  area  was  put  to  non 	
agricultural  uses.  Compared  with  1955	-56,  the  density  of  population  in  the  State has 	
increased  very  much.  C	onsidering  the  availability  of  land,  the  utilization  of 	land  for	 	
non  agricultural  pur	pose has 	increase	d.  Now  the	 land  under  this  category  is  4.2	 lakh 	
hectares.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	23	 	
 	
 	
4.6 	Land use pattern in Kerala 1955	-56 Vs 201	4-15 	
During 1955	-56, 48 percent of total area was used for cultivation, in 2004	-05 it 	
was  55  percent  and  now  it  has  been  reduced  to 	53%.  The  area  under  forest  has been 	
increased  both  in  absolute  terms  and  percentage  during  this  period.  The  use  of  la	nd 	
for  nonagricultural  purpose  like	 road	s,  buildings  and  other 	constructions	 has 	
increased  a  lot  by  about  2.28	 lakh  hectares,  the 	present 	share  is 	11  percent  and  the 	
growth is 120	 percent.	 Barren and uncultivable land has	 decreased by 41	 percent	, this 	
may  be  due  to  mining  for  construction  purposes.  The  category  wise  land  use 	in  the 	
State in 1955	-56 and 2014	-15 in Kerala is given in the follo	wing table.  	 
Area in Hectares	 	
Land use category	 	
1955	-56	 	2014	-15	 	% 	
variation	 	Area	 	% share	 	Area	 	% share	 	
Total area	 	3808984	 	100.0	 	3886287	 	100.0	 	2.0	 	
Forest	 	984622	 	25.8	 	1081509	 	27.8	 	9.8	 	
Barren and uncultivable land	 	201133	 	5.3	 	119365	 	3.1	 	-40.7	 	
Land put to non agricultural use	 	190611	 	5.0	 	419128	 	10.8	 	119.9	 	
Cultivable waste	 	164306	 	4.3	 	100676	 	2.6	 	-38.7	 	
Permanent pastures and other 
grazing land	 	46945	 	1.2	 	5 	0.0	 	-100.0	 	
Land under miscellaneous tree 
crops	 	205585	 	5.4	 	2653	 	0.1	 	-98.7	 	
Current fallow	 	56657	 	1.5	 	65329	 	1.7	 	15.3	 	
Other fallow	 	147309	 	3.9	 	54741	 	1.4	 	-62.8	 	
Net area sown	 	1811817	 	47.6	 	2042881	 	52.6	 	12.8	 	
Area sown more than once	 	400243	 	10.5	 	581743	 	15.0	 	45.3	 	
Total cropped area	 	2212060	 	 58.1	 	2624624	 	67.5	 	18.7	 	
Sources: Economic Review 1959, 	Agricultural Statistics 201	4-15 	
1.9	 	
3.7	 	3.6	 	3.7	 	3.8	 	3.7	 	3.8	 	4.0	 	4.0	 	4.1	 	4.2	 	
0
1
2
3
4
5	
1955-56	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in Lakh Hectares
 	
Land put to non	-agricultural use in Kerala

Page	 24	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Note:  Since  in  1955	-56,  nine  fold  classification  of  land  use  was  followed  in  the  State, 	
and now it has been changed to 13 way classifications by including more categories, viz 
Marshy  land,  Still  water,  Water  logged  area  and 	Social  forestry,  and  the  so  total  area 	
under  these  four  ca	tegory  (106413	 hectares)  in  2014	-15 is  included  under  ‘Barren  and 	
uncultivable land’ for comparison purpose.	 	
 	 Land use in Kerala State	 	
 	
 	
 
4.7 	Land use pattern in Kerala Vs India	 	
 	The following table shows the land use pattern 	of Kerala Vs all India for	 the year 	
2011	-12 for comparison purpose. (Area in ’00 hectares)	 	
Land Use category	 	India	 	Kerala	 	
Total area	 	3058312	 	38863	 	
Forest	 	700352	 	10815	 	
Land not available for cultivation	 	435264	 	4175	 	
Fallow land	 	251789	 	1347	 	
Other uncultivable land	 	261170	 	2124	 	
Net area sown	 	1409737	 	20401	 	
26%	 
5%	 	
5%	 	
4%	 
1%	 	
5%	 	2%	 	
4%	 	
48%	 	1955	-56	 	
Forest
Barren and uncultivable land
Land put to non agricultural use
Cultivable waste
Permanent pastures and other grazing land
Land under miscellaneous tree crops
Current fallow
Other fallow
Net area sown	
28%	 
3%	 	
11%	 	
3%	 
0%	 	0%	 	
2%	 	
1%	 	
52%	 	2014	-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	25	 	
 
Note: 	 	
1.	 Land  not  available  for  cultivation:  land  put  to  non  agricultural  use  and  barren 
and uncultivable land	 	
2.	 Fallow land: current fallow and fallow 	other than current fallow	 	
3.	 Other uncultivable land: cultivable waste, grazing land, land under miscellaneous 
tree  crops,  marshy  land,  still  water,  water  logged  area,  social  forestry  and  land 
under miscellaneous tree crops	 	
From  the  above  table 	it  is  observed 	that 	the  proportion  of  net  area  cropped  in 	
the State is 53 percent while this is 46 percent in all India. The proportion of land put 
to  non  agricultural  use  including  barren  and  uncultivable  land  in  India  is  14  percent 
and  the  corresponding 	share  of  Kerala  is  only  11  percent.  The  share  of  land 	left  as	 	
fallow up to five years in the State is below the national average. 	This fact is expressed 	
in the following pie charts. 	 	
Land Use Pattern in India & Kerala in 2011	-12	 	
 	 	
 
4.8 	Percapita cultivated area in 1955	-56 Vs 2013	-14	 	
The  percapita  cultivated  land (ratio of  net  area sown  to  mid  year population)  in 	
the  State  during  the  year  of  its  formation  was  33  cents  and  this  has  been  reduced  to 
14  cents  per  person 	during  2013	-14	. The  rate  of  change  is 	-57.58  percent.  While 	
considering  the same  parameter  for  all  India,  the  percapita  cultivated land  is  reduced 
from  97cents  to  28  cents  per  person.  Note  that  during  the  last  60  years 	(between  the 	
census  held  in  1951  and  2011	),  the  popula	tion  growth  recorded	 in  Kerala  is  146.6% 	
and that in	 all India is 235.3%.	 	
Forest	 	
23%	 	
Not 	
available 	
for 	
cutivatio	
n 	
14%	 	Fallow 
land	 	
8%	 	
Other 
uncultiva
ble land	 	
9%	 	
Net area 
sown	 	
46%	 	
India	 	
Forest	 	
28%	 	
Not 	
available 	
for 	
cultivatio	
n 	
11%	 	
Fallow 
land	 	
3%	 	
Other 
uncultiva
ble land	 	
5%	 	
Net area 
sown	 	
53%	 	
Kerala

Page	 26	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
The  following  table  shows  the  percapita  cultivated  land  in  Kerala  and  India 	
during the year 1955	-56 and 2013	-14.	 	
State	 	
Percapita cultivated area	 	
 (in Acres)	 	Rate of change from 
1955	-56 to 2013	-14	 	1955	-56	 	2013	-14	 	
Kerala	 	0.33	 	0.14	 	-57.58 %	 	
India	 	0.97	 	0.28	 	-71.13 %	 	
 
Sources: Economic Review 1960 and various State & central Govt reports.	 	
 	
4.9 	Cropping pattern	 	
On  analyzing  the  data  over  the  past  10  agricultural  years, 	it  is  seen	 that  the 	
proportion of net 	cropped has been reduced from 54.9% of geographical area to 52.5	%. 	
The  area  sown  more  than  once,  that  is  the  difference  between  the  gross  cropped  area 
and  net  cropped  area,  is  also  decreasing  year  by  year.  In  200	5-06,  22	%  of 	area  was	 	
cropped  more  than  once  during  the  same  agricultural  year  and  now  it  has  been 
reduced  to 	15	%. 	The  cropping  intensity  has  been  reducing  mainly  due  to  the 	
conversion of wet land for other purposes, high cost of labour, shortage of labour etc.	 	
The  fol	lowing  table  shows  the  proportion  of  net  cropped  area  and  area  cropped 	
more than once in Kerala from the agricultural year 2005	-06 to 2014	-15.	 	
 
 
 
0
20
40
60
80
100
120	
1955-56	2013-14	
Area in Cents
 	
Percapita cultivated land in Kerala and India	 	
Kerala	India

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	27	 	
 	
Year	 	
% of net area 	
sown	 	
% increase in 	
net area 
sown	 	
% of 	net 	
cropped 	area 	
sown more 
than once	 	
% increase in 
gr	oss cropped 	
area	 	
2005	-06	 	54.9	 	-1.0	 	40.0	 	-0.4	 	
2006	-07	 	54.1	 	-1.5	 	38.8	 	-2.3	 	
2007	-08	 	53.8	 	-0.6	 	32.2	 	-5.4	 	
2008	-09	 	53.8	 	0.0	 	29.0	 	-2.4	 	
2009	-10	 	53.5	 	-0.5	 	28.4	 	-1.0	 	
2010	-11	 	53.3	 	-0.3	 	27.8	 	-0.8	 	
2011	-12	 	52.5	 	-1.5	 	30.5	 	0.5	 	
2012	-13	 	52.7	 	0.4	 	26.5	 	-2.6	 	
2013	-14	 	52.8	 	0.1	 	27.6	 	1.0	 	
2014	-15	 	52.6	 	-0.4	 	28.5	 	0.3	 	
 	
The following chart shows the 	trend of net area sown from 2005	-06	 to 201	4-15.  
 	
The  change  in  pattern  of  share  of  gross  cropped  area 	by  major  crops  from  the 	
year 195	5-56 to 2014	-15 is clearly shown in the following pie charts. Figures in chart 	
represent the percentage of crop area to gross area sown.	 	
 
 
 
 	
54.9	 	
54.1	 	53.8	 	53.8	 	53.5	 	53.3	 	
52.5	 	52.7	 	52.8	 	52.6	 	
51
52
53
54
55
56	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Percentage
 	
Proportion of net cropped area to total geographical area	- trend 	
from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15

Page	 28	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Crop wise area 	share to gross cropped area	- 195	5-56 Vs 201	4-15	 	
 	 	
 
 	Here 	the  area  sown  under 	paddy  and  tapioca 	has  been  reduced	 from  34	.3%  to 	
7.5%  and  9.4	%  to  2.	9%  respectively.  While  the  share  of  coconut  and  rubber  c	rops 	
have been increased from 20	.3% to 30.	2% and 5.3	% to 21% respectively. 	 	
4.10 	Cropping Intensity	 	
 	Cropping  intensity  is  the  ratio  of  the  total  cropped  area  to	 the	 net  cultivated 	
area expressed in percentage, and it shows the intensity of cropping of area cultivated 
more than once in the same agricultural year (July to June). As per the latest available 
statistics  (201	4-15 year),  the  cropping  intensity  of  Kerala  is 	128	.5.  The  cropping 	
intensity  of  Keral	a  has  been  reducing  year  by  year	,  this 	can  be  seen	 in  the  table 	
provided above. Due to conversion of wet land	, th	e cultivation	 of seasonal crops in our 	
State  is  decreased 	much	.    The  following  chart  shows  the  cropping  i	ntensity  of  the 	
major agricultural	 producing States in the country.	 	
34.3	 	
20.3	 	9.4	 	
5.3	 	
30.7	 	
Kerala 	 	
1955	-56	 	
Paddy
Coconut
Tapioca
Rubber
Others	
7.5	 	
30.2	 	
2.9	 	
21.0	 	
38.4	 	
Kerala 
2014	-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	29	 	
 	
 	
4.11 	Change in pattern of area under principal crops	 	
During 1957	-58, the food crops occupied 67 percent of the total cultivated area 	
of  Kerala,  and  the  corresponding  figure  for  India  as 	a  whole  was  nearly  80  percent. 	
The  table  given  below  shows  the  area under  food grain  crops,  spices  and  condiments, 
food crops and non food crops during the last 10 years in Kerala.	 	
Unit: in Hectares	 	
Year	 	Food 
grains	 	
Spices & 
condiments	 	Fruit crops	 	
Total 
Food 
crops	 	
Nonfood 
crops	 	
Gross 
cropped 
area	 	
2005	-06	 	289179	 	437897	 	420030	 	1318644	 	1667083	 	2985727	 	
2006	-07	 	273367	 	410836	 	387416	 	1240582	 	1676959	 	2917541	 	
2007	-08	 	236983	 	360273	 	363021	 	1126495	 	1634599	 	2761094	 	
2008	-09	 	241453	 	335946	 	342304	 	1081873	 	1613070	 	2694943	 	
2009	-10	 	241528	 	351658	 	327449	 	1067468	 	1601210	 	2668678	 	
2010	-11	 	219725	 	353370	 	326539	 	1041540	 	1605921	 	2647461	 	
2011	-12	 	212544	 	276592	 	365182	 	995669	 	1666088	 	2661757	 	
2012	-13	 	200740	 	269546	 	361795	 	966954	 	1624780	 	2591734	 	
2013	-14	 	20292	6 	266026	 	368854	 	970103	 	1646567	 	2616670	 	
2014	-15	 	202109	 	263438	 	371437	 	981720	 	1642904	 	2624	624	 	
 
Note:	 Nonfood  crops  include  oil  seeds  (groundnut,  coconut,  sesamum  etc.),  fiber 	
(cotton  etc),  drugs  &  narcotics  (betel  leaves,  arecanut	,  tobacco	 etc)  and  plantation 	
crops (tea, 	coffee, rubber	, cocoa	 etc).	 	
100
120
140
160
180
200	192	 190	 185	 176	 
153	 146	 142	 141	 138	 137	 130	 128	 124	 119	 116	 	
Cropping Intensity of major States in India in 2010	-11

Page	 30	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
4.12 	Area, production and productivity of major crops in Kerala	 	
The  following  table	s show  the  area,  production  and  productivity  of  major  crops  in  the 	
State  during  the  year  2014	-15.	 The  unit  for  Area  in  Hectares,  production  in 	Tonnes 	
and Yield rate in Kg per Hectare. 	 	
Area, production and productivity of foodgrains in 2014	-15	 	
Year	 	Area	 	Production	 	Productivity	 	
Paddy Autumn	 	63981	 	161477	 	2524	 	
Paddy Winter	 	88990	 	254450	 	2859	 	
Paddy Summer	 	45188	 	146165	 	3235	 	
Paddy Total	 	198159	 	562092	 	2837	 	
Jowar	 	173	 	128	 	740	 	
Ragi	 	79	 	78	 	987	 	
 
Area, production and productivity of fruit crops in 2014	-15	 	
Year	 	Area	 	Production	 	Productivity	 	
Jack	 # 	92203	 	293	 	3178	 	
Mango	 	77301	 	434129	 	5616	 	
Banana	 	61936	 	545431	 	8806	 	
Plantain	 	56761	 	468320	 	8251	 	
Pineapple	 	8080	 	77731	 	9620	 	
Papaya	 	17999	 	107200	 	5956	 	
Cashew 	 	45436	 	29715	 	654	 	
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in Lakh hectares
 	
Area under food and non food crops	- trend from 2005	-06 to 	
2014	-15	 	Non food
crops
Other food
crops
Vegetables
Fruit crops
Spices &
contiments
Foodgrains

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	31	 	
 
 
# 	Production of jack in million nuts	, productivity in nuts/hectare	 	
Area, production and productivity of spices and plantation crops in 2014	-15	 	
Year	 	Area	 	Production	 	Productivity	 	
Green 	Chilly	 	1584	 	1491	 	941	 	
Pepper	 	85431	 	40690	 	476	 	
Ginger	 	4800	 	22989	 	4789	 	
Turmeric	 	2470	 	6820	 	2761	 	
Cardamom	 	39730	 	16000	 	403	 	
Arecanut	 	96686	 	125926	 	1302	 	
Tamarind	 	11240	 	37300	 	3319	 	
Clove	 	1073	 	77	 	72	 	
Nutmeg	 	20627	 	14193	 	688	 	
Garlic	 	75	 	625	 	8333	 	
Tea	 	30205	 	65174	 	2158	 	
Coffee	 	85359	 	67700	 	793	 	
Rubber	 	549955	 	507700	 	923	 	
Cocoa	 	13183	 	14186	 	1076	 	
 
Area, production and productivity of coconut and other crops in 2014	-15	 	
Year	 	Area	 	Production	 	Productivity	 	
Tapioca	 	75493	 	2943919	 	38996	 	
Sweet Potato	 	361	 	5123	 	14191	 	
Drumstick	 	17013	 	15976	 	939	 	
Groundnut	 	480	 	692	 	1442	 	
Sesamum	 	262	 	89	 	341	 	
Coconut	* 	793856	 	5947	 	7491	 	
Cotton	 	170	 	279	 	1641	 	
Betel Leaves	 	327	 	12009	 	36725	 	
Sugarcane	 	1517	 	14853	 	9791	 	
 
* Production of coconut in million nuts	, productivity in nuts/ hectare

Page	 32	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
4.13 	Change of area under food grains 	 	
The  fol	lowing  graph  shows  the  change  of	 area  under  paddy  (3  seasons),  jow	ar, 	
and  ragi 	from  2005	-06 to  201	4-15 in  the  State. 	Here	 only	 summer	 paddy 	shows	 an 	
increasing growth over the period. 	 	
 	
Change of area under spices 	and plantation crops	 	
The rate of change in area under spices and plantation crops in Kerala is shown 	
in  the  following  graph.  The  crops  showing  area  increase  during  the  period  are  green 
chilly,  clove,  nutmeg, 	garlic, 	coffee,  rubber  and  cocoa.  Among  spices, 	pepper  showed	 	
the least area change from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15.  	
 	
-34.9	 	-42.8	 	
106.7	 	
-28.1	 	-92.9	 	-80.9	 	
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150	
Paddy Autumn	Paddy Winter	Paddy Summer	
Paddy Total	
Jowar	Ragi	Percentage
 	
Change of area under foodgrains from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
28.7	 
-64.1	 -60.7	 
-27.0	 -4.0	 	-11.0	 -40.0	 
14.5	 	
87.8	 	
15.4	 
-13.8	 	
0.8	 	11.2	 	
37.8	 	
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100	
Green Chilly	
Pepper	Ginger	Turmeric	Cardamom	Arecanut	Tamarind	
Clove	
Nutmeg	Garlic	Tea	
Coffee	Rubber	Cocoa	
Percentgae
 	
Change of area under spices and plantation crops from 2005	-	
06 to 2014	-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	33	 	
 
Change of area under fruit crops	 	
All  fruit  crops  except  banana 	and  plantain 	have  recorded  a  negative  growth  in 	
area,  and  the  major  decline  is  by  cashew  crop  followed  by  p	ineapple.  The  extent 	of 	
change of	 area under cultivation of the each fruit crop 	during 2005	-2015 	may be seen 	
in the following graph. 	 	
 	
Change of area under coconut and other crops	 	
The  area  under	 all  other  crops  not  mentioned  above  such  as  coconut,  tapioca, 	
sweet  potato,  drums	tick,  groundnut,  sesamum,  cotton	 and	 betel 	leaves 	has  been 	
declined  during  the  period  from  2005	-06  to  2014	-15. 	But  sugarcane  showed  24 	
percent  increase  in  area. 	The  rate  of  decrease  in  area  may  be  seen  from  the  following 	
graph. 	 	
-2.8	 	
-12.1	 	
0.9	 	2.8	 	
-36.8	 	
-4.7	 	
10.7	 	
-4.6	 	
-42.0	 	
-11.6	 	
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20	
Jack	
Mango	Banana	Plantain	Pineapple	
Papaya	
Other fruits	
Total fresh fruits	Cashew (dry fruit)	
Total fruits	Percentage
 	
Change of area under fruit crops from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15

Page	 34	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
4.14 	Change of production	 of principal crops	 	
The  change  of	 production  of  food  as  well  as  non	-food  c	rops  during  the  period 	
from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15 is briefed below. 	 	
Foodgrains	:  All  foodgrain  crops  viz.  rice,  jowar  and  ragi  have  recorded  a  negative 	
growth 	in  production 	during  the  p	eriod  of  10  years.  But  a  positive  growth  in  summer 	
paddy has 	been 	recorded (145%).	 	
 	
Fruit  crops	:  Except  banana	,  plantain	 and  papaya	, all  fruit  crops  have  recorded  a 	
negative  growth  during  the  period.  The  maximum  reduction  of  productio	n  is  recorded 	
by raw 	cashew (	-56	%) followed by pineapple (	-29%). 	 	
-16.6	 	
-49.2	 	
-19.5	 	
-85.5	 	
-56.3	 	
-11.6	 	
-93.6	 	
-58.1	 	
24.1	 	
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40	
Tapioca	
Sweet Potato	
Drumstick	Groundnut	Sesamum	Coconut	Cotton	
Betel Leaves	Sugarcane	
Percentage
 	
Change of area under other crops from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
-24	 	-29	 	
145	 	
-11	 	-90	 	-77	 	
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200	
Rice Autumn	Rice Winter	Rice Summer	
Rice Total	
Jowar	Ragi	
Percentage
 	
Change of production of foodgrains from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	35	 	
 	
 	
Spices  and  Condiments	 and  plantation  crops	: During  the  period  from  2005	-06 to 	
201	4-15, 	green  chilly,  arecanut, 	tamarind, 	clove, 	nutmeg, 	tea,  coffee,  cocoa 	and 	
cardamom  have  recorded  a  positive  growth  in 	production.  All	 the  remaining  spice 	
crops  show	ed	 a  negative growth.  The  maximum  reduction is  recorded  by 	cured  ginger	 	
(-59	%) followed by black pepper (	-54	%).	 	
 	
Other  food  crops	: During  the  period  from  2005	-06  to  2014	-15,  t	he  production  of 	
tapioca  is	 increa	sed  by 	15%  and 	sugarcane	 by  62%.	 But 	the  production  of  sweet 	
potato,  drumstick,  groundnut, 	sesamum, 	coconut,  cotton  and  betel  leaves  show  a 	
negative growth during the last 10 years.	 	
-16	 	
-15	 	
11	 	5 	
-29	 	
25	 	
-56	 	
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30	
Jack	
Mango	Banana	Plantain	Pineapple	
Papaya	
Raw Cashew	Percentgae
 	
Change of production of fruit crops from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
25	 	
-54	 	-59	 	
-17	 	
64	 	
6 	30	 	26	 	
417	 	
-43	 	
16	 	13	 	
-31	 	
165	 	
-300
-200
-100	
0	
100
200
300
400
500	
Green Chilly	Black Pepper	Cured Ginger	
Turmeric	Cardamom	Arecanut	Tamarind	
Clove	
Nutmeg	Garlic	Tea	
Coffee	Rubber	Cocoa	
Percentage
 	
Change of production of spices and plantation crops from 2005	-	
06 to 2014	-15

Page	 36	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
 	
4.15 	Leading dis	tricts of Agricultural production	 in Kerala	 	
The  table 	given  below  shows  the  first  two  leading  districts  in  production  of 	
principal  crops  in  the  State  and  its  percentage  share  of  production  as  per  the 
agricultural statistics for the year 201	4-15. 	
Crop	 	1st leading district	 	%	 	2nd leading district	 	%	 	
Rice	 	Palakka	d 	42%	 	Alappuzha	 	18	% 	
Coconut	 	Kozhikkode	 	17% 	Malappuram	 	16%	 	
Tapioca	 	Kollam	 	22% 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	20	% 	
Banana	 	Palakkad	 	32	% 	Wayanad	 	18% 	
Plantain	 	Palakkad	 	20	% 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	14% 	
Ginger	 	Wayanad	 	48	% 	Palakkad	 	22% 	
Turmeric	 	Palakkad	 	24	% 	Kozhikode	 	12% 	
Arecanut	 	Kasaragod	 	41	% 	Malappuram	 	18	% 	
Cashew	 	Kannur	 	62% 	Kasaragode	 	21	% 	
Tamarind	 	Palakkad	 	39	% 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	11%	 	
Black Pepper	 	Idukki	 	59	% 	Wayanad	 	12	% 	
Cardamom	 	Idukki	 	94% 	Wayanad	 	4% 	
Tea	 	Idukki	 	70% 	Wayanad	 	24% 	
Coffee	 	Wayanad	 	84% 	Idukki	 	12% 	
Vegetables*	 	Palakkad	 	15% 	Idukki	 	13%	 	
Drumstick	 	Plakkad	 	22% 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	16% 	
15	 	
-43	 	
-15	 	
-72	 	
-58	 	
-6 	
-92	 	-91	 	
62	 	
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80	
Tapioca	
Sweet Potato	
Drumstick	Groundnut	Sesamum	Coconut	Cotton	
Betel Leaves	Sugarcane	
Percentage
 	
Change of production of other crops from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	37	 	
 	
Sweet potato	 	Palakkad	 	32% 	Malappuram	 	25% 	
Green Chilly 	 	Palakkad	 	22% 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	14%	 	
Betel leaves	 	Malappuram	 	44	% 	Alappuzha	 	11%	 	
Mango	 	Kannur	 	13%	 	Kollam	 	13	% 	
Jack	 	Idukki	 	21% 	Kollam	 	9%	 	
Pappaya	 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	15% 	Kannur	 	11% 	
Pineapple	 	Eranakulam	 	65	% 	Idukki	 	15% 	
Nutmeg	 	Eranakulam	 	39% 	Thrissur	 	28	% 	
Clove	 	Idukki	 	62% 	Kottayam	 	13	% 	
Cocoa	 	Idukki	 	74% 	Ernakulam	 	6%	 	
Rubber	 	Kottayam	 	21%	 	Pathanamthitta	 	10% 	
Sesamum	 	Malappuram	 	41	% 	Kollam	 	32% 	
 
* Based on area und	er vegetable cultivation in 2014	-15 Agricultural Year	 	
4.16 	Leading food grains producing States in India	 	
 	The  leading  three  States  in  production  of  rice,  wheat  and  total  food  grains  in 	
2013	-14  in  India  and  their  production  share  to  all  India  total  production  is  given  in 	
the following table. 	 	
Produce	 	State	 	Quantity in 
million tonnes	 	
Percent	 	
Rice	 	West Bengal	 	15	.31	 	14.4	 	
UP	 	14.63	 	13.7	 	
AP	 	13.03	 	12.2	 	
All India	 	106.54	 	100	 	
Wheat	 	UP	 	30.25	 	31.5	 	
Punjab	 	17.04	 	17.8	 	
MP	 	13.93	 	14.5	 	
All India	 	95.91	 	100	 	
Total food grains	 	UP	 	50.05	 	18.9	 	
Punjab	 	28.90	 	10.9	 	
MP	 	24.24	 	9.2	 	
All India	 	264.77	 	100	 	
 
Source: Agricultural	 Statistics at a Gla	nce, 2014, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India

Page	 38	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
4.17 	Agricultural production in India and State’s contribution	 	
The  area  and	 production of  major  crops in  India  and  Kerala  as  per  statistics in 	
2013	-14 agricultural year and the share of Kerala	 to all India are given in the following 	
table.	 (Area in ‘000 Hectares & Production in ‘000 MT	) 	
Crop	 	All India	 	Kerala	 	% share of Kerala 	
in	 	
Area 	 	Production 	 	Area 	 	Production 	 Area 	 Production 	 	
Paddy	 	43950.00	 	106540.00	 	199.61	 	564.32	 	0.45	 	0.53	 	
Banana	 	802.57	 	29724.55	 	62.26	 	531.29	 	7.76	 	1.79	 	
Mango	 	2515.97	 	18431.33	 	77.15	 	457.06	 	3.07	 	2.48	 	
Papaya	 	133.36	 	5639.30	 	16.64	 	103.42	 	12.48	 	1.83	 	
Pineapple	 	109.88	 	1736.74	 	8.00	 	75.56	 	7.28	 	4.35	 	
Tapioca	 	228.28	 	8139.43	 	67.58	 	2479.07	 	29.60	 	30.46	 	
Arecanut	 	451.90	 	622.27	 	100.00	 	100.01	 	22.13	 	16.07	 	
Cashew	 	1010.85	 	753.16	 	49.10	 	33.37	 	4.86	 	4.43	 	
Cocoa	 	71.37	 	21	.13	 	13.25	 	12.32	 	18.57	 	58.30	 	
Coconut*	 	2140.49	 	22088.00	 	808.64	 	5921.00	 	37.78	 	26.81	 	
Cardamom	 	92.84	 	21.28	 	39.73	 	12.91	 	42.79	 	60.67	 	
Clove	 	2.06	 	1.07	 	1.01	 	0.07	 	49.03	 	6.54	 	
Ginger	 	132.62	 	655.06	 	4.53	 	21.52	 	3.42	 	3.29	 	
Turmeric	 	232.67	 	1189.89	 	2.43	 	6.25	 	1.04	 	0.53	 	
Pepper	 	123.81	 	50.87	 	84.06	 	29.41	 	67.89	 	57.81	 	
Tamarind	 	58.59	 	188.13	 	13.17	 	44.68	 	22.48	 	23.75	 	
Tea	 	563.98	 	1208.78	 	35	.01	 	63.48	 	6.21	 	5.25	 	
Coffee	 	409.69	 	304.50	 	85.35	 	66.64	 	20.83	 	21.89	 	
Rubber	 	778.40	 	774.00	 	548.22	 	648.22	 	70.43	 	83.75	 	
15
 	
15
 	
13
 	
30
 	
17
 	
14
 	
50
 	
29
 	
24
 	
14
 	
14
 	
12
 	
32
 	
18
 	
15
 	19
 	
11
 	
9 	
0
10
20
30
40
50
60	
West
Bengal	
UP	AP	UP	Punjab	MP	UP	Punjab	MP	
Rice	Wheat	Total food grains	
Leading food grain producing States	 	
Quantity in million tonnes	Percentage share to all India

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	39	 	
 
* Production of coconut in Million Nuts	 	
Source:  Agricultural  Statistics 	at  a  Glance 	2014	 &  Indian  Horticulture  Database  2014, 	
M/o Agriculture, Govt of India	 	
 
 	The  following  bar  chart  shows  the  percentage  share  of  our  State 	in	 area 	and	 	
production 	of  major  crops  in  India 	as  per  the  data  pertaining  to  agricultural  year 	
2013	-14.  The  crops 	contributing	 more  than  50  percent  share  in  production  are 	
rubber,  cardamom	, cocoa	 and  pepper.  Our  State  tree  coconut  lost  its  monopoly  both 	
in area and production. Paddy and turmeric have negligible (0.5%) contribution. 	 	
 	
 	
 	
 
 
 
 	 	
0
20
40
60
80
100	
Rubber	
Cardamom	
Cocoa	Pepper	Tapioca	Coconut*	Tamarind	
Coffee	
Arecanut	
Clove	Tea	
Cashew	Pineapple	
Ginger	Mango	Papaya	Banana	Paddy	
Turmeric	
Percentage
 	
Contribution of Kerala in area and production of various crops 	
in India in 2013	-14	 	
Area	Production

Page	 40	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Chapt e r 5	 	
EX PENSES I N CR OP PR ODUCT I ON
 
5.1 	Distribution of agricultural households by major source of income	 	
In  Kerala,  16%  of  agricultural  households  have  cultivation  as  the  principal	 	
source of income whereas it is 63% in all India. 6% of households depend on livestock 
and  dairying  activities  for  t	heir  principal  source  of  income  and	 30%  on  wage  a	nd 	
salaried  employment.  The  following  pie  charts  show  the  percentage  distribution  of 
agricu	ltural  households  in  Kerala  and  all  India  according  to  their  principal  source  of 	
income  as  per  the  findings  of  the  socio  economic  survey  conducted  by  NSSO  during 
2012	-13.	 	
 	
 	 	
The  following  table  shows  the  distribution  of  agricultural  households  by  major 	
source of income for every 1000 agricultural households in Kerala and all India. 	 	
 
 
 	
16%	 	
6%	 	
17%	 	
13%	 	
30%	 
18%	 	
Cultivation
Livestock
Other agricultural
activity
Non agricultural
enterprises
Wage/ salaried
employment
Others	
63%	 	
4%	 	
1%	 
5%	 
22%	 	
5%	 	
All India	 	Kerala

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	41	 	
 	
 	
 	Category of occupation 	 	Kerala	 	All India	 	
1 	Cultivation	 	161	 	635	 	
2 	Livestock	 	60	 	37	 	
3 	Other agricultural activity	 	169	 	11	 	
4 	Non agricultural enterprises	 	134	 	47	 	
5 	Wage/ salaried employment	 	299	 	220	 	
6 	Others	 * 	176	 	50	 	
 	All households	 	1000	 	1000	 	
* Others includes income from remittance and pension also.	 	
Source: Key Indicators of Situation of 	Agricultural Households in  India, NSS 70	th Round,	 	
2013, 	NSSO, 	Govt of India	 	
While  comparing  the  proportion  of  agricultural  households  having  crop 	
production  as  the  principal  source  of  income  among  the  States  in  the  country,  it  is 
seen that Kerala is in the	 bottom position with 16 percent. Telengana and Chattisgarh 	
are  in  the  first  two  positions  with  87  percent  and  81  percent  respectively.  The 
following  chart  shows  a  comparison  of  the  proportion  of  households  engaged  in  crop 
production (cultivation) with oth	er States and all India average.	 	
 	
 	 	
Note:  As  per  NSSO  concept,  an  agricultural  household  is  defined  as  a  household 
receiving some v	alue of produce from agricultural	 activities (e.g. cultivation of field crops, 	
horticultural crops, fodder crops, plantation	, animal husbandry, poultry, fishery, piggery, 	
bee	-keeping,  v	ermiculture,  sericulture,  etc.	) during  last  365  days  at  the  time  of  field 	
survey. 	 
87	 	81	 	77	 	75	 	73	 	72	 	70	 	69	 	65	 	64	 	60	 	60	 	59	 	58	 	56	 	55	 	46	 	46	 	
16	 	
Percentage of agricultural households having cultivation as the 	
principal source of income

Page	 42	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Source:  Key  Indicators  of 	Situations  of 	Agricultu	ral  households  in  India,  2013	, NSS  70	th 	
Round, 	NSSO, Govt	 of India 	 	
 
5.2 	Expenses and Receipts for Crop Production	 	
The  following  table  shows  the  average  monthly  expenses  for  crop  production 	
and 	its  receipts  per  agricultural  household  for  maj	or  States  during  the  agricultural	 	
year  2012	-13  (July  2012  to  June  2013).	 The  major  crops  harvested  during  the  year 	
only are considered for estimating the expense	s and receipts.	 	
 	
 	 
State	 	
Average total 
expense (in Rs.)	 	
Average total 
receipts (in 	
Rs.)	 	
Estimated No. of 
households in crop 	
production (in 	
Lakhs)	 	
1 	Andhra Pradesh	 	6191	 	8482	 	31.75	 	
2 	Assam	 	788	 	5197	 	32.69	 	
3 	Bihar	 	1454	 	3358	 	63.87	 	
4 	Chattisgarh	 	1128	 	4551	 	25.03	 	
5 	Gujarat	 	2250	 	5773	 	32.79	 	
6 	Haryana	 	6228	 	17144	 	11.31	 	
7 	Jharkhand	 	571	 	2049	 	21.94	 	
8 	Karnataka	 	2779	 	7908	 	40.77	 	
9 	Kerala	 	2270	 	5872	 	13.76	 	
10	 	Madhya Pradesh	 	2284	 	6538	 	56.60	 	
11	 	Maharashtra	 	2654	 	6675	 	68.05	 	
12	 	Odisha	 	1001	 	2438	 	43.99	 	
13	 	Punjab	 	11768	 	28117	 	9.36	 	
14	 	Rajasthan	 	1730	 	5192	 	58.70	 	
15	 	Tamil Nadu	 	2358	 	5012	 	25.15	 	
16	 	Telengana	 	4267	 	8666	 	24.39	 	
17	 	Uttar Pradesh	 	1790	 	4912	 	165.03	 	
18	 	West Bengal	 	1819	 	2836	 	61.21	 	
 	All India	 	2192	 	5542	 	829.48	 	
 
Source: Key Indicators of 	Situations of 	Agricultural households in India, 2013, NSSO	 	
 
5.3 	Item wise a	verage mon	thly expenditure and receipts for	 crop production	 	
The  following  table  shows  the  item  wise  average  mo	nthly 	expenditure  and 	
receipts  for	 crop  production  per 	agricultural 	household engaged in  crop  production in 	
Kerala in comparison with the neighboring State and all India average.	 (in Rs.)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	43	 	
 
 	Item	 	Kerala	 	All India	 	Tamil 
Nadu	 	Karnataka	 	Andhra 
Pradesh	 	
 	Expense	 	 	 	 	 	 	
1 	Seed	 	105	 	250	 	337	 	270	 	464	 	
2 	Fertilizer/ manure	 	573	 	526	 	642	 	821	 	1181	 	
3 	Plant protection 
chemicals	 	73	 	165	 	166	 	209	 	709	 	
4 	Irrigation	 	6 	70	 	35	 	28	 	53	 	
5 	
Minor repair & 
maintenance of 
machinery & 
equipments	 	
16	 	43	 	62	 	59	 	34	 	
6 	Interest	 	86	 	32	 	39	 	74	 	221	 	
7 	Lease	 rent for land	 	186	 	158	 	55	 	79	 	1212	 	
8 	Human labour	 	1074	 	461	 	702	 	749	 	1517	 	
9 	Animal labour	 	14	 	32	 	35	 	110	 	112	 	
10	 	All other expenses	 	136	 	455	 	465	 	380	 	688	 	
 	Total expense	 	2270	 	2192	 	2358	 	2779	 	6191	 	
 	Output (Value of)	 	 	 	 	 	 	
1 	Products	 	5516	 	5200	 	4751	 	7442	 	8203	 	
2 	By products	 	307	 	329	 	178	 	448	 	262	 	
3 	Pre harvest sale	 	49	 	13	 	82	 	19	 	18	 	
 	Total output	 	5872	 	5542	 	5012	 	7098	 	8482	 	
 	
Estimated no. of 
agri hh	 engaged in 	
crop production (in 
lakhs)	 	
13.76	 	829.48	 	25.15	 	40.77	 	31.75	 	
 	
% of agri hh 
engaged in crop 
production	 	
98%	 	92%	 	77%	 	96%	 	88%	 	
 
Source: Key Indicators of 	Situations of 	Agricultural households in India, 2013, NSSO, 	
Govt of India	 	
 
5.4 	Cost of cultivation of Paddy in Kerala	 	
 	The  cost  of  cultivation  of  paddy  in  autumn	 (Virippu)	,  winter 	(Mundakan) 	and 	
summer 	(Punch	a) 	seasons  during 	the	 period  of 	last 	10  years 	in  Kerala  is  given	 below. 	
For  component  wise  data  on  cost  of  cultivation  the  tables  given  in  annexure  may  be 
referred.

Page	 44	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Rs.	 per hectare	 	
Crop	 	
Paddy	- 	
Autumn	 	
% 	
increase	 	
Paddy	- 	
Winter	 	
% 	
increase	 	
Paddy	- 	
Summer	 	
% 	
increa	se	 	
2004	-05	 	21063	 	-4.2	 	20886	 	0.3	 	25241	 	15.3	 	
2005	-06	 	20913	 	-0.7	 	21284	 	1.9	 	22437	 	-11.1	 	
2006	-07	 	23727	 	13.5	 	25647	 	20.5	 	24274	 	8.2	 	
2007	-08	 	24024	 	1.3	 	28181	 	9.9	 	28001	 	15.4	 	
2008	-09	 	29862	 	24.3	 	32199	 	14.3	 	32652	 	16.6	 	
2009	-10	 	31911	 	6.9	 	38287	 	18.9	 	36566	 	12.0	 	
2010	-11	 	36657	 	14.9	 	45675	 	19.3	 	41990	 	14.8	 	
2011	-12	 	37406	 	2.0	 	42127	 	-7.8	 	43185	 	2.8	 	
2012	-13	 	39931	 	6.8	 	48792	 	15.8	 	46201	 	7.0	 	
2013	-14	 	59344	 	48.6	 	55493	 	13.7	 	57330	 	24.1	 	
 	
It  is  seen  that  the  cost  of  cultivation  during  the  autumn  season  is  less  than 	
those of 	winter and summer seasons	 except in 2013	-14	. On examination of the cost of 	
each	 component	,  it  is  observed  that  the  cost  of  farm  yard  manure  and  fertilizers  is 	
comparatively  less  in  autumn  season	.  T	he  reason  may  be  due  to  higher  content  of 	
nutrients	 in  soil	 due  to 	cultivation	 of  other  seasonal  crops	 like  pulses	 in  wet  land 	
during  summer  season. 	The  following  trend  chart  depicts  the  change  in  total  cost  of 	
production  of  paddy  in  the  State  in  autumn,  winter  and  summer  seasons  during  the 
period of ten years fro	m	 2004	-05 to 2013	-14	. 	
 	
 	Labour  charges  and  cost  of  application  of  fertilizer  and  farm  yard  manures  are 	
the 	cost  components 	which  increases	 the	 cost  of	 cultivation  of  paddy  in  the  State. 	
Labour 	cost 	is the highest cost factor in paddy cultivation fallowed 	by machine labour 	
and 	cost of 	manure & fertilizers. 	 	
15
25
35
45
55
65	
2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Rs.'000 per Hectare
 	
Cost of production of paddy in Kerala	 	
Paddy- Autumn	Paddy- Winter	Paddy- Summer

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	45	 	
 	
The  following  graph  depicts  the  change 	of major  components 	in	 cost  of 	
cultivation  of  paddy 	from  the  agricultural  year  200	4-05	 to  201	3-14.  It  can  be  seen 	
that,  even  though  there  is  year  to  year  up  or  fall	,  the  cost  of  hired  human  labour 	has 	
been  increased  by  191	 percent  during  the  last	 10  years,  machine  labour  by  151	 	
percent and manure and fertilizer by 	135	 percent. 	 	
 	
5.5 	Comparison of cost of production and farm price of paddy	 	
While  comparing  the  rate  of	 change  of  the  average  cost  of  production  of  paddy 	
in three seasons over the previous year	s with that of farm price during the agricu	ltural 	
year from 2006	-07 to 2013	-14, it is seen that both show almost the 	same trend except 	
in  2006	-07,	 2007	-08	 and  2013	-14.  B	ut  the  percentage  increase  or  decrease  is  not 	
uniform on cost and farm price. During 2012	-13, the farm p	rice has increased by 32% 	
whereas  the  cost  of  production  of  paddy  by  10%	,  but  in  2013	-14  it  is  reversed	.  The 	
following graph depicts this aspect. 	 	
0	
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000	
2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Rs. per Hectare
 	
Average cost of cultivation of paddy	- major components	 	
Hired human labour	Machine labour	Farm yard manure & chemical fertilizers

Page	 46	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
5.6 	Cost of cultivation of paddy in other States	 	
The following table gives a comparison of cost of cultivation of paddy and cost of 	
production  of  rice  in  major  rice  producing  States  in  the  country  in  201	1-12 based  on 	
the  comprehensive  scheme  for  studying  c	ost  of  cultivation  of  principal  crops  by 	
Government of India.	 	
State	 	
Cost of cultivation of 
paddy (Rs. per Hectare)	 	
Cost of production of 
rice (Rs. per Quintal)	 	
AP	 	37946	 	976.36	 	
Assam	 	223	81 	999.76	 	
Bihar	 	20934	 	861.05	 	
Chhattisgarh	 	196	21 	930.42	 	
Gujarat	 	28175	 	1139.55	 	
Haryana	 	36477	 	1250.61	 	
Jharkhand	 	18824	 	1326.58	 	
Karnataka	 	39193	 	966.14	 	
Kerala	 	38557	 	1120.82	 	
Maharashtra	 	35253	 	1167.35	 	
MP	 	18287	 	960.34	 	
Odisha	 	27243	 	1221.44	 	
Punjab	 	31248	 	904.30	 	
Tamil Nadu	 	46453	 	1111.90	 	
UP	 	28147	 	957.83	 	
West Bengal	 	37959	 	1085.76	 	
 	
Source: Agricultural Statistics, 2014, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India	 	
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35	
2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Percentage
 	
Variation in cost of production and farm price of paddy	 	
Rate of change in cost	Rate of change in farm price

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	47	 	
 
Note:	 The  cost  mentioned  above  includes  all  expenses  in  cash  and  kind  incurred  in 	
production of paddy by owner, rent paid for leased in land 	and 	cost of household labour 	
imputed  on  the  basis  of  statutory  wage  rate  or  the  actual  market  rate  whichever  is 
higher. 	 	
 	The following graph depicts the State wise cost of production per quin	tal of rice 	
during the year 2011	-12.  	
 	
 
5.7 	Wage rate in paddy 	cultivation in Kerala	 	
The  wage  rate  for  farm  activities  in  Kerala  is  increasing  rapidly  over  the  years 	
and  this  has  been  affecting  the  crop  production  sector.  This 	situation 	has 	caused  the 	
decrease  of 	gap  between  the  amount  received  and  amount  paid  by  farm	ers  in  the 	
State. While considering the most sensitive and traditional crop ‘Paddy’	, the wage rate 	
for different agricultural activities right from ploughing/ bunding to harvesting for the 
last 10 years from 2006 to 2015 is shown in the following table.	 	
Wa	ges in Rs.	 	
Wage Type	 	2006	 	2007	 	2008	 	2009	 	2010	 	2011	 	2012	 	2013	 	2014	 	2015*	 	
Ploughing	 	233	 	266	 	290	 	337	 	370	 	427	 	504	 	587	 	632	 	671	 	
Bunding	 	159	 	177	 	200	 	232	 	273	 	333	 	391	 	465	 	511	 	536	 	
Sowing	 	148	 	159	 	175	 	204	 	244	 	299	 	354	 	427	 	467	 	497	 	
Spraying 
Insecticide	 	167	 	182	 	206	 	238	 	277	 	343	 	396	 	454	 	493	 	519	 	
Harvesting	 	152	 	163	 	186	 	224	 	263	 	320	 	375	 	463	 	512	 	538	 	
600
800
1000
1200
1400	
Jharkhand	Haryana	Odisha	
Maharashtra	
Gujarat	Kerala	
Tamil Nadu	West Bengal	
Assam	
AP	
Karnataka	
MP	UP	
Chhattisgarh	
Punjab	Bihar	
Rs. per Quintal
 	
Cost of production of rice in major States

Page	 48	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Others	 	154	 	171	 	196	 	225	 	270	 	331	 	385	 	466	 	526	 	569	 	
Weeding 
(women)	 	102	 	115	 	136	 	159	 	195	 	242	 	279	 	341	 	365	 	381	 	
Transplanting 
(women)	 	110	 	123	 	142	 	163	 	196	 	241	 	279	 	339	 	371	 	387	 	
Harvesting 
(women)	 	130	 	145	 	164	 	195	 	227	 	272	 	313	 	362	 	402	 	428	 	
Others 
(women)	 	121	 	136	 	151	 	169	 	201	 	253	 	299	 	350	 	381	 	399	 	
 
* Average of agricultural wages up to July 2015	 	
The  following  bar  chart  represents  the  extent  of  increase  in  wage  rate  of  paddy 	
field  labour  in  Kerala  from  2006  to  2015.  The  average  increase  during  the  period  is 
237%. 	 	
 	
 
5.8 	Cost of cultivation per hectare of coconut in Kerala	 	
 	The  total  cost  of	 cultivation  of  coconut 	in  the  State  has  increased  by  146	 	
percent  during  th	e  period  of  ten  years  from  2004	-05  to  2013	-14	.  During  200	4-05  the 	
total cost was Rs.23619 per hectare and now it is Rs.5	8230	 per hectare. Hired human 	
labour  and  cost  of  manure  and  c	hemical  fertilizers  are  the  higher  cost  components 	
compared to other components o	f cultivation of coconut. During the period, the cost of 	
hired  human  labour  has 	increased  by  172	 percent, 	while	 the  cost  of  manure	 & 	
fertilizer	,  the  second  major  co	mponent,  ha	s  increased  by  98	 percent  only,  and  this 	
273	 	
268	 	
253	 	
251	 	
238	 	
236	 	
229	 	
229	 	
211	 	
188	 	
0	50	100	150	200	250	300	
Weeding (women)	
Others	
Harvesting	
Transplanting (women)	
Bunding
Sowing	
Others (women)	
Harvesting (women)
Spraying Insecticide	
Ploughing	
Percentage	 	
Change of wage rate in paddy filed labour from 2006 to 2015

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	49	 	
 
may be due to less application of fertilizers and other manures in coconut palm fields. 
The  following  table  shows  the 	year  wise  cost  of  above  components  and 	total  cost  of 	
cultivation	 of coconut in Kerala during the 	above period. (Rs. per hectare)	 	
Year	 	
Hired human 	
labour	 	
Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	Total cost	 	
2004	-05	 	10980	 	5659	 	23619	 	
2005	-06	 	11069	 	5992	 	23738	 	
2006	-07	 	11939	 	5240	 	25840	 	
2007	-08	 	12559	 	6008	 	30159	 	
2008	-09	 	14647	 	6097	 	33919	 	
2009	-10	 	17126	 	7796	 	37429	 	
2010	-11	 	19750	 	7258	 	41316	 	
2011	-12	 	21305	 	6840	 	45130	 	
2012	-13	 	27561	 	6879	 	48938	 	
2013	-14	 	29900	 	11183	 	58230	 	
 	
A  continuous  increase  can  be  seen  in  the  cost  of  human  labour  and  a  varied 	
trend  in  cost  of  manure  and  fertilizers. 	The  gap  between  the 	costs	 in  above  two 	
components  is  increasing	 and this  may  be  due  to 	the  fact  that  farmers  are giving 	less 	
thrust  in  applying  manure  and  fertilizers  in  coconut  fields  due  to  low  return  from 
cocon	ut compared to high wage rate of	 human labour. 	The trend in cost of 	production 	
of coconut in the State is depicted in the following graph.	 	
 	
 	On examination of the component wise share of cost of production of coconut in 	
the  State,  it  is  observed  that,  imputed  value  of  household  labour  and  interest  on 
working	 capital  are  t	he  3	rd and  4	th major  cost  components  in  the  cultivation  of 	
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70	
2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Rs. '000 per Hectare
 	
Cost of cultivation of coconut in Kerala	 	
Hired human labour	Farm yard manure & chemical fertilizers	 Total cost

Page	 50	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
coconut.  The  share  of  each  component  in  the  total  cost  of  cultivation  of  coconut  in 
Kerala is depicted in the following percentage bar chart. 	 	
 	
 
5.9 	Comparison of cost of production and farm price	 of coconut	 	
While comparing the rate of change of the average cost of production of coconut 	
over the previous year with that of farm price during the agricu	ltural year from 2006	-	
07  to  2013	-14	,  it  is  seen  that  the  growth  rate  in  cost  of  production  shows  a  l	inear 	
trend, but there is high variation in farm price during the agricultural years 2009	-10, 	
2010	-11 and 2012	-13. 	 	
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%	
2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Share of each component of cost	- coconut	 	Imputed value of household labour
Interest on fixed capital
Other expenses
Interest on working capital
Repair & maintenance charges of
implements, machinery & buildingLand tax and irrigation cess
Plant protection
Farm yard manure & chemical
fertilizersSeed/ seedlings
Machine labour
Animal labour
Hired human labour

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	51	 	
 	
 	
 
5.10 	Cost of cultivation of arecanut and tapioca in Kerala 	 	
During  the  period  200	4-05,  the  cost  of  cultivation  of  ar	ecanut  in  the  State 	was 	
Rs.35656	 pe	r hectare, now it has been 	increased	 to Rs.	59956	 per hectare and the rate 	
of  increase  during  this  peri	od  of  10  years  is  68	 percent.  While  considering  the  crop 	
tapioca, th	e production cost has been 	in	creased 	from Rs.	39668	 per hectare 	in 2004	-05 	
to Rs.	80244	 per hectare 	in 2013	-14 	an	d the percentage increase is 102	. The following 	
graph shows the trend in increase of cost of production of arecanut and tapioca during 
the period 	20	04-2014	. 	
 	
 	
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100	
2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Percentage
 	
Variation in cost of production and farm price of coconut	 	
Rate of change in cost	Rate of change in farm price	
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90	
2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Rs. '000 per Hectare
 	
Cost of cultivation of arecanut and tapioca in Kerala	 	
Arecanut	Tapioca

Page	 52	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
5.11 	Comparison of cost of production and farm price of 	arecanut	 	
While  comparing  the  rate  of  change  of  the  average  cost  of  production  of 	
arecanut  over  the  previous  year  with  that  of  farm  price  during  the  agricu	ltural  year 	
from  2006	-07  to  2013	-14	,  it  is  seen  that  both  show  a  varying  trend.  The  following 	
graph de	picts this aspect. 	 	
 	
 5.12 	Comparison of cost of production and farm price of tapioca	 	
The  rate  of  change  over  the  previous  year  in  farm  price  and  that  in  cost  of 	
production	 of tapioca from 2006	-07 to 2013	-14 is depicted in the following graph. The 	
growth 	rates are not uniform over the years. 	 	
 	
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50	
2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Percentage
 	
Variation in cost of prodcution and farm price of arecanut	 	
Rate of change in farm price	Rate of change in cost	
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100	
2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Percentage
 	
Variation on cost of production and farm price of tapioca	 	
Rate of change in farm price	Rate of change in cost

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	53	 	
 
5.13 	Cost of cultivation of banana and ginger 	 	
The  cost  of  production  of  banana	 has  been  increased  from  Rs.0.8	9 lakhs  p	er 	
hectare  in  2004	-05  to  Rs.1.56	 lakhs  per  hectare  in  2013	-14  and  the  growth  in  cost 	
during  the 	period  is 	74.3	 percent.  Whereas  the  cost  of  ginger  production  increased 	
from Rs.0.62 per hectare to Rs.1.13	 lakhs per hectare during 200	4-201	4 and the rate 	
of  increase  is 	84.8	 percent.  The  following  graph  shows  the trend of  cost  of  production 	
of banana and	 ginger from 200	4-05 to 201	3-14	 in the State.	 	
 	
 
5.14 	Comparison of cost of production and farm price of banana	 	
While comparing the rate of change of the average cost of production of banana 	
over the previous year with that of farm price during the 	agricultural year from 2006	-	
07 to 201	3-14, it is observed that both show	 almost the same trend but there is huge 	
variation between the two. 	 	
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180	
2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Rs. '000 per Hectare
 	
Cost of prodcution of banana and ginger	 	
Banana	Ginger

Page	 54	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
 
5.15 	Comparison of cost of production and farm price of ginger	 	
The fall and rise in the following trend chart sh	ows that the growth rate in farm 	
price  and  cost  of  cultivation  of  ginger  are  not  uniform  over  the  years.  A  sudden 
enhance in farm wholesale price is recorded during 2012	-13. 	 	
 	
 
 
 	
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0	
2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	Percentage
 	
Variation in cost of production and farm price of banana	 	
Rate of change in farm price	Rate of change in cost	
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140	
2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Percentgae
 	
Variation in cost pf production and farm price of ginger	 	
Rate of change in farm price	Rate of change in cost

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	55	 	
 
5.16 	Cost of cultivation of pepper and turmeric	 	
The cost of pepper cultivation in Kerala showed a record increase of 	274	 per	cent 	
during  the  period  from  2004	-05 to  201	3-14.  During  2004	-05,  the  actual  cost  of 	
cultivation  of  pepper  was  Rs.	20438	 per  hectare,  and  now  it  is  Rs.	76517	 per  hectare. 	
Turmeric  is  a	nother  important  spice  produced  in  the  State  and its  cost  has 	increased 	
from  Rs.	39591	 per  hectare  to  Rs.	98154	 per  hectare  during  the  above  period  and  the 	
rate of growth in cost is 	148	 percent.  The following graph  depicts the trend in cost of 	
production of	 turmeric and pepper during the period.	 	
  
 	For  the  component  wise  cost  of  production  per  hectare  of  paddy  (3  seasons), 	
coconut,  arecanut,  tapioca,  banana,  ginger,  turmeric  and  pepper  during  the  10  years 
from  200	4-05 to  201	3-14	 and  their  rate  of  change  ove	r  the  previous  year  and 	
component wise share, the tables given in annexure may be referred. 	 	
 
5.17 	Comparison of cost of production and farm price of pepper	 	
While  comparing  the  rate of  change of  the  average  cost  of  production  of  pepper 	
over the previous ye	ar with that of farm price during the agricu	ltural year from 2006	-	
07  to  2013	-14,  both  shows  almost  the  same  trend  except  in  2006	-07	 and  2009	-10	, 	
but the variation between the growth and decline rate	s is high. 	 	
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110	
2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Rs. '000 per Hectare
 	
Cost of production of pepper and turmeric	 	
Pepper	Turmeric

Page	 56	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
5.18 	Comparison of cost of production and 	farm price of turmeric	 	
Except in 2007	-08, both the trend line	s representing the rate of change in farm 	
wholesale  price  and  cultivation  cost  of  turmeric  show  almost  the  same  trend  of 
increase and decrease. The graph given below depicts this aspect.	 	
 	
5.19 	Indebtedness of Farmers in Kerala	 	
As  per  the  latest  data  available,  the  average  amount  of  outstanding  loan  per 	
agricultural  household  in  Kerala  is  Rs.213600,  and  this  is  the  highest  figure  in  India 
among all States, and the estimated total number of agricul	tural households in Kerala 	
having  agricultural  loan  is  10,90,800  and  is  77.7%  of  the  total  agricultural 	
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100	
2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Percentage
 	
Variation in cost of production and farm price of pepper	 	
Rate of change in farm price	Rate of change in cost	
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140	
2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Percentage
 	
Variation in cost of production and farm price of turmeric	 	
Rate of change in farm price	Rate of change in cost

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	57	 	
 
households. The following graphs shows a comparison 	of outstanding agricultural loan 	
in Kerala 	with the all India average and neighboring States.	 	
 	
 
The	 following  table  gives  the  average  outstanding  agricultural  loan  amount  per 	
agricultural  household,  proportion  of  indebted  agricultural  households  and  estimated 
number  of  households  having  outstanding  agricultural  loan  in  Kerala  and  our 
neighboring souther	n States in India. 	 	
 	
 
 
State	 	
Average o	utstanding 	
loan amount per 	
agricultural 
household	 (Rs.)	 	
Proportion 	of 	
indebted 
agricultural 
households	 	
Estimated no. of 
households	 having 	
outstanding 	
agri	cultural	 loan	 	
Kerala	 	213600	 	77.7%	 	1090800	 	
Tamil Nadu	 	115900	 	82.5%	 	2678000	 	
Karnataka	 	97200	 	77.3%	 	3277500	 	
Andhra Pradesh	 	123400	 	92.9%	 	3342100	 	
All India	 	47000	 	51.9%	 	46848100	 	
Source:  Key  indicators  of  situations  of  Agricultural  households  in  India,  2013, 	NSS  70	th 	
Round, 	NSSO, Govt of India	 	
 
 	
0	
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000	
Kerala	Andhra Pradesh	Tamil Nadu	Karnataka	All India	
Amount in Rs.
 	
Average amount of outstanding loan per agricultural household

Page	 58	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Chapt e r 6	 	
CONSUMPT I ON AND 
R EQUI R EMENT  OF FOOD
 
6.1 	Consumption pattern of farmers and agricultural labourers 	 	
The foll	owing table shows the	 average	 monthly percapita consumer expenditure 	
(in Rs.	 based on modified mixed reference period	) of farmer households 	(self employed 	
in  agriculture) 	and  casual  agricultural  labour  households  in  comparison  with  the 	
other type of househ	olds in rural areas in Kerala and India. 	  	
Household type	 	Kerala	 	India	 	
Self employed in agriculture	 	2989	 	1436	 	
Self employed in non agriculture	 	2932	 	1509	 	
Regular wage/ salary earning	 	3029	 	2002	 	
Casual labour in agriculture	 	1933	 	1159	 	
Casual labour in non	 agriculture	 	2081	 	1238	 	
Others	 	3569	 	1893	 	
All households	 	2669	 	1430	 	
 
Source: NSS Report 	on Household Consumer Expenditure across Socio Economic Groups, 	
2011	-12	, NSS 68	th Round, 	NSSO, Govt of India	 	
It  is  observed  that  Kerala’s  consumption  pattern  is  much 	different  than  other 	
States  and  the  monthly  consumption  expenditure  is  much  higher  in  all  class  of 
households  including  farmer  households  and  agricultur	al labour  households.  While 	
on 	comparison	 of these figures with other States, it can be seen that the co	nsumption 	
expenditure  of  rural  farmer  households 	(self  employed  in  agriculture) 	in  Kerala  is  in 	
the  2	nd highest  after  Punjab  (Rs.3062).  While  in  the  case  of  agricultural  labour 	
households, Kerala is in 	2nd highest after Goa (Rs.2398). 	 	
Note:	  	
1.	 Household 	type	 is decided on the basis of the main source of income of the 	
household	 	
1.	 Agricultural  Household	:  an  agricultural  household  is  defined  as  a  household 	
receiving some value of produce from agriculture activities (e.g. cultivation of field 
crops,  horticultur	al  crops,  fodder  crops,  plantation,  animal  husbandry,  poultry, 	
fishery,  piggery,  bee	-keeping,  vermiculture,  sericulture,  etc.,)  during  last  365

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	59	 	
 	
days.  However,  household	s which  were  entirely  agricultural  labour  household	s 	
were excluded from agricultural hou	seholds.	 	
2.	 A person is considered to be engaged as 	agricultural labour	, if he/ she follows 	
one or more of the following agricultural occupations in the capacity of a wage 
paid manual labour, whether paid in cash or kind or both:	 	
(i) 	farming	 	
(ii)	 	dairy farming	 	
(iii)	 	product	ion of any horticultural commodity	 	
(iv)	 	raising of livestock, bees or poultry	 	
(v)	 	any  practice  performed  on  a farm  as  incidental  to  or  in  conjunction  with  farm 
operations  (including  forestry  and  timbering)  and  the  preparation  for  market 
and delivery to storage or t	o market or to carriage for transportation to market 	
of  farm  produce.  Further,  'carriage  for  transportation'  refers 	only  to  the  first 	
stage of the transport 	from farm to the first place of disposal.	 	
 	
6.2 	Percapita consumption expenditure on Food items in 	Kerala	 	
The  following  pie  charts  show  the  share  of  monthly  percapita  consumption 	
expenditure on food items by rural and urban peoples in Kerala.	 	
 	
Share of MPCE on food items in Kerala	 	
 	 	
 	
22%	 
30%	 	
9%	 	
5%	 	
16%	 	
18%	 
Rural Kerala	 	
Cereals & pulses
Milk, egg, fish,
meat
Sugar, slat &
spices
Edible oil
Vegetables &
fruits
Beverages &
refreshments	
20%	 
30%	 	
7%	 	
5%	 	
17%	 
21%	 
Urban Kerala

Page	 60	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
The  following  table  shows  the  monthly  percapita  consumption  expenditure 	
(MPCE based on URP [Uniform Reference Period]) on food items in Kerala and all India 
based  on  the estimates  obtained  in  socio economic surveys  conducted  by  NSSO, Govt 
of India during t	he year 2011	-12. 	(Figures in Rs.	) 	
 	
Item	 	Rural	 	Urban	 	
Kerala	 	All India	 	Kerala	 	All India	 	
Cereal	 	141.52	 	153.13	 	155.67	 	175.52	 	
Gram	 	7.15	 	2.15	 	8.09	 	2.92	 	
Cereal substitutes	 	8.54	 	0.88	 	4.59	 	1.27	 	
Pulses and pulse products	 	34.48	 	39.73	 	39.47	 	51.55	 	
Milk & milk 	products	 	89.15	 	116.13	 	119.88	 	186.47	 	
Sugar	 	24.81	 	23.64	 	26.19	 	27.69	 	
Salt	 	2.22	 	2.46	 	2.33	 	2.75	 	
Edible oil	 	44.55	 	48.22	 	48.08	 	63.62	 	
Egg, fish	, mea	t 	179.81	 	45.62	 	192.02	 	66.94	 	
Vegetables	 	60.01	 	61.88	 	66.12	 	81.4	 	
Fresh fruits	 	79.38	 	19.18	 	99.17	 	42.02	 	
Dry fruits	 	5.53	 	5.59	 	8.32	 	13.85	 	
Spices	 	49.21	 	28.78	 	48.86	 	36.99	 	
Beverages & refreshments	 	162.78	 	74.59	 	214.64	 	169.9	 	
Total Food Expr	 	889.11	 	621.96	 	1033.43	 	922.91	 	
Total non food Expr	 	1620.81	 	656.98	 	2032.24	 	1476.33	 	
Total Expenditure	 	2509.92	 	1278.94	 	3065.67	 	2399.24	 	
% of Food Expr	 	35%	 	49%	 	34%	 	38%	 	
 
Source: 	Key Indicators of	 Household Consumer Expenditure 	in India	 2011	-12, 	NSS 68	th 	
Round, 	NSSO, Govt of India	 	
It  is  seen  that  35%  of  the  monthly  total  expenditure  of  a  Rural  Keralite	s is  for  food 	
expenditure,  while  this  is  34%  in 	urban	 area.  At  all  India  level,  these  shares  are  49% 	
and 38% respectively. 	 	
Note: 	 	
1.	 MPCE based on URP	 is estimated based on the household consumer expenditure 	
on each item recorded for a reference period of last 30 days (preceding the date of 
survey)	 	
2.	 Household  consumer  expenditure	 is  the  expenditure  incurred  by  a  household 	
on  domes	tic  consumption  during  t	he  reference  period.  Expenditure  incurred

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	61	 	
 	
towards productive 	enterprise of household is excluded from household consumer 	
expenditure. 	 	
The  following  pie  charts  show  the  share  of  monthly  percapita  consumption 	
expenditure on food items by rural and urban 	peoples in all India.	 	
 	
Share of MPCE on food items	 in India	 	
 	 	
 
6.3 	Consumption of cereals, oils, vegetables and fruits in Kerala	 	
The  following  table  shows  the  monthly  percapita  consumption  of  cereals,  oils, 	
vegetables and fruits of peoples in Kerala as per the finding of NSS surveys conducted 
during  the  period  2009	-10.  The  item  wise  average  quantity  of  consumption  and 	their	 	
value	s in rural and urban areas 	are provided in the table.	 	
Item	 	Quantity (in Kg)	 	Value (in Rs.)	 	
Rural	 	Urban	 	Rural	 	Urban	 	
Cereals, pulses	 	  	  	  	  	
Rice & rice products	 	7.66	 	7.40	 	130.74	 	137.21	 	
Wheat & wheat products	 	0.88	 	1.09	 	16.81	 	22.44	 	
Total cereals 	 	8.56	 	8.52	 	147.99	 	160.48	 	
Cereal substitutes	 	0.63	 	0.39	 	5.86	 	3.71	 	
Pulses and pulse products	 	0.63	 	0.72	 	34.44	 	39.93	 	
Edible oils	 	  	  	  	  	
Coconut Oil	 	0.54	 	0.55	 	30.38	 	31.26	 	
Other oils	 	0.09	 	0.10	 	4.88	 	5.85	 	
31%	 	
26%	 	
9%	 	
8%	 	
14%	 	
12%	 	
Rural India	 	
Cereals & pulses
Milk, egg, fish,
meat
Sugar, slat &
spices
Edible oil
Vegetables &
fruits
Beverages &
refreshments	
25%	 	
28%	 	
7%	 	
7%	 	
15%	 	
18%	 	
Urban India

Page	 62	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Total Oil	 	0.62	 	0.65	 	35.26	 	37.11	 	
Vegetables	 	  	  	  	  	
Potato	 	0.37	 	0.39	 	6.95	 	7.37	 	
Onion	 	0.68	 	0.72	 	12.96	 	13.73	 	
Carrot	 	0.14	 	0.18	 	3.27	 	4.38	 	
Pumpkin	 	0.15	 	0.11	 	2.06	 	1.60	 	
Gourd	 	0.10	 	0.06	 	1.16	 	0.87	 	
Bitter gourd	 	0.19	 	0.18	 	4.35	 	4.16	 	
Cucumber	 	0.29	 	0.31	 	3.78	 	3.83	 	
Snake gourd	 	0.10	 	0.07	 	1.57	 	1.15	 	
Cauliflower	 	0.02	 	0.04	 	0.30	 	0.87	 	
Cabbage	 	0.33	 	0.25	 	4.64	 	3.70	 	
Brinjal	 	0.17	 	0.14	 	2.89	 	2.42	 	
Lady’s finger	 	0.24	 	0.24	 	4.25	 	4.09	 	
Palak/ other leafy vegetables	 	0.16	 	0.14	 	2.78	 	2.58	 	
French beans	 	0.07	 	0.08	 	1.50	 	1.72	 	
Tomato	 	0.51	 	0.49	 	8.19	 	8.11	 	
Peas	 	0.15	 	0.18	 	3.35	 	3.97	 	
Chilli green	 	0.13	 	0.13	 	3.86	 	4.03	 	
Plantain green	 	0.19	 	0.19	 	2.88	 	3.34	 	
Lemon 	 	0.02	 	0.03	 	0.55	 	1.04	 	
Other vegetables	 	0.82	 	0.78	 	14.03	 	14.79	 	
Vegetables Total	 	4.83	 	4.71	 	85.32	 	87.75	 	
Fruits and nuts	 	  	  	  	  	
Banana (no.)	 	4.99	 	7.26	 	15.33	 	24.60	 	
Pineapple (no.)	 	0.08	 	0.08	 	0.83	 	0.95	 	
Coconut (no.)	 	5.71	 	5.17	 	33.87	 	32.94	 	
Coconut green (no.)	 	0.53	 	0.86	 	3.31	 	3.41	 	
Papaya (kg)	 	0.05	 	0.02	 	0.42	 	0.24	 	
Mango (kg)	 	0.04	 	0.07	 	1.46	 	2.53	 	
Fresh fruits Total	 	  	  	82.15	 	107.92	 	
Dry fruits	 	0.05	 	0.06	 	5.25	 	7.61	 	
Spices 	 	0.53	 	0.53	 	50.45	 	50.03	 	
 
Source:  NSS  Report  on  Household  Consumption  on  Various  Goods  and  Services  in 
Kerala,	 2009	-10, 	NSS 60	th Round, 	Department of Economics & Statistics	 	
6.4 	A comparison in consumption pattern of 2009	-10 with 2004	-05	 	
 	The  following  table  gives  the  quantity  and  v	alue  of  consumption  of  cereals  and 	
oils in 	rural and urban areas in the State during the period of 2004	-05 and 2009	-10.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	63	 	
 
Item	 	Quantity (in Kg)	 	Value (in Rs.)	 	
Rural	 	Urban	 	Rural	 	Urban	 	
Cereals	 	 	 	 	 	
Total cereals (2009	-10)	 	8.56	 	8.52	 	147.99	 	160.47	 	
Total 	cereals (2004	-05	) 	9.26	 	8.62	 	108.89	 	101.1	 	
Edible oils	 	  	  	  	  	
Total Oil (2009	-10)	 	0.623	 	0.647	 	35.26	 	37.11	 	
Total oils (2004	-05)	 	0.711	 	0.521	 	32.32	 	33.4	0 	
 
Source: 	NSS  Report  on  Household  Consumption  on  Various  Goods  and  Services  in 	
Kerala, 2009	-10, NSS 60	th Round, Department of Economics & Statistics	 	
6.5 	Rice consumption in Kerala	 	
The  following  table  shows  the  estimated  value  of  quantity  of  rice  consumption 	
in Kerala based on the socio economic survey conducted by NSSO, Govt	 of India in the 	
State  during  2009	-10,  and  the  report  published  by  the  Department  of  Economics  & 	
Statistics.  Rice  consumption  is  estimated  based  on  the  monthly  percapita 
consumption of rice and rice products in rural and urban areas in the State.	 	
 	
  	Region	 	Rural	 	Urban	 	Total/ Average	 	
1 	
Monthly percapita 
consumption of rice and 
rice products (in Kg)	 	
7.663	 	7.404	 	- 	
2 	Population as per 2011 
census (No.)	 	17471135	 	15934926	 	33406061	 	
3 	Estimated annual 
consumption (in Lakh Kg)	 	16065.76	 	14157.86	 	30223.62	 	
4 	Percapita annual 
consumption (in Kg)	 	91.96	 	88.85	 	90.47	 	
 
6.6 	Estimated requirement of rice	 	
The  projected  requirement  of  rice  in  the  State  for  the  period  from  2015	-16  to 	
2029	-30 based on the consumption pattern of rice and rice products found during the 	
study  of  National  Sample  Survey  conducted  in  Kerala 	in  2009	-10 	is  given  in  the 	
following table	.

Page	 64	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Year	 	
Projected Mid 
Year Population 	
(in Lakhs)	 	
Average Percapita 
consumption for 
one year (in Kg)	 	
Annual 	
requirement of rice 
(in Lakh Tonnes)	 	
2015	-16	 	341.35	 	90.47	 	30.88	 	
2016	-17	 	342.99	 	90.47	 	31.03	 	
2017	-18	 	344.64	 	90.47	 	31.18	 	
2018	-19	 	346.30	 	90.47	 	31.33	 	
2019	-20	 	347.96	 	90.47	 	31.48	 	
2020	-21	 	349.64	 	90.47	 	31.63	 	
2021	-22	 	351.32	 	90.47	 	31.79	 	
2022	-23	 	353.01	 	90.47	 	31.94	 	
2023	-24	 	354.71	 	90.47	 	32.09	 	
2024	-25	 	356.41	 	90.47	 	32.25	 	
2025	-26	 	358.13	 	90.47	 	32.40	 	
2026	-27	 	359.85	 	90.47	 	32.56	 	
2027	-28	 	361.58	 	90.47	 	32.71	 	
2028	-29	 	363.32	 	90.47	 	32.87	 	
2029	-30	 	365.06	 	90.47	 	33.03	 	
 	
Note that the mid year population used here are the projected values estimated 	
for  the  purpose  of  this  study  only  using  Geometric  Numerical  Method  based  on  the 
census population in 2001 and 2011	 and its decadal growth rate during the period	. 	
 	
 
 
 	
30.9	 31.0	 31.2	 31.3	 31.5	 31.6	 31.8	 31.9	 32.1	 32.2	 32.4	 32.6	 32.7	 32.9	 33.0	 	
29
30
31
32
33
34	
2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25	2025-26	2026-27	2027-28	2028-29	2029-30	
Lakh Tonnes
 	
Annual Requirement of rice in Kerala	- projection values

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	65	 	
 
6.7 	Vegetable consumption in Kerala	 	
The  estimated  quantity  of  vegetable  consumption  in  the  State  based  on  the 	
monthly 	percapita	 consumption  estimates  of  NSS  66	th Round  socio  economic  survey 	
conducted in 	Kerala during 2009	-10 is given below. 	 	
  	Region	 	Rural	 	Urban	 	Total/ Average	 	
1 	
Monthly percapita 
consumption of 
vegetables (in Kg)	 	
4.833	 	4.712	 	- 	
2 	Population as per 2011 
census (No.)	 	17471135	 	15934926	 	33406061	 	
3 	
Estimated annual 
consumption (in lakh 
Kg)	 	
10132.56	 	9010.24	 	19142.80	 	
 4 	
Percapita annual 
consumption (in Kg)	 	57.99	 	56.54	 	57.30	 	
 
6.8 	Estimated requirement of Vegetables	 	
The  projected  requirement  of  vegetables  in  the  State  from  2015	-16  to  2029	-	
2030  estimated  based  on  the  average  percapita  an	nual  consumption  of  vegetables 	
found  during  the  study  of  National  Sample  Survey  conducted  in  Kerala 	in  2009	-10 	is 	
given in the following table.	 	
Year	 	
Projected Mid Year 
Population (in Lakhs)	 	
Average Percapita 
consumption for 
one year (in Kg)	 	
Annual	 	
requirement 	of 	
vegetables 	in Lakh 	
Tonnes	 	
2015	-16	 	341.35	 	57.30	 	19.56	 	
2016	-17	 	342.99	 	57.30	 	19.65	 	
2017	-18	 	344.64	 	57.30	 	19.75	 	
2018	-19	 	346.30	 	57.30	 	19.84	 	
2019	-20	 	347.96	 	57.30	 	19.94	 	
2020	-21	 	349.64	 	57.30	 	20.04	 	
2021	-22	 	351.32	 	57.30	 	20.13	 	
2022	-23	 	353.01	 	57.30	 	20.23	 	
2023	-24	 	354.71	 	57.30	 	20.33	 	
2024	-25	 	356.41	 	57.30	 	20.42	 	
2025	-26	 	358.13	 	57.30	 	20.52	 	
2026	-27	 	359.85	 	57.30	 	20.62	 	
2027	-28	 	361.58	 	57.30	 	20.72	 	
2028	-29	 	363.32	 	57.30	 	20.82	 	
2029	-30	 	365.06	 	57.30	 	20.92

Page	 66	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
 	The following bar chart shows the growth in vegetable requirement in the State 	
for the next 15 years. 	 	
 	
 
 
 
 
 	 	
19.6	 19.7	 19.7	 19.8	 19.9	 20.0	 20.1	 20.2	 20.3	 20.4	 20.5	 20.6	 20.7	 20.8	 20.9	 	
18
19
20
21
22	
2015-16	2016-17	2017-18	2018-19	2019-20	2020-21	2021-22	2022-23	2023-24	2024-25	2025-26	2026-27	2027-28	2028-29	2029-30	
Lakh Tonnes
 	
Requirement of vegetables in Kerala in Lakh Tonnes

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	67	 	
 
Chapt e r 7	 	
R I CE DEVELOPMENT
 
7.1 	Area, Production and Productivity of rice 	 	
Paddy cultivation has been reducing year by year even after the Govt have been 	
providing a lot of financial a	nd marketing assistance to paddy farmers through various 	
schemes and programmes. Even though rice is the main food grain of Malayalees, due 
to  high  cost  of  production,  attitudinal  change,  wetland  conversion  for  dwelling  and 
other  construction  purposes  and 	fast  urbanisation,  the  paddy  area  and  ri	ce 	
production in	 the State show	 a decreasi	ng trend. Thus the dependency on	 other States 	
for this food grain is increasing. So the sustainability of rice in the State is beyond the 
limit. 	 	
Area, production and 	productivity of rice during the last 10 years	 	
Year	 	Area (in 
hectares)	 	
Production (in 	
tons)	 	
Productivity (in 
Kg/ Hectare)	 	
2005	-06	 	275742	 	629987	 	2285	 	
2006	-07	 	263529	 	641575	 	2435	 	
2007	-08	 	228938	 	528488	 	2308	 	
2008	-09	 	234265	 	590241	 	2520	 	
2009	-10	 	234013	 	598339	 	2557	 	
2010	-11	 	213187	 	522738	 	2452	 	
2011	-12	 	208160	 	568993	 	2733	 	
2012	-13	 	197277	 	508299	 	2577	 	
2013	-14	 	199611	 	564325	 	2827	 	
2014	-15	 	198159	 	562092	 	2837	 	
 	
Paddy  sown  area 	in  Kerala 	recorded  its  maximum  value  in  1974	-75  with  8.81 	
lakh hectares and its least value in the history of the State was in 2012	-13 and is 1.97 	
lakh  hectares.    The  following  trend chart  depicts  the  trend  in  reduction of  paddy  area 
in  Kerala  since 	from  the 	formati	on  of 	the  State  of  Kerala  up  to  the  agricultural  year 	
201	4-15.

Page	 68	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
 	The production of rice in Kerala is decreasing in accordance with the decreasing 	
area 	of 	paddy. Even though the fall is not st	eady, there is a reduction of 11	% is seen in 	
the  production of 	rice fro	m  2005	-06 to  201	4-15,  during  a  period  of  10  years.  The  rice 	
production in Kerala recorded its peak value in 1972	-73 with 13.7 lakh tonnes, and at 	
that time the State has 3.5 percent share in the total production of rice in the country. 	 	
The  followi	ng  chart  shows the trend 	in  production  of  rice  and its  quantity  from 	
1955	-56 to 201	4-15 in the State.	 	
 	
7.6	 7.8	 8.0	 
8.7	 8.8	 
7.9	 7.3	 
5.6	 5.0	 
3.5	 2.9	 2.8	 2.6	 2.3	 2.3	 2.3	 2.1	 2.1	 2.0	 2.0	 2.0	 	
0
2
4
6
8
10	
1955-56	1960-61	1965-66	1970-71	1974-75	1979-80	1984-85	1990-91	1994-95	1999-00	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in Lakh Hectares
 	
Trend in paddy area in Kerala from 1955	-56 to 2014	-15	 	
8.7	 
10.5	 10.8	 
13.8	 12.7	 11.7	 10.9	 
9.8	 
7.5	 6.7	 6.3	 6.4	 
5.3	 5.9	 6.0	 5.2	 5.7	 5.1	 5.6	 5.6	 	
0
4
8
12
16	
1955-56	1960-61	1966-67	1972-73	1980-81	1985-86	1990-91	1994-95	2000-01	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Production in Lakh Tonnes
 	
Trend in production of rice in Kerala from 1955	-56 to 2014	-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	69	 	
 
 	The  productivity  of  rice  recorded its  peak  value in  201	4-15 with  28	37  kilogram 	
per  hectare  and  its  least  value  was  in  1955	-56  with  1144  kilogram  per  he	ctare.  The 	
trend chart showing the productivity of rice 	from 1955	-56 onwards 	is given below. 	 	
 	
For  area,  production  and  productivity  of  State  and  all  India 	for	 all  years  from 	
1955	-56 to 2013	-14, the tables given in annexure may be referred. 	 	
7.2 	District 	wise paddy area	 	
During  the  period  from  2005	-06	 to  201	4-15, 28	%  reduction  in  gross  paddy 	
cropped  area 	has  occurred 	in  the  State.  While  considering  the  district  scenario, 	
maximum  reduction 	has 	happened  in 	Kollam  district  (81	.6%)  followed  by 	Ernakulam 	
(81.4	%).  In  absolute  terms  the  maximum  reduction  was  in  Palakkad  district  (	31007	 	
hectares). At the same time, a slight increase in paddy area occurred in Kottayam 	and 	
Alappuzha  districts.  The  following  table  and  graph  shows  the  chan	ge  in  area  under 	
paddy from 	1999	-00 and 	2005	-06 to 201	4-15 districts wise in the State.	 	
 
 
 
 
 
 	
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000	
1955-56	1960-61	1965-66	1970-71	1975-76	1980-81	1985-86	1990-91	1995-96	2000-01	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Kg per Hectare
 	
Trend in yield rate of rice in Kerala from 1955	-56 to 2014	-15

Page	 70	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Sl No	 	District	 	
Area in Hectares	 	% variation	 	
1999	-00	 	200	5-06 	2014	-15 	
from 	
1999	-00	 	
from 	
200	5-06 	
1 	TVPM	 	7969	 	4705	 	2093	 	-73.7	 	-55.5	 	
2 	KLM	 	17426	 	7218	 	1327	 	-92.4	 	-81.6	 	
3 	PTA	 	6716	 	3291	 	2592	 	-61.4	 	-21.2	 	
4 	ALPA	 	35326	 	28768	 	34415	 	-2.6	 	19.6	 	
5 	KTM	 	15822	 	12557	 	17295	 	9.3	 	37.7	 	
6 	IDY	 	3640	 	2932	 	697	 	-80.9	 	-76.2	 	
7 	EKM	 	42894	 	24934	 	4644	 	-89.2	 	-81.4	 	
8 	TSR	 	42887	 	31074	 	24151	 	-43.7	 	-22.3	 	
9 	PKD	 	109704	 	113919	 	82912	 	-24.4	 	-27.2	 	
10	 	MLPM	 	23495	 	14885	 	8402	 	-64.2	 	-43.6	 	
11	 	KKD	 	6495	 	4703	 	2321	 	-64.3	 	-50.6	 	
12	 	WYD	 	17304	 	11503	 	9690	 	-44.0	 	-15.8	 	
13	 	KNR	 	11710	 	9223	 	4955	 	-57.7	 	-46.3	 	
14	 	KSD	 	8386	 	6030	 	2665	 	-68.2	 	-55.8	 	
  	TOTAL	 	349774	 	275742	 	198159	 	-43.3	 	-28.1	 	
 	
 	
7.3 	Season wise area under paddy	 	
Paddy  is  cultivating	 in  the  State  in  three  seasons,  viz.  autumn,  winter  and 	
summer  every  agricultural  year.  Autumn  season 	is  from	 July  1	st to  31	st Oct,  winter 	
season  from  1	st Nov  to  28	th Feb  and  summer  from  1	st March  to  30	th June.  The 	
comparison of 	paddy area in these seasons	 in 200	5-06 and 201	4-15	 is given below. 	 	
0
20
40
60
80
100
120	
TVPM	KLM	PTA	ALPA	KTM	IDY	EKM	TSR	PKD	MLPM	KKD	WYD	KNR	KSD	
Area in '000 hectares
 	
District wise change in area under paddy from 2005	-06 to 	
2014	-15	 	
2005-06	2014-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	71	 	
 	
Year	 	Autumn	 	Winter	 	Summer	 	Total	 	
2005	-06	 	98256	 	155629	 	21857	 	275742	 	
2014	-15	 	63981	 	88990	 	45188	 	198159	 	
 	
The  change  in  share  of  paddy  area  in  each  season  from  200	5-06 to  201	4-15 	
may  be  seen  from  the  following  pie  charts.	 A  shift  in  area  from  autumn 	and  winter 	
season	s to summer season is seen during	 the period of 10 years.	 	
 	
Season wise paddy area share	- 2005	-06 Vs 2014	-15	 	
  	 	
 
7.4 	Rice production in other States in India	 	
West  Bengal  is  the  leading  producer 	of rice 	among  the  States  in  India 	with  a 	
share  of  14.37  percent  followed  by  Utter  Pradesh  with  13.73  percent.  The  total 
production  of  rice  in  India  in  2013	-14  was  106.54  million  tonnes,  out  of  this  15.31 	
million tonnes i	s the contribution of West Bengal and 14.63 million tonnes is from UP. 	
The  four  States  West  Bengal,  UP,  AP  and  Punjab  together  take  more  than  50  percent 
share  of  the  total  production  of  rice  in  the  country.  Kerala  is  in  16	th position  for	 both 	
paddy  area  and  rice  production.  Kerala  accounts  for  0.45  percent  in  paddy  area  and 
0.48 percent in its	 production in the country. 	 	
36%	 	
56%	 	
8%	 
Paddy 	 	
2005	-06	 	
Autumn
Winter
Summer	
32%	 	
45%	 	
23%	 	
Paddy	 	
2014	-15

Page	 72	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
The  following  table  gives  the  area,  production  and  productivity  of  rice  in  major 	
rice  producing  States  in  the  country  a	nd  their  share  to  all  India  area  and  production 	
during the year 2013	-14.	 	
Area: in Million Hectares, Production: in Million Tonnes, Yield: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
State	 	Area	 	
Area	- % to 	
All India	 	Production	 	
Production	- 	
% to All 
India	 	
Yield 
rate	 	
West Bengal	 	5.50	 	12.51	 	15.31	 	14.37	 	2786	 	
UP	 	5.98	 	13.60	 	14.63	 	13.73	 	2447	 	
AP	 	4.51	 	10.25	 	13.03	 	12.23	 	2891	 	
Punjab	 	2.85	 	6.49	 	11.27	 	10.58	 	3952	 	
Odisha	 	4.18	 	9.51	 	7.58	 	7.12	 	1815	 	
Chhattisgarh	 	3.80	 	8.65	 	6.72	 	6.30	 	1766	 	
Tamil Nadu	 	1.79	 	4.06	 	5.54	 	5.20	 	3100	 	
Bihar	 	3.11	 	7.07	 	5.51	 	5.17	 	1774	 	
Assam	 	2.27	 	5.17	 	4.78	 	4.48	 	2101	 	
Haryana	 	1.23	 	2.79	 	4.00	 	3.75	 	3256	 	
Karnataka	 	1.33	 	3.02	 	3.76	 	3.53	 	2828	 	
Maharashtra	 	1.56	 	3.55	 	2.95	 	2.77	 	1891	 	
MP	 	1.93	 	4.40	 	2.78	 	2.61	 	1438	 	
Jharkhand	 	1.22	 	2.79	 	2.74	 	2.57	 	2238	 	
Gujarat	 	0.79	 	1.79	 	1.62	 	1.52	 	2053	 	
Kerala	 	0.20	 	0.45	 	0.56	 	0.53	 	2827	 	
Others	 	1.71	 	3.89	 	3.83	 	3.60	 	- 	
All India	 	43.95	 	100	 	106.54	 	100	 	2424	 	
 
Source: Agricultural Statistics 2014, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India	 	
 	Regarding  the  productivity  of  rice,  our  State  is  in  6	th rank  among  the  States  in 	
India. Punjab has the highest productivity with 3952 Kg of rice per hectare followed by 
Haryana  with  3256  Kg  per  hectare.  The  all  India  average  yield  rate  of  rice  in  2013	-14 	
is 2424 Kg per hectare.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	73	 	
 	
 	
 
7.5 Schemes on development 	of paddy cultivation	 	
The schemes implemented by the department of Agriculture for the development of 	
paddy  cultivation  in  Kerala  during  the  period  of  study  are  explained  below.  The 
financial  performance  and  the  available  physical  achievements  are  quantifie	d  and 	
presented along with. 	 	
1.	 Sustainable Development of Rice	 	
This  scheme  is  intended  for  the  sustainable  development  of  paddy  cultivation 	
and thus to increase the rice production in the State. In some years, this scheme was 
mentioned in the State budget as ‘Integrated Food crop Production	- Rice development’. 	
The  fol	lowing  are  the  components  of  this  scheme  and  their  physical  achievement 	
during the last 10 years. The budget allocation for this plan scheme is provided under 
the Head of Account 2401	-00	-102	-90. 	 The  components	 	of  this  scheme	 	are  the 	
following	. 	
1.1  Revital	ization  of  group  farming	: This  component  aims  to  make  paddy  cultivation 	
more  profitable  and  to  reduce  the  cost  of  cultivation  considerably.  Group  farming 
Samithies or Padasekhara Samithies constitutes the nucleus of this programme. 	 	
1.2 Fallow Land cultiva	tion	 	
1.3  Assistance  to  development  agencies	: 	For  improving  the  rice  production  by 	
rectifying the problems in paddy cultivation, assistance has been provided through 11 
development agencies in Kerala. 	 	
1.4 Assistance to Seed Development Authority	 	
0	
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000	
Punjab	Haryana	
Tamil Nadu	
AP	
Karnataka	
Kerala	
West Bengal	
UP	
Jharkhand	
Assam	Gujarat	
Maharashtra	
Odisha	Bihar	
Chattisgarh	
MP	
All India	
Kg per Hectare
 	
State wise productivity of rice in 2013	-14

Page	 74	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
1.5  Assist	ance  for  fish  culture  and  other  seasonal  crops  in  paddy  fields  during  non	-	
cropping periods	 	
1.6 Assistance for establishing small scale processing and marketing units	 	
1.7 Assistance for training and farm mechanization 	 	
1.8 Green card printing through Farm I	nformation Bureau	 	
1.9 Support to upland rice production	 	
1.10 Assistance to Model Padasekharams	 	
1.11 Special rice	 	
The year wise budget allocation and its financial progress of this scheme under the 	
above head of account are as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
 Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	Percent	 	
2005	-06	 	1800.00	 	1800.00	 	1577.50	 	88	 	
2006	-07	 	1800.00	 	1850.00	 	1838.24	 	99	 	
2007	-08	 	1425.00	 	1425.00	 	1406.59	 	99	 	
2008	-09	 	2000.00	 	2000.00	 	1999.72	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	2300.00	 	2300.00	 	2288.70	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	2900.00	 	2900.00	 	2892.14	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	2900.00	 	2900.00	 	2898.65	 	100	 	
2012	-13	 	5000.00	 	5000.00	 	4910.14	 	98	 	
2013	-14	 	5000.00	 	5000.00	 	4939.62	 	99	 	
2014	-15	 	3352.00	 	3352.00	 	3313.52	 	99	 	
 
The physi	cal achievement is given below. (	Area in Hectares	) 	
Year	 	
Revitaliz	 	
ation of 
group 
farming	 	
Fallow 
land 	
cultivation	 	
Assistance 	
to 	
development 	
agencies	 	
Support 
for upland 	
paddy 	
production	 	
Special	 	
rice	 	
Total	 area	 	
 (in Ha)	 	
2005	-06	 	111142	 	6114	 	  	  	  	117256	 	
2006	-07	 	117849	 	4919	 	304	 	  	  	123072	 	
2007	-08	 	49496	 	4318	 	  	  	  	53814	 	
2008	-09	 	104683	 	6779	 	120	 	  	  	111582	 	
2009	-10	 	142994	 	  	  	  	  	142994	 	
2010	-11	 	168273	 	2476	 	  	  	  	170749	 	
2011	-12	 	210085	 	2512	 	  	  	858	 	213455	 	
2012	-13	 	203173	 	1373	 	  	3330	 	972	 	208848	 	
2013	-14	 	202675	 	2641	 	320	 	3128	 	261	 	209025	 	
2014	-15	 	204711	 	1806	 	278	 	0 	1268	 	208063	 	
 	
Here  the  paddy  area  developed  as  the  achievement  of  the  above  scheme  by  the 	
Department  of  Agriculture  is  calculated  based  on 	season	 approach,  so 	there  is  a 	
variation  with  the  figures  in  area  from  2011	-12  to  2014	-15  given  at  the  beginning  of

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	75	 	
 
this  chapter	,  e	stimated  based  on  harvest  approach  and  published  by  the  Department 	
of Economics & Statistics	.  	
2.	 Macro Management	- Rice Development (90% CSS)	 	
This is a centrally sponsored scheme implemented on a cost sharing basis in the 	
ratio  90:10  (Central:  State).  The  bu	dget  allocation  for  this  plan  scheme  is  provided 	
under  the  Head  of  Account  2401	-00	-800	-61  (01).  This  scheme  was 	discontinued	 by 	
Govt  of  India  from  01	-04	-2013,	 however,  an  amount  of  Rs.4.2  lakhs  has  been  spent 	
under this head during 2013	-14 for the works done by revalidating the previous year’s 	
fund. The budget outlay and its expenditure in each year from 2005	-06 to 2013	-14 (no 	
budget provision in 2014	-15) are a	s follows.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Budget outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts 	 	Percent	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	260.00	 	2340.00	 	260.00	 	2340.00	 	147.09	 	1323.81	 	57	 	
2006	-07	 	121.35	 	1092.15	 	121.35	 	1092.15	 	72.14	 	649.30	 	59	 	
2007	-08	 	110.50	 	994.50	 	110.50	 	994.50	 	99.91	 	899.17	 	90	 	
2008	-09	 	125.00	 	1125.00	 	125.00	 	1125.00	 	121.99	 	1097.87	 	98	 	
2009	-10	 	100.00	 	900.00	 	100.00	 	900.00	 	84.57	 	761.11	 	85	 	
2010	-11	 	100.00	 	900.00	 	70.00	 	630.00	 	67.47	 	607.19	 	96	 	
2011	-12	 	70.00	 	630.00	 	70.00	 	630.00	 	54.43	 	489.82	 	78	 	
2012	-13	 	70.00	 	630.00	 	70.00	 	630.00	 	51.13	 	461.79	 	73	 	
2013	-14	 	60.00	 	540.00	 	40.00	 	360.00	 	0.42	 	3.78	 	1 	
 
The main components of this central plan scheme are given below.	 	
2.1  Assistance  for  seed  production  programme	: The  main  objective  of  this  component 	
is for 	production and distribution of quality seeds of high yield	ing	 varieties of paddy to 	
registered  farmers.  For  this,  financial  assistance  is  given  to  State  Seed  Development 
Authority. 	 	
2.2 Distribution of high yield	ing	 seed varieties of paddy	: High yielding 	seed varieties of 	
paddy  were	 distributed  to  Padasekh	ara  Samities  on  subsidy  basis  under  this 	
component. 	 	
2.3 System	 of Rice Intensification (SRI): 	The component SRI is meant for reducing the 	
cost  of  paddy  cultivation.  Through  this  method  of  farming,  the  us	e  of  water  and  seed 	
can be reduced. 	 	
2.4  Setting  up  of  demo  field  of  paddy  using  HY  varieties  of  seeds	: This  component  is 	
intended  for  setting  up  of  model  demonstration  paddy  fields  using  high  yield	ing

Page	 76	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
varieties  of  paddy  suitable  for  the  region  for  dissemi	nation  of  technologies  and 	
multiplication	 of the high 	yielding	 seeds to farmers. 	 	
2.5  Infrastructure  development	: 	Infras	tructure  development  support  had	 	been 	
provided  to  Padasekh	arams  under  this  component  for  improving  the  production  of 	
rice. 	 	
2.6 	Integrated  pest  management	: Fund  has  been  utilized  under  this  component  for 	
implementing integrated pest management and it monitoring. 	 	
2.7 Rice development (MOU)	- integrated pest management	 	
2.8 Integrated 	nutrient management	: This component aims to increa	se the application 	
of bio fertilizers in rice cultivation. 	 	
3.	 National Food security Project	 	
This  central  scheme  was  implemented  in  Palakkad  district  in  Kerala  in  the  years 	
2009	-10, 2010	-11 and 2011	-2 for increasing the production of food crops. The budget 	
allocation  for  this  plan  scheme  is  provided  under  the  Head  of  Account  2401	-00	-102	-	
82. The year wise allocation and expenditure are given below.	 	
Item	 	Budget outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	Percent	 	
2009	-10	 	3600.00	 	3600.00	 	3592.29	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	2665.00	 	2665.00	 	2590.64	 	97	 	
2011	-12	 	2800.00	 	2636.00	 	2562.69	 	97	 	
 
 	Besides  the  above  assistance  to  pa	ddy  cultivation  in  the  State  has	 been 	
provided 	under  RKVY  s	cheme  and  the  details  of  RKVY  are	 mentioned  in  the  last 	
chapter.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	77	 	
 
Chapt e r 8	 	
COCONUT  DEVELOPMENT
 
8.1 	Area, production and productivity of coconut in Kerala	 	
According  to  official  estimates,  the  area  under  coconut  cultivation  in  Kerala  in 	
1934	-35  was  5	.65  lakh  hectares. 	In  1955	-56,  the  area  under  coconut  was  4.5  lakh 	
hectares,  it  has  increased  to  7.5  lakh  hectares  in  1974	-75,  decreased  to  6.5  lakh 	
hectares  in  1980	-81  and  then  increased  and  reached  its  maximum  value  in  2000	-01 	
with 	9.25	 lakh hectares. N	ow this has been reduced to 	793856	 hectares and the fall in 	
area during the period 	2000	-2015 is 	14.3	 percent. 	  	
 	
Regarding  the  production  side,  the  yield of  coconut  shows  a  varying  trend.  The 	
total  production  of  coconut in  the  state in 	1955	-56 was  3099  million  nuts  and now  it 	
is 5947 million nuts. 	The production of coconut in Kerala recorded its maximum value 	
in 	2005	-06 	with  6326  million  nuts  and  its  least  value  in  1981	-82  with  3006  million 	
nuts	. 	
 	About  38%  of  the  total  area  under  coconu	t  palms  in  India  is  in  Kerala  and  the 	
State  is  leading 	in  the  cultivation	 of  coconut.  But  in  production 	of  coconut,  Kerala’s 	
share  is  26	.8%  only.  The  total  area  under  coconut  i	n  our  nation  as  a  whole  is  21.4	 	
lakh  hect	ares  and  the  production  is  22088	 millio	n  nuts 	(163.01  lakh  MT) 	during  the 	
4.5	 
5.0	 
5.9	 
7.2	 7.5	 
6.5	 
7.0	 
8.7	 9.1	 9.3	 9.0	 9.0	 8.7	 
8.2	 7.9	 7.8	 7.7	 8.2	 8.0	 8.1	 7.9	 	
3
5
7
9
11	
1955-56	1960-61	1965-66	1970-71	1974-75	1980-81	1985-86	1990-91	1995-96	2000-01	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in Lakh Hectares
 	
Trend in area under coconut in Kerala from 1955	-56

Page	 78	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
year  201	3-14.  The  average  productiv	ity  of  coconut  in  India  is  10321	 nuts  per  hectare 	
(7306 kg/ hectare). 	 	
 	
The  following  table  shows  the  area,  production  and  productivity  of  coconut 	
du	ring the last 10 years from 2005	-06	 to 201	4-15.	 	
Year	 	Area (in 
hectares)	 	
Production (in 
million nuts)	 	
Productivity (in 
Nuts/ Hectare)	 	
2005	-06	 	897833	 	6326	 	7046	 	
2006	-07	 	872943	 	6054	 	6935	 	
2007	-08	 	818812	 	5641	 	6889	 	
2008	-09	 	787769	 	5802	 	7365	 	
2009	-10	 	778618	 	5667	 	7278	 	
2010	-11	 	770473	 	5287	 	6862	 	
2011	-12	 	820867	 	5941	 	7237	 	
2012	-13	 	798162	 	5799	 	7265	 	
2013	-14	 	808647	 	5921	 	7322	 	
2014	-15	 	793856	 	5947	 	7491	 	
 
 	On  examining  the  all  India  production  of  coconut  from  1955	-56,  it  is  observed 	
that  the  production  share  of  Kerala  has  been  decreasing  year  by  year. 	The  following 	
graph shows this trend.	 The national production of coconut during 2008	-09 and 2009	-	
10 was much lesser than that of preceding and succeeding years, and hence the share 
of Kerala showed high during the period. 	 	
3008	 	
6326	 	
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000	
1955-56	1959-60	1964-65	1970-71	1975-76	1980-81	1985-86	1990-91	1994-95	1999-00	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Production in Million Nuts
 	
Trend in production of coconut in Kerala from 1955	-56

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	79	 	
 	
 	
The  productivity  at  all  India  l	evel	 is higher  than  Kerala  from  1964	-65 onwards, 	
it 	crossed	 the  State  figure  in  2003	-04  and  thereafter  maintaining higher  values  above 	
the  State  figure	 except  in  2004	-05,  2008	-09  and  2009	-10	.  The  graph  showing  the 	
productivity  trend  of  coconut  in  the  State	 and  all  India  is  given  below.  The  minimum 	
and  maximum  value	s  (only  of  the  years	 referred	 in  the  graph) 	of  productivity  of 	
coconut in respect of Kerala and India are also mentioned in the graph. 	 	
 	
8.2 	Area share of coconut by different states in India	 	
 	Even  though  the  area and  production of  coconut has  increased,  the  area  share 	
of  Kerala  has  been  decreasing  due  to  the  increase  in  coconut  cultivation  in  other 	
73.3	 	
25.6	 	
20
30
40
50
60
70
80	
1955-56	1960-61	1965-66	1970-71	1975-76	1980-81	1985-86	1990-91	1995-96	2000-01	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Percentage
 	
Share of Kerala in production of coconut in India	 	
4618	 	
7365	 	
5296	 	
10600	 	
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000	
1955-56	1960-61	1965-66	1970-71	1975-76	1980-81	1985-86	1991-92	1995-96	2000-01	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Yield rate in Nuts/ Hectare
 	
Trend in productivity of coconut in Kerala and India from 	
1955	-56	 	
Kerala	All India

Page	 80	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
State	s.  In  1960	-61,  69.58%  of  the  total  area  under  coconut  cultivation  in  the  country 	
belonged	 to	 Kerala  and  the  production  was  3220  million  nuts.  I	n  1965	-66,  the  state 	
accounted  for	 66.	6%  of  the  total  area  under  coconut  in  the  country	,  and  now  this  is 	
only  37.8	%.  The  following  table  shows  the  share  in  area  under  coconut  cultivation  in 	
different state	s in India and its trend from 1965	-66 to 2012	-13.	 	
 State	 	1965	-66	 	1970	-71	 	1975	-76	 	1983	-84	 	2012	-13	 	
Kerala	 	66.6	 	68.5	 	64.8	 	58.3	 	37.3	 	
Karnataka	 	13.1	 	12.5	 	13.2	 	16.1	 	24.0	 	
Tamil Nadu	 	10.2	 	9.1	 	9.8	 	12.2	 	21.8	 	
AP	 	3.7	 	3.6	 	3.6	 	4.0	 	6.0	 	
Goa	 	2.2	 	1.9	 	1.7	 	1.9	 	1.2	 	
Andaman & NI	 	1.0	 	0.8	 	1.8	 	1.8	 	1.0	 	
Maharashtra	 	1.0	 	0.9	 	0.8	 	1.0	 	1.3	 	
Odisha	 	1.0	 	1.0	 	1.0	 	2.0	 	2.5	 	
Others states	 	1.2	 	1.7	 	3.3	 	2.7	 	4.9	 	
 
 	The  following  bar  chart  clearly  depicts  the  shift  in  area  proportion  to  other 	
states during the period from 1965	-66 to 2012	-13. 	 	
 	
8.3 	Area, production and productivity of coconut in leading coconut producing 	
States in India 	 	
 	The area	, production and 	prod	uctivity 	of major coconut producing States in the 	
country during 2012	-13 is given in the following table.	 	
0
20
40
60
80	
1965-66	1970-71	1975-76	1983-84	2012-13	
Percentage
 	
Area share of coconut from 1965 to 2013	 	
Kerala	Karnataka	Tamil Nadu	AP	Goa

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	81	 	
 	
Area in ‘000 Hectares, Production in ‘000 MT, Yield in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Sl 
No	 	State	 	Area	 	% to all 
India	 	Production	 	% to all 
India	 	Yield	 	
1 	Kerala	 	798.2	 	37.4	 	3990.4	 	25.6	 	4999	 	
2 	Karnataka	 	513.1	 	24.0	 	4169.9	 	26.7	 	8127	 	
3 	Tamil Nadu	 	465.1	 	21.8	 	4760.7	 	30.5	 	10236	 	
4 	Andhra Pradesh	 	128.9	 	6.0	 	1330.4	 	8.5	 	10321	 	
5 	Odisha	 	54.3	 	2.5	 	262.2	 	1.7	 	4829	 	
6 	West Bengal	 	29.2	 	1.4	 	254.2	 	1.6	 	8704	 	
7 	Maharashtra	 	28.1	 	1.3	 	129.0	 	0.8	 	4595	 	
8 	Goa	 	25.7	 	1.2	 	84.5	 	0.5	 	3285	 	
9 	Assam	 	22.2	 	1.0	 	110.3	 	0.7	 	4977	 	
10	 	Andaman & NI	 	21.9	 	1.0	 	89.5	 	0.6	 	4088	 	
11	 	Gujarat	 	21.1	 	1.0	 	221.9	 	1.4	 	10506	 	
 	All India	 	2136.5	 	100	 	15609.1	 	100	 	7306	 	
 
Source: Report on Agricultural Statistics 2013, M/o Agriculture, 	Govt of India	 	
Even  though  Kerala  is  leading  in  area  under  coconut,  the  State’s  share  in 	
production  is 	below  to  our  neighboring  States	 Tamil  Nadu  and  Karnataka.  The 	
following bar chart depicts this aspect clearly. 	 	
 	
 	While  considering  the  productivity  of 	coconut,  the  States  Karnataka,  Tamil 	
Nadu,  West  Bengal,  Gujarat	 and	 Andhra  Pradesh  have  higher  productivity  than 	
Kerala.  Since  these	 five  states  contribute  about  69	%  of  total  coconut  production,  the 	
0
10
20
30
40	
Share in area and production of coconut	- 2012	-13	 	
% of area to all India	% of production to all India

Page	 82	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
all India average productivity of coconut is much higher 	than that of Kerala. The state 	
wise productivity in Kg per hectare may be seen in the following chart. 	 	
 	
8.4 Schemes on development of coconut cultivation 	 	
 	The plan schemes for the development of coconut cultivation implemented from 	
2005	-06  to  2014	-15  in	 the  State  and  their  financial  and	 available  physical  progress 	
are	 summarised below.	 	
1.	 CDB  scheme  for  integrated  farming  in  coconut  holdings  for  productivity 
improvement (100% CSS)	 	
This  is  a  100%  centrally  sponsored  scheme implemented  in  all 	the 	years 	of 	the 	
study  period,  and  the  budget  provision  was  in  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-108	-54. 	
The  main  objectives  of  this  scheme  are  the  establishment  of  demonstration  plots, 
control  of  root  wilt  diseases  in  coconut  palms  by  applying  scientific  practices,  cutting 
and removal of diseased trees, etc. 	The financial progress is	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised Outlay	 	Accounts	 	Percent	 	
2005	-06	 	6000.00	 	6000.00	 	784.38	 	13	 	
2006	-07	 	2506.55	 	2506.55	 	650.30	 	26	 	
2007	-08	 	2500.00	 	1750.00	 	967.20	 	55	 	
2008	-09	 	2500.00	 	1500.00	 	273.96	 	18	 	
2009	-10	 	400.00	 	433.22	 	430.50	 	99	 	
2010	-11	 	400.00	 	540.00	 	474.80	 	88	 	
2011	-12	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	264.23	 	53	 	
2012	-13	 	500.00	 	450.00	 	492.40	 	109	 	
2013	-14	 	600.00	 	600.00	 	519.47	 	87	 	
2014	-15	 	420.00	 	420.00	 	223.62	 	53	 	
 	
0	
3000
6000
9000
12000
Yield rate in Kg per hectare
 	
Productivity of cocconut in other States	- 2012	-13

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	83	 	
 	
2.	 Coconut development 	 	
The  strategy 	proposed  for  coconut  development  is  integrate	d development  of 	
holdings aimed at maximizing income from unit area through better agro management 
practices  and  promotion  of  multi  species  cropping  and  farming  systems.  The  budget 
provision  of  this  scheme  is  pr	ovided  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-103	-87.  The 	
financial progress is 	(Rs. in Lakhs) 	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	455.00	 	455.00	 	449.73	 	99	 	
2006	-07	 	1023.00	 	1023.00	 	1014.96	 	99	 	
2007	-08	 	1120.00	 	1120.00	 	1114.41	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	1500.00	 	1500.00	 	1469.61	 	98	 	
2009	-10	 	1525.00	 	1525.00	 	1510.06	 	99	 	
2010	-11	 	3000.00	 	3000.00	 	2864.07	 	95	 	
2011	-12	 	3000.00	 	3000.00	 	2941.44	 	98	 	
2012	-13	 	4500.00	 	4276.00	 	4478.17	 	105	 	
2013	-14	 	5000.00	 	5000.00	 	6686.45	 	134	 	
2014	-15	 	4500.00	 	4500.00	 	2508.07	 	56	 	
 	
3.	 Production and distribution of hybrid coconut seedlings (50% CSS)	 	
This  is  a  50%  centrally  sponsored  scheme  implemented  in  the  State  for 	
increasing  the  production  and  productivity  of  Kerala  by  supplying  hybrid  varieties  of 
coconut seedlings to farmers. The 	budget provision was under the plan head 2401	-00	-	
108	-96 and the financial achievement is	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	18.00	 	18.00	 	18.00	 	18.00	 	15.06	 	15.07	 	84	 	
2006	-07	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	7.95	 	7.95	 	80	 	
2007	-08	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	8.69	 	8.69	 	87	 	
2008	-09	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	12.26	 	12.26	 	12.27	 	12.26	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	11.97	 	11.97	 	120	 	
2010	-11	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	9.97	 	9.97	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	21.64	 	21.62	 	43	 	
2012	-13	 	60.00	 	60.00	 	60.00	 	60.00	 	52.42	 	52.41	 	87	 	
2013	-14	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	11.84	 	11.84	 	79	 	
2014	-15	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	14.79	 	14.79	 	99

Page	 84	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
4.	 Payment to Coconut Development Board [Control of Eridiophydmite in 
coconut]	 	
This  scheme 	is  im	plemented  in  2006	-07  and  2008	-09	 under  the  head  of  account 	
2401	-00	-800	-43. The financial achievement is as follows.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	1000.00	 	1000.00	 	1000.00	 	100	 	
2007	-08	 	0.00	 	211.00	 	211.00	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	85	 	
 
Chapt e r 9	 	
HOR T I CULT UR E DEVELOPMENT
 
9.1 	Production of banana in Kerala 	 	
During  1955	-56  the  total  production  of  banana  from  the  state  was  311000 	
tonnes	 and  the  value  of  production  was  8.5  crores	.  Then	,  Kerala  was  leading  in  its 	
production 	(including  other  plantain) 	with  17  percent  share  among  the  Indian  States, 	
and the area share was 27 percent. Now in 2013	-14, the share of the State in banana 	
has  declin	ed  to  7.8  percent  in  area  and  1.8  percent  in  production.  The  total  area 	
unde	r  banana  cultivation  during  2014	-15 was  6	1936	 hectares  with  the  production  of 	
5.45	 lakh  tonnes.  The  area,  production  and  productivity  of  ba	nana  during  the  period 	
from 2005	-06 to 20	14-15 is shown below. 	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in MT, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	61400	 	4.30	 	491823	 	3.46	 	8010	 	
2006	-07	 	59143	 	-3.68	 	463766	 	-5.70	 	7841	 	
2007	-08	 	59341	 	0.33	 	439803	 	-5.17	 	7411	 	
2008	-09	 	54739	 	-7.76	 	435979	 	-0.87	 	7965	 	
2009	-10	 	51275	 	-6.33	 	406242	 	-6.82	 	7923	 	
2010	-11	 	58671	 	14.42	 	483667	 	19.06	 	8244	 	
2011	-12	 	59069	 	0.68	 	514054	 	6.28	 	8703	 	
2012	-13	 	61011	 	3.29	 	515607	 	0.30	 	8451	 	
2013	-14	 	62261	 	2.05	 	531299	 	3.04	 	8533	 	
2014	-15	 	61936	 	-0.52	 	545431	 	2.65	 	8806	 	
 	
Both area and production of banana in the State showed a declining trend up to 	
2009	-10  and  thereafter  an 	increasing	 trend.  The  trend  chart  showing  the  area  and 	
production for the last 10 years is shown below.

Page	 86	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
 
9.2 	Production of 	plantain in Kerala	 	
Kerala accounts  for 	56761	 hectares of area under pla	ntain with the production 	
of 4.68	 lakh tonnes annually. The area, production and productivity of plantain in the 	
State are given in the following table. The percentage variation in area	 and production 	
of each year from the previous year is also mentioned.	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in MT, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	55222	 	1.12	 	445333	 	7.02	 	8064	 	
2006	-07	 	53096	 	-3.85	 	435636	 	-2.18	 	8205	 	
2007	-08	 	51367	 	-3.26	 	391896	 	-10.04	 	7629	 	
2008	-09	 	50126	 	-2.42	 	399633	 	1.97	 	7973	 	
2009	-10	 	47802	 	-4.64	 	338546	 	-15.29	 	7082	 	
2010	-11	 	49129	 	2.78	 	353772	 	4.50	 	7201	 	
2011	-12	 	48747	 	-0.78	 	330634	 	-6.54	 	6783	 	
2012	-13	 	48859	 	0.23	 	351315	 	6.25	 	7190	 	
2013	-14	 	54512	 	11.57	 	362395	 	3.15	 	6648	 	
2014	-15	 	56761	 	4.13	 	468320	 	29.23	 	8251	 	
 	
Both area and production show an de	creasing trend 	except the last three	 years. 	
The productivity shows a varying trend. The trend chart is given below.	 	
30
40
50
60
70	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	Area in '000 Ha, Production in '0000 MT
 	
Trend in area and production of banana	 	
Area	Production

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	87	 	
 	
 	
 
9.3 	Production of jack 	fruit in Kerala	 	
Kerala  is  the  leading  producer  of  jack  fruit  in  the  country.  Recently  this  fruit 	
found suitable place in enterprise sector by demonstrating a wide range of value added 
products  from  it.  About  90  thousand  hectares  of  area  sown  are  under  this	 crop  and 	
the  State  is  producing  an  estimated  300  million  nuts 	(fruits) 	annually.  The  area, 	
production  and  yield  rate  of  jack  fruit  during  the  last  10  years  in  Kerala  is  shown  in 
the table given below.	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: Million nuts, 	Productivity: in No. of nuts/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% 	
variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	94902	 	-2.70	 	350	 	0.57	 	3688	 	
2006	-07	 	88358	 	-6.90	 	333	 	-4.86	 	3769	 	
2007	-08	 	85322	 	-3.44	 	309	 	-7.21	 	3622	 	
2008	-09	 	79288	 	-7.07	 	290	 	-6.15	 	3658	 	
2009	-10	 	78148	 	-1.44	 	281	 	-3.10	 	3583	 	
2010	-11	 	75189	 	-3.79	 	301	 	7.12	 	4003	 	
2011	-12	 	90333	 	20.14	 	272	 	-9.63	 	3011	 	
2012	-13	 	89702	 	-0.70	 	300	 	10.29	 	3344	 	
2013	-14	 	9022	5 	0.58	 	294	 	-2.00	 	3259	 	
2014	-15	 	92203	 	2.1	9 	293	 	-0.34	 	3178	 	
 	
20
30
40
50
60	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	Area in '000 Ha, Production in '0000 MT
 	
Trend in area and production of plantain in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

Page	 88	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
 	The  area  showed  a  declining  trend  up  to  2010	-11  and  thereafter  an  increase. 	
But  the  production  showed  a  varying  trend  over  the  years.  The  trend  chart  is  given 
below. 	 	
 	
 	
9.4 	Production of mango in Kerala	 	
 	Mango  pro	duction  in  State  constitutes  4.34  lakh  ton	nes  in  the  year  2014	-15 	
with  a 	negative 	growth  rate  of 	5.01	 percent  over  the  previous  year.  The  total  are	a 	
under  this  fruit  crop  is  77301	 hectares.  The  area,  production  and  productivity  of 	
mango in the State for the last ten years are given below. 	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	87965	 	-2.94	 	511131	 	-2.70	 	5811	 	
2006	-07	 	76709	 	-12.80	 	445423	 	-12.86	 	5807	 	
2007	-08	 	69482	 	-9.42	 	408143	 	-8.37	 	5874	 	
2008	-09	 	66754	 	-3.93	 	392916	 	-3.73	 	5886	 	
2009	-10	 	63751	 	-4.50	 	373168	 	-5.03	 	5854	 	
2010	-11	 	62200	 	-2.43	 	380859	 	2.06	 	6123	 	
2011	-12	 	75559	 	21.48	 	4604	24	 	21.02	 	6100	 	
2012	-13	 	74462	 	-1.45	 	441033	 	-4.32	 	5923	 	
2013	-14	 	77158	 	3.62	 	457067	 	3.64	 	5924	 	
2014	-15	 	77301	 	0.18	 	434129	 	-5.01	 	5616	 	
 	
0
20
40
60
80
100	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in '000 Ha, Production in Crore 	
nuts
 	
Trend in area and production of jack fruit	 	
Area	Production

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	89	 	
 	
The  trend  chart  showing  the  area  and  production  of  mango  during  the  above 	
period is as follows. The production shows a declining trend up to 2010	-11 and then a 	
slight  increase.  But  the  area  shows  a  declining  trend  up  to  2009	-10  and  then 	an 	
increase. Both area and production was maximum in 2004	-05. 	 	
 	
9.5 	Production of pineapple in the State	 	
The  pineapple  productio	n  in  the  State  constitutes  777731	 MT  during  the  year 	
2014	-15  and  the  area  sown  is  8080	 hectares.    Both  area  and  production  of  this  fruit 	
has been declining in the State. The area, production and productivity of pineapple in 
the State for the last ten years are given below. 	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ 	Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	12775	 	0.75	 	109325	 	7.27	 	8558	 	
2006	-07	 	12486	 	-2.26	 	102449	 	-6.29	 	8205	 	
2007	-08	 	11262	 	-9.80	 	82782	 	-19.20	 	7351	 	
2008	-09	 	10407	 	-7.59	 	87882	 	6.16	 	8445	 	
2009	-10	 	9827	 	-5.57	 	80777	 	-8.08	 	8220	 	
2010	-11	 	10216	 	3.96	 	85526	 	5.88	 	8372	 	
2011	-12	 	8932	 	-12.57	 	82336	 	-3.73	 	9218	 	
2012	-13	 	8540	 	-4.39	 	72857	 	-11.51	 	8531	 	
2013	-14	 	8002	 	-6.30	 	75562	 	3.71	 	9443	 	
2014	-15	 	8080	 	0.97	 	77731	 	2.87	 	9620	 	
 	
20
40
60
80
100	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	Area in '000 Ha, Production in '0000 MT
 	
Trend in area and production of mango in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

Page	 90	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
The  area  and  production  trend  chart  is  given  below.  Both  area  and  production 	
of pineapple are decreasing over the years except a few increases in some years. 	 	
 	
9.6 	Production of Papaya in Kerala	 	
Papaya  is  a  tropical  fruit  having  commercial  importance  because  of  its  high 	
nutritive  and  medicinal  value.  Papaya  cultivation  had  its  origin  in  South  Mexico  and 
Costa  Rica.  Total  annual  world  production 	of  papaya  is  estimated  as  12.9 	million 	
tonnes  of  frui	ts.  India 	is 	lead	ing	 in 	the  world  in  papaya  production  with  an  annual 	
output  of  about 	5.64	 million  tonnes.  Other  leading  producers  of  papaya  are  Brazil, 	
Mexico,  Nigeria,  Indonesia,  China,  Peru,  Thailand  and  Philippines.	 The  area, 	
production  and  productivit	y  of  papaya  in  the  State  for  the  last  ten  years  are  given 	
below. 	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	18895	 	-2.12	 	85481	 	-2.38	 	4524	 	
2006	-07	 	17693	 	-6.36	 	80491	 	-5.84	 	4549	 	
2007	-08	 	17835	 	0.80	 	80008	 	-0.60	 	4486	 	
2008	-09	 	18080	 	1.37	 	80494	 	0.61	 	4452	 	
2009	-10	 	16840	 	-6.86	 	109007	 	35.42	 	6473	 	
2010	-11	 	16156	 	-4.06	 	100772	 	-7.55	 	6237	 	
2011	-12	 	16464	 	1.91	 	96925	 	-3.82	 	5887	 	
2012	-13	 	16197	 	-1.62	 	101207	 	4.42	 	6249	 	
2013	-14	 	16640	 	2.74	 	103420	 	2.19	 	6215	 	
2014	-15	 	17999	 	-8.17	 	107200	 	-3.65	 	5956	 	
5
7
9
11
13
15	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	Area in '000 Ha, Production in '0000 MT
 	
Trend in area and production of pineapple in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	91	 	
 	
Kerala  accounts  for  12.5  percent  in  area  and  1.	8 percent  in  production  of 	
papaya  in  the  country.  Now  the  total  area  under  papaya  cultivation  in  the  State  is 
17999  hectares  and  its  production  is  1.07  lakh  metric  tonnes. 	While  looking  at  the 	
trend,  we  can  observe  that  area  was  decreasing  over  the  years  an	d  production  was 	
decreasing  up  to  2007	-08  and 	increased  and 	reached  its  peak  quantity	 in  2009	-10 	
and  again  decreased	 up  to  2011	-12 	following	 an  increase	 again	.  The  trend  chart  is 	
given below. 	 	
 	
9.7 	Production of cashew in Kerala	 	
Kerala  is  in 	the 	4th position  in  the  production  of  cashew  among  the  Indian 	
States  after  Maharashtra,  AP  and  Odisha.  The  State  is  sharing  4.8  percent  in  area 
under  cashew  cultivation  in  the  country  and  4.4  percent  in  its  production.  India  is in 
3rd position  in  cashe	w  productio	n  in  the  world  with  7.53 	lakh  tonnes  after  Vietnam 	
(12.37	 lakh  tonnes)	 and  Nigeria  (8.35  lakh  tonnes)	.  Brazil  is  the  native  of  this  spice 	
and this country is now in 4	th rank in the production of c	ashew nuts in the world with 	
2.30 	lakh  tonnes  annually.    Cas	hew  has  arrived  in  India  during  the  15	th century  AD. 	
Among  the  districts  in  Kerala,  Kannur  is  leading  in  area  under  cashew  crop  followed 
by Kasaragode, Malappuram and Palakkad. 	 	
The  total  area  unde	r  cashew  sown in  Kerala  is  45436	 hectares,  and  during  the 	
period of last 10 ye	ars the area has decreased by 42	 percent. State contributed 	29715 	
tonnes of raw cashew in 2014	-15 and a decline of 56	 percent has	 occurred from 200	5-	
06. During the year of formation of Kerala, that is in 19	55	-56, the State has produced 	
58000  tonnes  of  cashew.  The  production  of  cashew  has  increased  to  83000  tonnes  in 	
1960	-61  and  further  to  1	04600	 tonnes  in  199	1-92.  The  area,  production  and 	
0	
200
400
600
800
1000
1200	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in '00 Ha, Production in '00 MT
 	
Trend in area and production of pappaya in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

Page	 92	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
productivity  of  cashew  in  the  State  from  200	5-06  to  2014	-15 is  given  in  the  following 	
table. 	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	78285	 	-4.00	 	68262	 	12.67	 	872	 	
2006	-07	 	70463	 	-9.99	 	61680	 	-9.64	 	875	 	
2007	-08	 	58381	 	-17.15	 	52402	 	-15.04	 	898	 	
2008	-09	 	53007	 	-9.21	 	42334	 	-19.21	 	799	 	
2009	-10	 	48972	 	-7.61	 	35818	 	-15.39	 	731	 	
2010	-11	 	43848	 	-10.46	 	34752	 	-2.98	 	793	 	
2011	-12	 	54052	 	23.27	 	36743	 	5.73	 	680	 	
2012	-13	 	52086	 	-3.64	 	37919	 	3.20	 	728	 	
2013	-14	 	49105	 	-5.72	 	33375	 	-11.98	 	680	 	
2014	-15	 	45436	 	-7.47	 	29715	 	-10.96	 	654	 	
 
 	The 	trend chart showing the area, production and productivity of cashew in the 	
State  is  given  below.  Both  area  and  production  show	 almost  the  same  trend  of	 	
declining over the years. Productivity shows a varying trend, anyhow it is decreasing. 	 	
 	
9.8 	Production	 of tapioca in Kerala	 	
During 1956	-57, Kerala had	 85 percent share in total area under tapioca in the 	
country  and  81  percent  share  in  production.  During  this  period  of  57  years,  the  area 
under  tapioca  cultivation  in  the  State  has  declined  by  68  percent,  but	 the  production 	
has  been  increased  by  74  percent.  The  following  table  shows  the  share  in  area  and 	
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in '000 Ha, Production in '000 	
MT, Productivity in Kg/ Ha
 	
Trend in area and production & productivity of cashew in 	
Kerala	 
Area	Production	Productivity

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	93	 	
 
production  of  tapioca  in  the  State  to  all  India  during  the  year  1956	-57  and  2013	-14 	
and its changes during the period. 	 	
 Year	 	
Area (in '000 Ha)	 	Production (in	 '000 MT)	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	
1956	-57	 	208.41	 	246.46	 	84.56	 	1426.00	 	1759.00	 	81.07	 	
2013	-14	 	67.58	 	228.28	 	29.60	 	2479.07	 	8139.43	 	30.46	 	
% Variation	 	-67.57	 	-7.38	 	-64.99	 	73.85	 	362.73	 	-62.43	 	
 	
During  1955	-56,  Kollam  district  contributed 	the  largest  share  of  the  State’s 	
production  of  tapi	oca  followed  by  Alappuzha. 	Kollam  still  continues  to  maintain  its 	
virtual  monopoly  in  the  production  of  tapioca  in  Kerala,  the  district  accounts  for  2	2 	
percent  of  the  State’s  production  of  tapioca.  The  next  biggest  producer  now  is	 	
Thiruvananthapuram  with  about  20	 percent  share.  The  area,  production  and 	
productivity of tapioca in the State during the period from 	2005	-06 to 201	4-15	 is given 	
below. 	 	
Area: i	n Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
ear	 	Area	 	
% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	90539	 	2.32	 	2568284	 	7.01	 	28367	 	
2006	-07	 	87128	 	-3.76	 	2518999	 	-1.92	 	28911	 	
2007	-08	 	83990	 	-3.60	 	2556455	 	1.49	 	30438	 	
2008	-09	 	87241	 	3.87	 	2712114	 	6.09	 	31088	 	
2009	-10	 	74925	 	-14.12	 	2525384	 	-6.89	 	33737	 	
2010	-11	 	72284	 	-3.52	 	2408962	 	-4.61	 	33326	 	
2011	-12	 	74498	 	3.06	 	2547399	 	5.75	 	34419	 	
2012	-13	 	69586	 	-6.59	 	2458515	 	-3.49	 	35331	 	
2013	-14	 	67589	 	-2.87	 	2479070	 	0.84	 	36679	 	
2014	-15	 	75493	 	11.69	 	2943919	 	18	.75	 	38996	 	
 
 	The  graph  showing  the  area,  production  and  productivity  trend  of  tapioca  in 	
Kerala from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15 is given below.

Page	 94	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
9.9 	Vegetable production in Kerala	 	
During  the  year  2014	-15  the  State  has  produced 	15.32	 lakh  metric  tonnes	 of 	
vegetables  as  against  11.90 	lakh 	tonnes  in  2013	-14.  The  estimated  total  area  under 	
vegetable  cultivation  in  Kerala  during  2014	-15  is  90553  hectares,  which  recorded  an 	
increase  of  20  percent  from  the  previous  year. 	The  area  and  production  of  vegetable	s 	
in the State during the last three years is given in the following table.	 	
Area in Hectares an	d Pr	oduction in Lakh Tonnes	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% increase	 	Production	 	% increase	 	
2012	-13	 	54820	 	  	9.10	 	  	
2013	-14	 	75320	 	37.40	 	11.90	 	30.77	 	
2014	-15	 	90533	 	20.20	 	15.32	 	28.74	 	
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in '000 Ha, Production in Lakh 	
MT, Productivity in  MT/Ha
 	
Trend in area, production and productivity of tapioca in Kerala	 	
Area	Production	Productivity

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	95	 	
 	
 	
 	
9.10 	Schemes on 	development of vegetables and fruits 	  	
The  schemes  implemented  by  the  department  of  Agriculture  for  the 	
development  of  vegetables  and  fruits  in  Kerala  during  the  period  from  2005	-06  to 	
2014	-15  are 	detailed  below	.  These  schemes  are  implemented  in  the  State  through 	
VFPCK, SHM, Horticor	p and Department of Agriculture.	 	
 	
1.	 VFPCK Kerala	- Production and distribution of quality planting materials	 	
This  scheme  is  implemented  through  Seed  Production  Centre  of  VFPC	K  in 	
Alathur	,  Palakkad  district. 	The  fund  is  provided  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-	
103	-82.	 The  year  wise  budget  allocation  and  its  financial  progress  of  this  scheme 	
under the above head of account are as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
 Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outla	y 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	50	.00	 	50	.00	 	50.01	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	25	.00	 	25	.00	 	25	.00	 	100	 	
 	
2.	 Development of Vegetables	- Vegetable promotion through department of 	
Agriculture 	 	
The  production  of  vegetables  in  the  State  is  not  sufficient  to  meet  the 	
requirements.  The  VFPCK,  Department  of  Agriculture,  SHM  and  Local 	Self 	
Governments are involved in the promotion of vegetables. This scheme is implemented 	
0
20
40
60
80
100	
2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	Area in '000 Ha, Production in Lakh MT
 	
Area and production of vegetables in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

Page	 96	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
under  the  head  of  account  240	1-00	-119	-85.  To  increase  the  production  of  vegetables 	
in the State, implementation of vegetable garden in schools, establishment of irrigation 
units, conduct  of training programmes, promotion of homestead vegetable cultivation, 
etc.  are  the  main 	components	 of  this  scheme. 	From  2012	-13  onwards,  this  scheme 	
has  been  implemented  as  ‘Vegetable  Development  programme  (VDP)’  by  giving  more 
thru	st  for  production  of  vegetables  by  adding  more  components  such  as  school 	
garden,  project  based  cultivation,  homestead  cult	ivation  through  school  students, 	
terrace  cultivation,  vegetable  clusters,  fallow  land  cultivation,  seed  kit  distribution 
through media etc. 	The financial performance 	of this scheme 	is (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	60.00	 	191.88	 	186.29	 	97	 	
2009	-10	 	125.00	 	125.00	 	124.80	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	307.00	 	307.00	 	286.31	 	93	 	
2011	-12	 	350.00	 	350.00	 	345.59	 	99	 	
2012	-13	 	4250.00	 	4313.70	 	4307.18	 	100	 	
2013	-14	 	5625.00	 	5625.00	 	5346.69	 	95	 	
2014	-15	 	6400.00	 	6400.00	 	5912.56	 	92	 	
 	
The physical progress	 of VDP is as follows (Area in Hectares, Production in MT)	 	
Components	 	
2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Area	 	
Produ	 	
ction	 	Area	 	
Produ	 	
ction	 	Area	 	
Produ	 	
ction	 	
School garden	 	100	 	1078	 	104	 	1178	 	98	 	1274	 	
Project based 
cultivation	 	84	 	852	 	62	 	852	 	77	 	1055	 	
Homestead 	cultivation 	
through school 
students	 	9849	 	89240	 	10062	 	100503	 	21936	 	245704	 	
Terrace cultivation	 	483	 	4668	 	326	 	2859	 	1289	 	15104	 	
District clusters	 	5270	 	63211	 	12505	 	172727	 	4015	 	89303	 	
Fallow land cultivation	 	0 	0 	1186	 	27982	 	514	 	7999	 	
Others	 	0 	 0 	352	 	3901	 	5496	 	88926	 	
Total	 	15786	 	159049	 	24598	 	310002	 	33425	 	449365

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	97	 	
 	
3.	 Development of Vegetables	- Promotion of vegetable cultivation through 	
VFPCK in selected districts 	 	
This  scheme  is  implemented  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-119	-92.  This 	
programme  is  implemented 	through  VFPCK  for  promotion  of  vegetable  cultivation  in 	
selected districts in the State. The financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	400.00	 	400.00	 	405.71	 	101	 	
2006	-07	 	400.00	 	300.00	 	250.00	 	83	 	
2008	-09	 	40.00	 	40.00	 	40.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	75.00	 	75.00	 	75.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	225.00	 	225.00	 	225.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	325.00	 	325.00	 	325.00	 	100	 	
2012	-13	 	600.00	 	600.00	 	600.00	 	100	 	
 
4.	 Vegetable development support to VFPCK	- - Integrated food crop 	
production	  	
The  outlay  provided 	under  this  scheme  is  for  the  promotion  of  vegetable 	
development programme implemented in the State and to initiate new programmes 
including  credit  support.  This  scheme  is  implemented  under  the  head  of  account 
2401	-00	-119	-81. The financial progress of this 	scheme is (implem	ented in 2013	-14 	
& 2014	-15 only, Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2013	-14	 	600	.00	 	600	.00	 	600	.00	 	100	 	
2014	-15	 	600	.00	 	600	.00	 	600	.00	 	100	 	
 
5.	 Assistance to VFPCK for participatory technology development	 	
This 	State  plan 	scheme  is  implemented  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-	
00	-109	-81. The financial progress is as follows (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	25	.00	 	25	.00	 	25	.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	25	.00	 	25	.00	 	25	.00	 	100

Page	 98	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
6.	 Kerala  State  Horticultural  Products  Development  Corporation	- 	share 	
capital contribution 	 	
The KSHPDC popularly known as Horticorp is a public sector undertaking 	
primarily  engaged  in  procurement  and  marketing  of  vegetables  and  fruits.    The 
outlay  provided  is	 for 	meeting  the  share  capital  contribution  to  the  corporation  as 	
seed  money  for  availing  bank  credit  for  new  investments.  This  scheme  is 
implemented under the head of account 4401	-00	-190	-97 and 4401	-00	-119	-99. The 	
financial progress of 4401	-00	-190	-97 is a	s follows (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	5.00	 	30.00	 	30.00	 	100	 	
2006	-07	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
2007	-08	 	5.00	 	55.00	 	55.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	100	 	
2014	-15	 	 0.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
 	
Share  capital  contribution  has  been  provided  to  KS	HPDC  for  implementing  the 	
scheme Harithavipanam of Horticorp under the head 4401	-00	-119	-99 in 2010	-11 and 	
the financial progress is (Rs. in 	Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2010	-11	 	0.00	 	500	.00	 	500	.00	 	100	 	
 	
7.	 State Horticulture Mission 	 	
State  Horticulture  Mission  programme  is  a  centrally  assisted  scheme 	
established 	in the State during 2005	-06 as 	a part of National Horticulture Mission and 	
implemented  in  the  ratio  85:15  (Central:  State)  to  promote  holistic  strategies  in 
horticulture  sector  through  area  based  regionally 	developed	 projects  covering  fruits, 	
vegetables,  flowers,  spices,  medicinal  plant	s  in  the  State.  Extension  of  area  under 	
vegetable  &  fruit crops,  marketing  and establishment of  fruit  processing units  are  the 
other objectives of this scheme. Since it is a mission mode programme of Govt of India, 
the  fund  is  directly  transferred	 to  the  i	mplementing  agency,  and  only  the  anticipated 	
State share is provided in the State budget. The State share of this scheme is provided 
under the head of account 2401	-00	-119	-86. The financial progress of the this scheme 	
is 	as follows 	(Rs. in Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	99	 	
 
 	
Year	 	Orig	inal outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	300.00	 	300.00	 	300.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	200.00	 	1326.60	 	1326.60	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	200.00	 	200.00	 	200.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	200.00	 	785.00	 	785.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	1100.00	 	1773.24	 	1773.24	 	100	 	
2012	-13	 	1100.00	 	1100.00	 	1100.00	 	100	 	
2013	-14	 	1100.00	 	1100.00	 	1097.60	 	100	 	
2014	-15	 	1100.00	 	8900.00	 	2225.00	 	25	 	
 
The physical achievement of the scheme State Horticulture Mission is given below. 	 	
Item	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Planting 	material 	
(No.)	 	4 	15	 	93	 	74	 	110	 	25	 	15	 	8 	5 	6 	
Vegetable seed 
prod	uction (Ha)	 	30	 	- 	55	 	50	 	74	 	7 	142	 	30	 	13	 	25	 	
Establishment of 
new gardens (Ha)	 	84	 	9740	 	34583	 	25413	 	52319	 	26948	 	23496	 	8133	 	9839	 	8360	 	
Rejuvenation/ 
replacement of 
senile Plantations 
(Ha)	 	225	 	13364	 	27723	 	21292	 	17570	 	8370	 	2134	 	1810	 	903	 	2633	 	
Promotion of 
ENM/ IPM (Ha)	 	- 	927	 	1042	 	8718	 	4321	 	3839	 	4586	 	4168	 	9057	 	1451	 	
Organic farming 	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
Adoption of 
organic farming 
(Ha)	 	269	 	983	 	4809	 	2782	 	5683	 	399	 	1626	 	278	 	850	 	3500	 	
Vermi	 compost 	
units (No.)	 	50	 	1401	 	1188	 	939	 	1740	 	345	 	346	 	278	 	174	 	119	 	
Organic 
certification (Ha)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	500	 	250	 	600	 	2000	 	
Distribution of 
honey bee 
colonies (No.)	 	4000	 	  	20000	 	- 	20219	 	7400	 	4784	 	14550	 	- 	3063	 	
HRD including 
horticulture 
institute (No. of 
trainings 
conducted)	 	- 	3 	1404	 	6612	 	1027	 	16481	 	1184	 	9099	 	22	29 	1877	 	
Establishment of 
marketing 
infrastructure	 	- 	- 	87	 	504	 	386	 	231	 	- 	7 	- 	14

Page	 100	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Horticulture 
mechanisation	 	- 	- 	- 	- 	- 	336	 	1082	 	713	 	- 	1360	 	
Integrated post 
harvest	 	
management (No. 
of technology 
dissemination 
conducted)	 	- 	- 	- 	- 	- 	3 	65	 	7 	- 	10	 	
 	
 	
8.	 Vegetable development	- Macro Management (90% CSS) 	 	
 	This  is  a  component  of  the  Macro  management  scheme  funded  in  90:10 	
pattern by Govt	 of India for the development of vegetable cultivation in States. Govt of 	
India  has  withdrawn  this  component  in  2005	-06  and 	there  was 	no  budget  provision 	
thereafter. The budget provision was in the head of account 2401	-00	-800	-61 (05), and 	
the financial achievement is 	given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	5.00	 	45	.00	 	5.00	 	45	.00	 	0.37	 	3.33	 	7 	
 	
9.	 Fruit development	- Macro Management (90% CSS) 	 	
This is a 90% centrally sponsored macro management scheme for improving the 	
production of fruits in the State and the fund was provided under the head of account 
2401	-00	-800	-61  (06).  This  scheme  is  withdrawn  by  Govt  of  India  in  2005	-06.  The 	
financial achie	vement is 	as follows. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	  	
2005	-06	 	20	.00	 	180	.00	 	20	.00	 	180	.00	 	0.29	 	2.61	 	1 	
 	
10.	 Horticulture Mission (100% C	SS)	 	
This plan scheme is implemented in 2006	-07 only and the budget provision was 	
under  the  plan  head  2401	-00	-119	-88.  The  financial  performance  is 	given  below. 	(Rs. 	
in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	0.00	 	991.25	 	437.53	 	44

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	101	 	
 	
11.	 Women in Agriculture 	– Macro management (90% CSS) 	 	
This  scheme  is  implemented  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-800	-61(08). 	
This scheme is intended for creation of employment in agriculture sector to women by 
providing financial assistance for cultivation of plantain & banana, vegetables & fruits, 
medicina	l  plants,  garden  plants,  floriculture,  anthurium  etc  and  for  starting 	
manufacturing enterprises in bee c	ulture, mushroom culture, verm	i compost etc. This 	
scheme  wa	s  implemented  from  2005	-06  to  2008	-09  during  the  study  period.	 The 	
financial performance of this scheme is 	given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	36.50	 	328.50	 	36.50	 	328.50	 	28.86	 	259.74	 	79	 	
2006	-07	 	30.00	 	270.00	 	30.00	 	270.00	 	21.23	 	191.05	 	71	 	
2007	-08	 	3.78	 	34.04	 	3.78	 	34.04	 	1.87	 	16.83	 	49	 	
2008	-09	 	5.00	 	45.00	 	5.00	 	45.00	 	3.92	 	35.26	 	78	 	
 
The physical achievement is	 given below. 	 	
Item	 	2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	
Training to farm women 
group	 	430	 	180	 	10	 	390	 	
Training to officers	 	3 	8 	0 	NA	 	
 	
12.	 	Cashew development	- Macro management (90% CSS)	 	
This  90%  centrally  sponsored  scheme  has  budget  provision  in  2005	-06  year 	
only and is under the head of account 2401	-00	-800	-61 (04). The physical achievement 	
is rehabilitation for 974.5 hectares of cashew pl	antation a	rea. The financial progress is 	
shown below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	50.00	 	450.00	 	50.00	 	450.00	 	37.35	 	336.15	 	75	 	
 	
13.	 Macro management schemes (90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	
This  is  also  a  macro  management  CSS  with  90%  support  from  Govt  of  India 	
implemented  in  2005	-06  for  the  development  of  floriculture  in  Kerala.  The  plan  head

Page	 102	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
of  this  programme  is  2401	-00	-800	-61  (17)  and  the  financial  progress  is 	shown  below. 	
(Rs	. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	21.00	 	189.00	 	21.00	 	189.00	 	0.67	 	6.03	 	3 	
 
 	
14.	 Macro management schemes (90%CSS)	- Medicinal and aromatic plants	 	
This is another 90% CSS macro management scheme intended for the development 	
of  medicinal  and  aromatic  plants  implemented  in  2005	-06.  The  budget  head  was 	
2401	-00	-800	-61 (18) and 	there wa	s no achievement	. The budget details are as follows. 	
(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	5.00	 	45.00	 	5.00	 	45.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
15.	 Macro  management  schemes  (90%CSS)	- One  time  ACA  for  the  uplift  of 	
Urban/ Rural farmers through the devpt	 of floriculture/ medicinal plants 	
and intercrops/ mixed crops	 	
This  is  another  90%  CSS  scheme  implemented  in  2005	-06  for  uplifting  farmers 	
through cultivation of medicinal plants, mixed crops and flowering plants. The head of 
account 	is 2401	-00	-800	-61 (21)	 and	 the	 financial progress is 	as follows. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	50.00	 	450.00	 	48.86	 	439.74	 	98	 	
16.	 	Floriculture	 	
 	This development sche	me for floriculture in	 Kerala was	 implemented in 2006	-	
07  under  the  plan  head  2401	-00	-108	-40.  The  financial 	achievement	 was  100%. 	The 	
details are as follows. (	Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	103	 	
 
Chapt e r 10	 	
SPI CES AND PLANT AT I ON CR OPS	
Spice  is  one  of  the  key  areas  where  Kerala  dominates  in  the  global  market  in 	
view  of  its  intrinsic  quality.  The  State  is  known  for  its  vast  area 	of  spice  plantations	. 	
All the spices have some or other medicinal value. Kerala spices acquired a wide fame 
across  the  universe  for  its  aroma  and  flavo	ur.  The  major  export  items  of  spices  from 	
Kerala  are  pepper,  ginger,  nutmeg  etc.  State  continues  to  enjoy	 the  monopoly  in  area 	
and  production  of  pepper.  The  State’s  spice  trade  to  western  world  begins  from  the 
arrival of Vasco Da Gama, a Portuguese explorer in 1498 in Kozhikode. 	 	
10.1 	Plantation crops 	 	
The  State  has  a  substantial  share  in  the  four  plantation  crops  viz  rubber,  tea, 	
coffee and cardamom. These	 four crops together occupy 7.05	 lakh hectares accounting 	
for  3	4 percent  of  the  net  cropped  area  in  the  State  and 	38	 percent  of  the  area  under 	
these c	rops in the country. Kerala accounts for 	83.7	 percent of the total production of 	
rubber, 60.7 percent of cardamom, 	21.9	 percent of coffee and 5.	3 percent of tea in the 	
country. 	 	
10.2 	World scenario in tea production	 	
 	Tea  cultivation  in  India  was  introduced	 by 	the 	British  when  they  found  that 	
climate  and  soil  conditions  of  the  State’s  hilly  areas  are  very  much  suitable  for  its 
cultivation.  Today,  India  is  the  2	nd largest  tea  producer 	after  China 	in  the  world  with 	
12  %  export  share  in  international  market. 	Th	e  country  is  the  fourth  largest  tea 	
exporter  in  the  world. 	In  2013	-14,  India’s  tea  production  was  1209  million  kilograms 	
and  this  account  for  24  percent  of  total  production  in  the whole  world.  The  total  area 
under tea plantations in all India is 5.64 lakh 	hectares. 	 	
Quantity: in Million Kg	 	
Country	 	
Production	 	Export	 	
Quantity	 	% share	 	Quantity	 	% share	 	
China	 	1924	 	39	 	332	 	18	 	
India	 	1209	 	24	 	219	 	12	 	
Kenya	 	432	 	9 	494	 	26	 	
Sree Lanka	 	340	 	7 	309	 	17	 	
Others	 	1011	 	21	 	509	 	27	 	
Total	 	4916	 	100	 	1863	 	100	 	
 
Source: Tea Board, 	India, Annual Report 2013	-14

Page	 104	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
10.3 	Tea production in various Sates in India	 	
The  total  production  of  tea  in  the  country  during  2013	-14  was  12.08  lakh 	
tonnes.  Kerala  is  in  fourth  position  in  area  and  production  of  tea  in  India.  Assam  is 
the	 leading  producer  o	f  tea  with  53	.9%  share  followed  by  West  Bengal  (2	4.9%  share). 	
Assam  accounts  for  6.29  lakh  tonnes 	of 	tea	 production	 in  2013	-14.  The  area  and 	
production  of  tea  by  different  States  in  India  during  the  year  2013	-14  is  given  in  the 	
following table.	 	
State	 	Area 	(in ‘000 	
hectaresF	 	Area share	 	Production (in 
Million KgF	 	
Production 	
share	 	
Assam	 	304.4	 	53.9T	 	629.05	 	52.04	 	
West Bengal	 	140.44	 	24.9M	 	312.N	M 	25.82	 	
Other north 
eastern States	 	12.2V	 	2.18	 	23.92	 	1.98	 	
Tamil Nadu	 	69.62	 	12.34	 	174.71	 	14.4R	 	
Kerala	 	35.0N	 	6.21	 	63.4U	 	5.25	 	
Karnataka	 	2.22	 	0.39	 	5.52	 	0.46	 	
All India	 	563.98	 	100.00	 	1208.7U	 	100.00	 	
 
Source: Tea Board, India, Annual Report 2013	-14	 	
 	
10.4 	Kerala’s share in tea production in India	 	
The share of the State in tea production is in a declining trend even though the	 	
all  India  area  and  production  of  tea  is  increasing.  By  comparing  the  facts  and  f	igures 	
of tea cultivation in 195	5-56 with 2013	-14, we can see that the area has	 increased 	by 	
73	.3%  and  production  by 	76.4	%  in  the  country.  But  the  State’s  contribution	 in  area	 	
0
10
20
30
40
50
60	
Assam	West Bengal	Tamil Nadu	Kerala	Other north
eastern States	
Karnataka	
Percentage
 	
Share in area and production of tea in various States in India 	
2013	-14	 	
Area share	Production share

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	105	 	
 
has  declined  by  49	.4%.  T	he  production  share  of  Kerala  has  been  increased  from  5 	
percent  in  1956	-57  to  5.3  percent  in  2013	-14.	 Idukki  district  is  leading  in  cultivation 	
of  tea  in  Kerala  followed  by  Wayanad,  Thiruvananthapuram,  Palakkad,  Kollam  and 
Thrissur	. The  following  table  shows  the  share  of  Kerala  in  tea  cultivated  area  and  its 	
production  in  the  country  in 	1955	-56, 	1995	-96  and  2013	-14  and  the  rate  of  change 	
among them during the period. 	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes	 	
 Year	 	Area	 	Production	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	
1956	-57	 	39910	 	325360	 	12.27	 	34180	 	685200	 	4.99	 	
1995	-96	 	34656	 	430888	 	8.04	 	64802	 	749888	 	8.64	 	
2013	-14	 	35010	 	563980	 	6.21	 	63480	 	1208780	 	5.25	 	
% Variation during 
1956	-2014	 	-12.28	 	73.34	 	-49.39	 	85.72	 	76.41	 	5.28	 
 	
10.5 	Growth of tea plantations in Kerala since 1955	 	
 	The  area  and  production of  tea  in  the State since  from  its  formation  in  1956  is 	
given in  the  following table.  Both  the  area  and  production  showed  a  varied  trend over 
the  years.  During  this  period  the  producti	on  of  tea  was  maximum  in  1996	-97  with 	
69319 tonnes and the area sown was maximum in 1965	-66 with 39921 hectares. 	 	
Area in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes	 	
Year	 	Area	 	Production	 	
1955	-56	 	33826	 	26615	 	
1965	-66	 	39921	 	43567	 	
1975	-76	 	36412	 	43215	 	
1985	-86	 	34711	 	53104	 	
1996	-97	 	34656	 	69319	 	
2005	-06	 	35043	 	56384	 	
2006	-07	 	35365	 	53659	 	
2007	-08	 	36131	 	51754	 	
2008	-09	 	36557	 	51726	 	
2009	-10	 	36845	 	57810	 	
2010	-11	 	369	65	 	57291	 	
2011	-12	 	37028	 	57904	 	
2012	-13	 	30205	 	62963	 	
2013	-14	 	35010	 	63480	 	
2014	-15	 	30205	 	65174

Page	 106	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
The  following  trend  chart  depicts  the  fall  and  rise  in  figures  of  area  and 	
production 	of tea 	right from the formation of the State of Kerala.	 	
 	
 
10.6 	Production of coffee in Kerala	 	
Kerala  occupies  85359  hectares  of  area  under  coffee  cultivation  and  has  an 	
annual production of 	67700	 tonnes as per the data pertaining to the agricultural year 	
201	4-15. During the year 2012	-13, India 	has 	produced 3	.2	 lakh tonnes of coffee out of 	
the world	 production of 84.5 lakh tonne	s and the country’s share is 3.8	 percent with a 	
ranking  of  7	th position	 after  Brazil,  Vietnam,  Colombia,  Indonesia,  Ethiopia  and 	
Mexico	.  And  the  State’s  contribution  in  coffee  product	ion  in  the  country  is  about  22	 	
percent.	 It 	is 	a 	highly  export  oriented  crop  and  more  than  80  percent  of  the  domestic 	
production in the country is exported.	 	
During  the  period  of  1956	-57  the  area  under  coffee  in  the  State  was  18640 	
hectares  with  about  18  percent  share  in  the  total  area  under  coffee  i	n  India.  At  that 	
time  the  production  share  of  coffee  was  only  10  percent  with  4340  tonnes. 	The  area 	
and production of coffee in 	the State during the period 2005	-2015	 is shown below. 	 	
 
 
 
 
 	
0	
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000	
1955-56	1965-66	1975-76	1985-86	1996-97	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in Hectares/ Production in 	
Tonnes
 	
Area and production of tea in Kerala from 1956	 	
Area	Production

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	107	 	
 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Produ	ction	 	% variation	 	
2005	-06	 	84644	 	0.00	 	60175	 	10.82	 	
2006	-07	 	84571	 	-0.09	 	59475	 	-1.16	 	
2007	-08	 	84115	 	-0.54	 	48650	 	-18.20	 	
2008	-09	 	84696	 	0.69	 	57200	 	17.57	 	
2009	-10	 	84796	 	0.12	 	59250	 	3.58	 	
2010	-11	 	84931	 	0.16	 	65650	 	10.80	 	
2011	-12	 	85359	 	0.50	 	68175	 	3.85	 	
2012	-13	 	85359	 	0.00	 	68175	 	0.00	 	
2013	-14	 	85359	 	0.00	 	66645	 	-2.24	 	
2014	-15	 	85359	 	0.00	 	67700	 	1.58	 	
 	
The trend line showing the variation of area and production of coffee during the 	
period is depicted in the chart given below. During the period the lowest production is 
recorded in 2007	-08.	 	
 	
10.7 	Cardamom production in Kerala	 	
 	Kerala,  the  land  of  spices,  is dominating  in the  production of  cardamom  in our 	
country and due to its intrinsic quality this has much demand in international market 
and so we got much foreign excha	nge from its export to other countries. During 	1951	-	
52,  Kerala  had  50%  share  in 	area  under  cultivation  of  cardamom  in  the  country,  and 	
now  it  has  decreased  to  43%.  While	 consider	ing	 the  production  side,  Kerala  had  56% 	
in  1951	-52	 and  now  it  is  61%.  The  area	 under  cultivation  in  the  State  has 	increased	 	
40
50
60
70
80
90	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in '000 Hectares, Production in 	
'000 MT
 	
Trend in area and production of coffee in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

Page	 108	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
by 	76	%  during  this  period,  but  the	 production  has  increased  by  1388	%  due  to  the 	
increased productivity. 	 	
  	Area	 (in Hectares)	 	Production	 (in MT)	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	
1951	-52	 	22557	 	45070	 	50.05	 	800	 	1430	 	55.94	 	
1995	-96	 	43320	 	83700	 	51.76	 	4185	 	6338	 	66.03	 	
2013	-14	 	39730	 	92840	 	42.79	 	12910	 	21280	 	60.67	 	
% change from 
1951	-52	 	76.13	 	105.99	 	-14.51	 	1513.75	 	1388.11	 	8.46	 	
 	
The  following  table  gives  the  area  and  production  of  cardamom  in  Kerala  right 	
from 	1956	-57	 till 2013	-14.	 	
Year	 	
Area (in 
Hectares)	 	
Production (in 	
Tonnes)	 	
1956	-57	 	28328	 	1240	 	
1960	-61	 	29000	 	980	 	
1965	-66	 	33000	 	1050	 	
1975	-76	 	47000	 	2050	 	
1985	-86	 	61000	 	3340	 	
1988	-89	 	64000	 	2750	 	
1995	-96	 	43320	 	4185	 	
1999	-00	 	39730	 	6585	 	
2005	-06	 	41367	 	9765	 	
2006	-07	 	41362	 	8545	 	
2007	-08	 	39763	 	7031	 	
2008	-09	 	41588	 	8550	 	
2009	-10	 	41593	 	7800	 	
2010	-11	 	41242	 	7935	 	
2011	-12	 	41600	 	10222	 	
2012	-13	 	41600	 	11350	 	
2013	-14	 	39730	 	12910	 	
2014	-15	 	39730	 	16000	 	
 	
The  following  trend  chart  depicts  the  fall  and  rise  in  area  and  production  of 	
cardamom in the State 	from 	1956	-57	 to 2014	-15. We can see that the gap between the 	
trend lines of area sown and quantity of production reduced and both lines cr	ossed in 	
1995	-96  then  increased	 over  the  years  except  in  2006	-07,  2007	-08  and  2009	-10	 	
during which there was a fall	.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	109	 	
 	
 	
10.8 	District wise production of cardamom in Kerala	 	
The following table gives the change in area and production of cardamom in the 	
districts  in  K	erala  from  1999	-00  to  201	4-15.  During  this  period  the  State  has 	
witnessed  a  decrease  of  4.24  percent  in  area  under  this  spice  but  an  incr	ease  in 	
production  by  143	 percent.  Idukki  district  dominates  both  in  area  and  production  o	f 	
cardamom  and  has  a  share  of	 94	 percent  in  p	roduction  followed  by  Wayanad  (4.3%) 	
and Palakkad (1.8	%).	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes	 	
  
District	 	
1999	-00	 	2004	-05	 	2014	-15	 	
Area	 	Production	 	Area	 	Production	 	Area	 	Production	 	
Kollam	 	0 	0 	7 	0 	0 	0 	
Pathanamthitta	 	664	 	61	 	664	 	82	 	665	 	8 	
Kottayam	 	200	 	21	 	200	 	25	 	85	 	5 	
Idukki	 	32667	 	6077	 	32856	 	7931	 	31810	 	15000	 	
Palakkad	 	2919	 	180	 	2756	 	229	 	2755	 	290	 	
Malappuram	 	70	 	0 	70	 	3 	70	 	2 	
Kozhikkode	 	220	 	0 	220	 	0 	220	 	5 	
Wayanad	 	4108	 	245	 	4110	 	345	 	4125	 	690	 	
Kannur	 	128	 	0 	128	 	0 	0 	0 	
Kasaragod	 	515	 	1 	367	 	1 	0 	0 	
 Total	 	41491	 	6585	 	41378	 	8616	 	39730	 	16000	 	
 
 
 	
0	
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000	
1956-57	1960-61	1965-66	1975-76	1985-86	1988-89	1995-96	1999-00	2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in '0 hectares, Production in MT
 	
Area and production of cardamom in Kerala	- trend from 1956	-	
57 to 2014	-15	 	
Area (in '0 Ha)	Production

Page	 110	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
10.9 	Area and production of cardamom in other States in India	 	
The  area  and  production  of  cardamom  in  producing  States  in  the  country  during  the 
year 2013	-14 and their share is given below.	 	
State	 	
Area (in 
Hectares)	 	
% share in 	
area	 	
Production 	
(in MT)	 	
% share in 
production	 	
Karnataka	 	18680	 	20.12	 	1510	 	7.10	 	
Kerala	 	39730	 	42.79	 	12910	 	60.67	 	
Nagaland	 	3200	 	3.45	 	1500	 	7.05	 	
Sikkim	 	22760	 	24.52	 	3690	 	17.34	 	
Tamil Nadu	 	5160	 	5.56	 	950	 	4.46	 	
West Bengal	 	3310	 	3.57	 	720	 	3.38	 	
All India	 	92840	 	100.00	 	21280	 	100.00	 	
 
Source: National horticulture database 2014, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India	 	
The State wise share in production of cardamom based on the data for the year 	
2013	-14 is  given  in  the  following  pie  graph.  Our  State  dominates  in  the  production  of 	
this spice in India with 61 percent share followed by Sikkim with 17 percent. 	 
 	
10.10 	Rubber cultivation in Kerala	 	
Rubber  plant  is  not  the  native  plant  of  Kerala  or  India.  Due  to  similar  climate 	
conditions in Kerala, Dutch colonials introduced this cash crop in Kerala. Kerala is 	the 	
leading  producer  of  rubber  in  the  country,  but  the  contrib	ution  of  the  State  is 	
7%	 	
61%	 	
7%	 
17%	 	
5%	 3%	 	
Share of States in production of cardamom in 2013	-14	 
Karnataka
Kerala
Nagaland
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	111	 	
 
declining. 	The  following  table  gives  the  area  and  production  of  rubber  in  the  State 	
since its formation in 1956.	 	
Year	 	
Area (in 
Hectares)	 	
Production 	
(in MT)	 	
1955	-56	 	78457	 	21680	 	
1960	-61	 	122628	 	23175	 	
1965	-66	 	154878	 	46953	 	
1975	-76	 	205383	 	128769	 	
1985	-86	 	312000	 	184563	 	
1995	-96	 	443300	 	476495	 	
1999	-00	 	469924	 	572820	 	
2005	-06	 	494400	 	739225	 	
2006	-07	 	502240	 	780405	 	
2007	-08	 	512045	 	753135	 	
2008	-09	 	517475	 	783485	 	
2009	-10	 	525408	 	745510	 	
2010	-11	 	534230	 	770580	 	
2011	-12	 	539565	 	798940	 	
2012	-13	 	539565	 	800050	 	
2013	-14	 	548225	 	648220	 	
2014	-15	 	549955	 	507700	 	
 	
The trend in area cultivated and production of natural rubber i	n our State from 	
1955	-56 to 2014	-15	 is shown in the line chart given below. Compared to area cropped, 	
the  production  wa	s  low  in  the	 beginning  and  it	 increased  continuously,  crossed  the 	
area  trend  line  in  1990s,  and  recorded  short  falls  in  2007	-08  and  2009	-10  and  a 	
sharp  decline  in  2013	-14 	and  2014	-15	.  The  overall  growth  in  area  under  rubber 	
cultivation  in  Kerala  during  1955	-201	5  was 	601	 percen	t  and  that  of  production  was 	
2242	 percent.

Page	 112	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
10.11 	Share of Kerala in rubber production in India	 	
During  1965	-66	,  our 	State’s 	share  in  area  under  rubber  crop  was  9	4 percent, 	
after  30  years  it  beca	me  86  percent 	and 	now  it  has  reduced  by  70.5  perce	nt  even 	
though the area cropped has increased by 254 percent. While going to the production 
side, the share of Kerala 	has 	increased from 93 percent to 94 percent during 1965	-96 	
and  now  reduced  to  84  percent.  The  net  rate  of  decline  in  percentage  share  of 
production  of  rubber  from  Kerala  is  10  percent.  The  reduction  in  share  of  Kerala  is 
due  to  the  increase  in  rubber  cultivation  in  other  States  in  the  country.  The  share  of 
the State in area and production of rubber in India in 1965	-66, 1995	-96 and 2013	-14 	
is given in the following table. 	 	
 Year	 	Area (in Hectares)	 	Production (in MT)	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	
1965	-66	 	154878	 	164713	 	94.02	 	46953	 	50530	 	92.92	 	
1995	-96	 	443300	 	515572	 	85.98	 	476495	 	506910	 	94.00	 	
2013	-14	 	548225	 	778	400	 	70.43	 	648220	 	774000	 	83.75	 	
% Growth from 
1965	-66	 	253.97	 	372.34	 	-25.06	 	1280.57	 	1431.76	 	-9.87	 	
 
10.12 	Productivity of rubber in India	 	
The average yield of rubber 	(in Kg per Hectare) 	in the country during the period 	
from  2004	-05  to  2013	-14  is  given  below.  The  data  shows  a	 varying  trend  over  the 	
years and a sudden fall in 2013	-14.	 	
0	
200
400
600
800
1000	
1955-56	1960-61	1965-66	1975-76	1985-86	1995-96	1999-00	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in '000 Hacters, Production in 	
'000 MT
 	
Area and production of rubber in Kerala from 1956	 	
Area	Production

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	113	 	
 	
 	
 
10.13 P	roduction and consumption of natural rubber in India	 	
The 	production,  consumption,  imports	 and  export  of  natural  rubber  in  t	he 	
country  during  the  period  200	4-201	4 is  given  in  the  followin	g  table.  It  can  be  seen 	
that  the  consumption  is  increasing  and  not  in  a  proportion  of  production.  (Unit  in 
Tonnes)	 
Year	 	Production	 	Consumption	 	Import	 	Export	 	
2004	-05	 	749665	 	755405	 	72835	 	46150	 	
2005	-06	 	802625	 	801110	 	42285	 	73830	 	
2006	-07	 	852895	 	820305	 	89799	 	56545	 	
2007	-08	 	825345	 	861455	 	86394	 	60353	 	
2008	-09	 	864500	 	871720	 	77762	 	46926	 	
2009	-10	 	831400	 	930565	 	177130	 	25090	 	
2010	-11	 	861950	 	947715	 	190692	 	29851	 	
2011	-12	 	903700	 	964415	 	214433	 	27145	 	
2012	-13	 	913700	 	972705	 	2627	53 	30594	 	
2013	-14	 	774000	 	981520	 	360263	 	5398	 	
 
Source: Rubber Board, India	 	
10.14 	Pepper cultivation in Kerala	 	
The  W	estern 	Ghats  of  Kerala	 is  the  native  of  black  pepper	.  India  is  the  major 	
producer,  consumer  and  exporter  of  black  pepper  in  the  world.  During  1955	-56	, 	
Kerala was  accounted  for  90246	 hectares of  area under  pepper  with  97  percent share 	
in the country’s pepper cultivated area. Kerala still continues to maintain its monopoly 	
1705	 	
1796	 	1879	 	1799	 	1867	 	1775	 	
1806	 	
1841	 	1813	 	
1629	 	
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900	
2004-05	2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	
Yield  in Kg/ Hectare
 	
Pfoductivity of rubber in India	- trend from 2004	-06

Page	 114	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
in  area  and  production  of  black  p	epper. 	The  table  given  below  gives  the  area, 	
production  and  productivity  of  black	 pepper  cultivation in  Kerala and  all  India  during 	
the year from 200	5-06 to 201	4-15 as per the data available from the State and central 	
Govt sources. 	 	
Unit: Area in Hectare, Production: in Tonnes, Yield: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	
Area	 	Production	 	Productivity	  	
Kerala	 	India	 	Kerala	 	India	 	Kerala	 	India	 	
2005	-06	 	237998	 	260230	 	87605	 	92900	 	368	 	357	 	
2006	-07	 	216709	 	245960	 	64264	 	69010	 	297	 	281	 	
2007	-08	 	175679	 	197000	 	41952	 	47060	 	239	 	239	 	
2008	-09	 	153711	 	238710	 	33991	 	47400	 	221	 	199	 	
2009	-10	 	171489	 	195920	 	42459	 	51020	 	248	 	260	 	
2010	-11	 	172182	 	184000	 	45267	 	52000	 	263	 	183	 	
2011	-12	 	85335	 	200300	 	37501	 	40600	 	445	 	203	 	
2012	-13	 	84707	 	124600	 	46298	 	52600	 	547	 	422	 	
2013	-14	 	84065	 	12170	0 	29408	 	48700	 	350	 	400	 	
2014	-15	 	85431	 	- 	40690	 	- 	476	 	- 	
 
Sources: Department of Economics & Statistics, Govt	 of Kerala & Agriculture Statistics at 	
a Glance 2014, M/o Agriculture, Govt of India	 	
 	The  methodology  of  estimation  of  area  under  pepper  has  been  revised  by 	an 	
expert committee constituted by 	the Department of Economics and Statistics in 2010	-	
11	 (Old  stand	 per  hectare  of  pepper  was  560  and  new  stand  per  hectare  1111)	.  This 	
resulted 	in	 a  downward 	fall	 of  area  under  pepper  from  2011	-12  and  hence  the 	
productivity level of Kerala has increased. 	 	
 	While  considering  the  district  wise  production  of  pepper,  Kottaya	m  district 	
contributed  the  biggest  share  in  1956	-57,  and  now  it  is  Idukki  district,  followed  by 	
Wayanad.	 Karnataka  and  Tamil  Nadu  are  the  other  major  States  engaged  in 	
production of black pepper.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	115	 	
 	
 	
10.15 	Kerala’s share in pepper production	 	
During the year 1957	-58, the State has accounted 	for 	97 percent share in both 	
area  and  production  of  pepper  in  India.  Now 	the  area  share  has  been  declined	 to  68 	
percent  and  production 	share 	to  58  percent.  During  the  period  of  56  years,  the  area 	
under  peppe	r  in  the  State  has  been  declined  by  6.86  percent  and  the  production  has 	
increased  by  15.8  percent.  The  following  table  shows  the  figures  of  area  and 
production of pepper in Kerala and India during the above mentioned period. 	 	
 Year	 	Area (in '000 Ha)	 	Produc	tion (in '000 MT)	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	
1957	-58	 	90.25	 	92.68	 	97.38	 	25.40	 	26.00	 	97.69	 	
2013	-14	 	84.06	 	123.81	 	67.89	 	29.41	 	50.87	 	57.81	 	
% Variation	 	-6.86	 	33.60	 	-30.28	 	15.79	 	95.65	 	-40.82	 	
 
 
10.16 	Ginger cultivation in Kerala	 	
During  1957	-58  Kerala  was  accounted 	for	 9272  hectares  of  area  under 	ginger	 	
with 58.7 percent share in the country. The production share of 	ginger	 in 1956	-57 was 	
65.7  percent.  N	ow,  the  share  has  declined  to  3.4  percent  in  area  and  3.3	 percent  in 	
production.	 The  total  area  under	 ginger  cultivation  in  Kerala  in  2014	-15 is 	4800	 	
hect	ares and the production is 22989	 tonnes. The area, production and productivity of 	
ginger  in  the  State  during  the  period  o	f  ten  years  from  2005	-06 to  2014	-15 and  their 	
percentage variation over the previous year is given in the following table.	 	
 
0
50
100
150
200
250	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	Area in '000 Ha, Production in '000 MT
 	
Trend in area and production of pepper in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

Page	 116	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Yield: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	12226	 	22.4	 	56288	 	24.2	 	4604	 	
2006	-07	 	11082	 	-9.4	 	42496	 	-24.5	 	3835	 	
2007	-08	 	8865	 	-20.0	 	31726	 	-25.3	 	3579	 	
2008	-09	 	7421	 	-16.3	 	30809	 	-2.9	 	4152	 	
2009	-10	 	5408	 	-27.1	 	28603	 	-7.2	 	5289	 	
2010	-11	 	6088	 	12.6	 	33197	 	16.1	 	5453	 	
2011	-12	 	6908	 	13.5	 	37125	 	11.8	 	5374	 	
2012	-13	 	4505	 	-34.8	 	22064	 	-40.6	 	4898	 	
2013	-14	 	4538	 	0.7	 	21521	 	-2.5	 	4742	 	
2014	-15	 	4800	 	5.77	 	22989	 	6.82	 	4789	 	
 
 	The  following  table  gives  a  comparison  in  area  under  ginger  cultivation  in  the 	
country  as  a  whole  and  its  production  during  the  last  five  years  from  2009	-10.  The 	
State’s  contribution  in  ginger  cultivation  and  its  production  is  decreasing  over  the 
years. 	 	
Area: in ‘000 Hectares, Production: in ‘000 MT	 	
Year	 	
Area	 	Production	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	% 	Kerala	 	India	 	% 	
2009	-10	 	5.41	 	108.0	 	5.0	 	28.60	 	385	 	7.4	 	
2010	-11	 	6.09	 	149.1	 	4.1	 	33.20	 	702	 	4.7	 	
2011	-12	 	6.91	 	155.0	 	4.5	 	37.13	 	756	 	4.9	 	
2012	-13	 	4.51	 	136.0	 	3.3	 	22.06	 	683	 	3.2	 	
2013	-14	 	4.54	 	140.0	 	3.2	 	21.52	 	688	 	3.1	 	
 
Source: M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India	 	
While considering the productivity of cured ginger at all India level, the average 	
yield  per  hectare  in  kilogram  is 	4914  during  2013	-14.  The  all  India  productivity  is 	
higher  than  the  State  yield  rate  and  shows  an  increasing  trend.  The  national 
productivity of ginger is 	5022 in 2012	-13 and 4877 in 2011	-12.	 	
10.17 	Turmeric cultivation in Kerala	 	
The  area,  production  and  yield  rate  of  cured  tu	rmeric  in  the  State  during  the 	
last  10  years  is  pro	vided  in  the  following  table.  Fro	m  2007	-08  onwards  both  cropped 	
area and production is decreasing except in 2011	-12.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	117	 	
 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Yield: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	3384	 	17.46	 	8237	 	31.92	 	2434	 	
2006	-07	 	3917	 	15.75	 	9980	 	21.16	 	2548	 	
2007	-08	 	3155	 	-19.45	 	7434	 	-25.51	 	2356	 	
2008	-09	 	2782	 	-11.82	 	6364	 	-14.39	 	2288	 	
2009	-10	 	2438	 	-12.37	 	6066	 	-4.68	 	2488	 	
2010	-11	 	2391	 	-1.93	 	6198	 	2.18	 	2592	 	
2011	-12	 	2970	 	24.22	 	7946	 	28.2	 	2675	 	
2012	-13	 	2628	 	-11.52	 	6904	 	-13.11	 	2627	 	
2013	-14	 	2430	 	-7.53	 	6253	 	-9.43	 	2573	 	
2014	-15	 	2470	 	1.64	 	6820	 	9.07	 	2761	 	
 	
The  trend  chart  showing  the  change  in  area,  production  and  productivity  of 	
turmeric  i	n  the  State  from  2005	-06 	to  2014	-15 is  given  below.  The  path  of  area  and 	
production shows a same proportion over the years.	 	
 	
The  all  India  area  under  turmeric  and  its  production  during  the  last  five  years 	
from  2009	-10 	and  the  State’s  share  is  shown  in  the  table  given  below.  The 	
contribution  of  the  State  in  turmeric  cultivation  (both  area  and  production)  is 
decreasing over the years and the share is just one percent in area and 0.5 percent in 
production.	 	
 
 	
0	
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Hectare/ MT/ Kg per Hectare
 	
Trend in area, production and productivity of turmeric in 	
Kerala	 	
Area	Production	Productivity

Page	 118	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Area: in ‘000 Hectares, Production: in ‘000 MT	 	
Year	 	
Area	 	Production	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	% 	Kerala	 	India	 	% 	
2009	-10	 	2.44	 	181.0	 	1.3	 	6.07	 	793	 	0.8	 	
2010	-11	 	2.39	 	195.1	 	1.2	 	6.20	 	993	 	0.6	 	
2011	-12	 	2.97	 	219.0	 	1.4	 	7.95	 	1167	 	0.7	 	
2012	-13	 	2.63	 	194.0	 	1.4	 	6.90	 	971	 	0.7	 	
2013	-14	 	2.43	 	232	.7 	1.0	 	6.25	 	1229	 	0.5	 	
 
Source: M/o Agriculture &	 Cooperation, Govt of India	 	
The  all  India  productivity  of  cured  ginger  is  much  higher  than  the  State  yield 	
rate,  and  is  4381,  5090	,  5328,  5005  and  5252	 during	 2009	-10,  2010	-11,  2011	-12	, 	
2012	-13 and 2013	-14 respectively. 	 	
 
10.18 	Cultivation of clove in 	Kerala	 	
 	Clove is another important spice produced in Kerala and from this we get much 	
foreign  currency.  The  area  under  cultivation  of  clove,  its  production  and  productivity 
during the period 200	5-201	5 is give below. 	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in 	Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	937	 	11.41	 	61	 	15.09	 	65	 	
2006	-07	 	1102	 	17.61	 	73	 	19.67	 	66	 	
2007	-08	 	1252	 	13.61	 	82	 	12.33	 	65	 	
2008	-09	 	1101	 	-12.06	 	73	 	-10.98	 	66	 	
2009	-10	 	1206	 	9.54	 	84	 	15.07	 	70	 	
2010	-11	 	1123	 	-6.88	 	90	 	7.14	 	80	 	
2011	-12	 	939	 	-16.38	 	69	 	-23.33	 	74	 	
2012	-13	 	912	 	-2.88	 	68	 	-1.45	 	75	 	
2013	-14	 	1018	 	11.62	 	77	 	13.24	 	76	 	
2014	-15	 	1073	 	5.40	 	77	 	0.00	 	72	 	
 	
The area and production of this spice shows a varying trend over the years. The 	
following graph  depicts  the  trend in  area  sown (in  ‘0  Hectares)  and  quantity  produced 
(in  Tonnes)  during  the  period.  Both  the  trend  lines  show  the  same  proportion  in  rise 
and f	all except in 2010	-11.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	119	 	
 	
 	
10.19 	Cultivation of nutmeg in the State	 	
The following table shows the data on area cultivated by nutmeg, its production 	
and  productivity  over  the  years  from  200	5-06 to  201	4-15.  The  data  shows  that  both 	
area  and  production  are 	continuously  increasing  over  the  years  except  some  minor 	
decline in 2007	-08 and 2009	-10. But the productivity shows a varying trend.	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	10984	 	1.89	 	2746	 	1.70	 	250	 	
2006	-07	 	13494	 	22.85	 	11361	 	313.73	 	842	 	
2007	-08	 	14921	 	10.58	 	11217	 	-1.27	 	752	 	
2008	-09	 	16187	 	8.48	 	11249	 	0.29	 	695	 	
2009	-10	 	15931	 	-1.58	 	11269	 	0.18	 	707	 	
2010	-11	 	17545	 	10.13	 	11911	 	5.70	 	679	 	
2011	-12	 	18161	 	3.51	 	12059	 	1.24	 	664	 	
2012	-13	 	18462	 	1.66	 	12528	 	3.89	 	679	 	
2013	-14	 	19627	 	6.31	 	13212	 	5.46	 	673	 	
2014	-15	 	20627	 	5.10	 	14193	 	7.42	 	688	 	
 	
The graph showing the trend of above time series data on area and production 	
of nutmeg is given below. 	 	
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in '0 Hectares, Production in MT
 	
Trend in area and production of clove in Kerala	 	
Production	Area

Page	 120	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
 
10.20 	Cultivation of tamarind in 	Kerala	 	
The area, production and productivity of 	tamarind in our State are	 given in the 	
following table.	 	
Area: in Hectares, Production: in Tonnes, Productivity: in Kg/ Hectare	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	18747	 	-4.18	 	28777	 	-3.90	 	1535	 	
2006	-07	 	16876	 	-9.98	 	26188	 	-9.00	 	1552	 	
2007	-08	 	13821	 	-18.10	 	21345	 	-18.49	 	1544	 	
2008	-09	 	12889	 	-6.74	 	20164	 	-5.53	 	1564	 	
2009	-10	 	12708	 	-1.40	 	19627	 	-2.66	 	1544	 	
2010	-11	 	11924	 	-6.17	 	31794	 	61.99	 	2666	 	
2011	-12	 	14879	 	24.78	 	26991	 	-15.11	 	1814	 	
2012	-13	 	13572	 	-8.78	 	18492	 	-31.49	 	1363	 	
2013	-14	 	13172	 	-2.95	 	44680	 	141.62	 	3392	 	
2014	-15	 	11240	 	-14.67	 	37300	 	-16.52	 	3318	 	
 
 	The  trend  chart  showing  the  area  and  production  of  tamarind  in  the  State 	
during the period of 10 years from 2004	-05 is given below.	 	
0
5
10
15
20
25	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	Area in '000 Hectares, Yield in '000 	
MT
 	
Trend in area and production of nutmeg in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	121	 	
 	
 	
 
10.21 	Garlic cultivation in Kerala	 	
Garlic  is  another  one  spice  produced  in  the  State.  This  spice  is  cultivated  in 	
Idukki  district  only.  The  area  and  production  of  garlic  from  200	5-06 to  201	4-15 in 	
Kerala is shown in the following table.	 	
Area: in Hectares and Production: in Tonnes	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	
2005	-06	 	65	 	-78.76	 	1105	 	-78.76	 	
2006	-07	 	221	 	240.00	 	3757	 	240.00	 	
2007	-08	 	350	 	58.37	 	5950	 	58.37	 	
2008	-09	 	320	 	-8.57	 	5440	 	-8.57	 	
2009	-10	 	336	 	5.00	 	5712	 	5.00	 	
2010	-11	 	165	 	-50.89	 	1508	 	-73.60	 	
2011	-12	 	155	 	-6.06	 	1417	 	-6.03	 	
2012	-13	 	72	 	-53.55	 	658	 	-53.56	 	
2013	-14	 	146	 	102.78	 	1314	 	99.70	 	
2014	-15	 	75	 	-48.63	 	625	 	-52.43	 	
 	
Both area and production 	of garlic show	 a varying trend during the period.	 The 	
trend chart is shown below.	 	
 	
0
10
20
30
40
50	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in '000 Hectares, Production in '000 	
MT
 	
Trend in area and production of tamarind in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

Page	 122	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
 	
 	
10.22 	Cultivation of green chillies in Kerala	 	
Green chillies are used as a vegetable and spice. Chillies 	powder is	 commonly 	
used in India and western countries.	 The area, production and productivity of 	green 	
chillies in the State during the last ten years 	is given below. 	 	
Area: in Hectares and Production: in Tonnes	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	
2005	-06	 	1231	 	49.57	 	1192	 	53.81	 	
2006	-07	 	1415	 	14.95	 	1364	 	14.43	 	
2007	-08	 	1398	 	-1.20	 	1340	 	-1.76	 	
2008	-09	 	1601	 	14.52	 	1553	 	15.90	 	
2009	-10	 	1501	 	-6.25	 	1302	 	-16.16	 	
2010	-11	 	1393	 	-7.20	 	1348	 	3.53	 	
2011	-12	 	1322	 	-5.10	 	1283	 	-4.82	 	
2012	-13	 	1337	 	1.13	 	1287	 	0.31	 	
2013	-14	 	1336	 	-0.07	 	1283	 	-0.31	 	
2014	-15	 	1584	 	18.56	 	1491	 	16.21	 	
 
 	The trend in area and production of green chillies	 in the State is depicted in the 	
chart given below. Both the area and production was maximum in 2008	-09 during the 	
period, thereafter a declining trend is seen. 	 	
0	
100
200
300
400
500
600
700	
2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in Ha, Production in '0 MT
 	
Trend in area and production of garlic in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	123	 	
 	
 	
10.23 	Production of arecanut in Kerala	 	
 	The  State  occupies 	96686	 hectares  of  area  under  cultivation  of  arecanut  and  a 	
production  of 	125926 	metric  tonnes  during  the  year  201	4-15.  Kerala  contributed  22 	
percent  area  and  16  percent  production  in  the  cultivation  of  arecanut  in  the  country. 
During  the  period  of  1956	-57,	 the 	State  occupied	 57  percent  share  in  area  under 	
arecanut in the country and 46.2 percent in production. The total area under arecanut 
in  Kerala  in  1956	-57  was 	60461 	hectares.  The  area  and  production  of  arecanut  in 	
Kerala from 200	5-06 to 201	4-15	 is shown in t	he following table.	 	
Area: in Hectares and Production: in Tonnes	 	
Year	 	Area	 	% variation	 	Production	 	% variation	 	Productivity	 	
2005	-06	 	108590	 	0.95	 	119309	 	8.13	 	1099	 	
2006	-07	 	102078	 	-6.00	 	109968	 	-7.83	 	1077	 	
2007	-08	 	99787	 	-2.24	 	114690	 	4.29	 	1149	 	
2008	-09	 	97492	 	-2.30	 	125654	 	9.56	 	1289	 	
2009	-10	 	99188	 	1.74	 	116763	 	-7.08	 	1177	 	
2010	-11	 	99384	 	0.20	 	99909	 	-14.43	 	1001	 	
2011	-12	 	104548	 	5.20	 	121623	 	21.73	 	1163	 	
2012	-13	 	101775	 	-2.65	 	118233	 	-2.79	 	1162	 	
2013	-14	 	100008	 	-1.74	 	100018	 	-15.41	 	1000	 	
2014	-15	 	96686	 	-3.32	 	125926	 	25.90	 	1302	 	
 
 	The  trend  in  area  and  production  of  arecanut  in  the  State  is  depicted  in  the 	
chart given below. The production was maximum in 	2014	-15	 and least in 2010	-11. 	 	
0
4
8
12
16
20	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in '00 Hectares, Prodution '00 MT
 	
Trend in area and production of green chillies	 	
Area	Production

Page	 124	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
 	
 
10.24 Schemes on development of spices and plantation crops	 	
 	The  plan  schemes 	implemented	 by  the  department  of  agriculture	 for  the 	
development  of  spices  and  plantation  crops in  the  State  during  the  period  from 200	5-	
06 to 2014	-15	 through State budget	 is explained below. 	 	
1.	 Pepper development	- Macro management scheme (90% CSS)	 	
This  90% 	centrally  sponsored  scheme  has  budget  provisions  in  2005	-06  and 	
2006	-07 only  and  the head  of  account is  2401	-00	-800	-61 (02).  The  financial  progress 	
is 	as follow. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	200.00	 	1800.00	 	200.00	 	1800.00	 	47.35	 	426.15	 	24	 	
2006	-07	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.28	 	2.47	 	0.18	 	1.64	 	66	 	
2.	 Control of yellowing in arecanut 	– Macro management (75% CSS)	 	
This 90% centrally sponsored macro management scheme has budget provision 	
in 	2005	-06 and 2006	-07 and was under the head of account 2401	-00	-800	-61 (20), but 	
implemented in 2005	-06 only. The financial achievement is	 given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	0.00	 	219.00	 	0.00	 	219.00	 	0.00	 	218.98	 	100	 	
2006	-07	 	200.00	 	600.00	 	80.00	 	720.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3	
2005-06	2006-07	2007-08	2008-09	2009-10	2010-11	2011-12	2012-13	2013-14	2014-15	
Area in Lakh Ha, Production in Lakh MT
 	Trend in area and production of arecanut in Kerala	 	
Area	Production

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	125	 	
 	
3.	 Macro management schemes (90%CSS)	- Other spices (ginger & turmeric)	 	
This  is  a  macro  management  scheme  of  Govt	 of  India  with  90%  financial  support 	
for  the  development  of  spices  g	inger  and  turmeric.  The  scheme  wa	s  implemented  in 	
2005	-06  and  2006	-07.  The  head  of  account  is  2401	-00	-800	-61  (03)  and  the  financial 	
progress is 	shown below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original 	outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	100.00	 	900.00	 	100.00	 	900.00	 	0.03	 	0.00	 	0 	
2006	-07	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.39	 	3.55	 	-  	
4.	 Pepper package in Wayanad	 	
 	Agrarian  economy  of  Wayanad	 district  is  dominated  by  pepper  and  coffee 	
production.  A  pepper  rehabilitation  package  was  introduced  in  Wayanad  to  revitalize 
the pepper economy of the district. 	This scheme is implemented in 2010	-11 and 2011	-	
12  under  the  plan head  2401	-00	-108	-37.  The  fi	nancial  performance of  this  scheme is	 	
as follows. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2010	-11	 	600.00	 	600.00	 	550.71	 	92	 	
2011	-12	 	650.00	 	650.00	 	645.25	 	99	 	
 	
5.	 Development of spices	 	
Spice crops  account  for  a  predominant  po	sition  in  the 	agrarian economy  o	f  the 	
State.  Apart  from  foreign  exchange  earnings,  organic  spices  as  well  as  value  added 
spices  like  oils  and  oleoresins  are  assuming  significance.  This  State  plan  scheme  for 
the  development  of  spice  crops  in  the  State  is  implemented  from	 2012	-13  to  2014	-15 	
under the head of account 2401	-00	-108	-59. The financial progress is given below	. (Rs. 	
in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2012	-13	 	1900.00	 	1338.40	 	1002.50	 	75	 	
2013	-14	 	1600.00	 	1600.00	 	1595.13	 	100	 	
2014	-15	 	1525.00	 	1525.00	 	1437.55	 	94

Page	 126	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Chapt e r 11	 	
CR OP I NSUR ANCE AND 
FAR MER ’ S WELFAR E
 
 	Keeping  in  view 	the  risk  involved  in  agricultural	 production  and  to  insure  the 	
farming  community  against  various  risks,  State  and  Central  governments  have 
introduced  many  crop  insurance  schemes  covering  various  notified  crops  in  Kerala. 
The  financial  and  available  physical  progress  in  these  schemes  imple	mented  during 	
the period from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15 are summarised in this chapter. 	 	
 	Debt  relief  schemes  and  other  farmer’s  welfare  schemes  are  also  mentioned  in 	
this chapter. The schemes are the following.	 	
1.	 Crop insurance fund including paddy crop insurance 	– production risk 	
management	 	
Twenty  five  crops  are  covered  under  this  insurance  scheme.  Paddy,  coconut, 	
arecanut, cardamom, cashew, pepper, plantain, rubber, pineapple, coffee, tapioca, tea, 
ginger,  turmeric,  cocoa,  groundnut,  sesame,  vegetables,  nutmeg,  c	love,  betel  leaves, 	
tubers,  pulses,  sugarcane	 and	 tobacco  are  the  crops  covered  for  insurance.  The 	
insurance claim will be disbursed for damage of crops due to drought, flood, landslide, 
earthquake,  thunderstorm,  forest  fire,  hurricane,  wild  life  attack,  s	ea  attack,  etc.  The 	
outlay  provided in the  budget  for  this  scheme  is  in  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-110	-	
99. The financial achievement is as follows.	 (Rs. in Lakhs	) 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	75.00	 	75.00	 	75.00	 	100	 	
2006	-07	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
2007	-08	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
2012	-13	 	920.00	 	920.00	 	920.00	 	100	 	
2013	-14	 	570.00	 	570.00	 	570.00	 	100	 	
2014	-15	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	127	 	
 
The component wise physical achievement of this scheme is given below.	 	
Year	 	
Farmers enrolled 	
(in No.)	 	
Premium amount 
collected (Rs. in 	
Lakhs)	 	
Claim issued 
(no. of farmers)	 	
Claim 	
amount (Rs. 
in Lakhs)	 	
2005	-06	 	3932	 	- 	- 	- 	
2006	-07	 	12295	 	- 	- 	- 	
2007	-08	 	9847	 	4.82	 	4035	 	30.55	 	
2008	-09	 	36171	 	49.77	 	3326	 	85.05	 	
2009	-10	 	27532	 	50.48	 	- 	80.95	 	
2010	-11	 	58341	 	17.17	 	685	 	17.95	 	
2011	-12	 	39373	 	3.95	 	4599	 	4.36	 	
2012	-13	 	36260	 	50.96	 	4653	 	184.76	 	
2013	-14	 	141776	 	107.27	 	13697	 	918.00	 	
2014	-15	 	131950	 	125.68	 	4369	 	305.38	 	
 	
2.	 National Agricultural Insurance Programme 	 	
With  a  view  to  provide  financial  support  to  farmers  in  the event  of  loss/  failure 	
of any of the notified crops in the notified areas as a result of natural calamities, pests 
and  diseases,  NAIS  was  introduced 	during  the  year 	1999	-2000  year  in  place  of 	
erstw	hile Comprehensive  Crop  Insurance Scheme (CCIS). Six crops  are  covered under 	
this  national  insurance 	scheme;	 they  are  paddy,  banana  and  plantain,  tapioca, 	
turmeric, ginger and pineapple. The budget amount is provided in the head of account 
2401	-00	-110	-97. 	The financial performance is	 given below.	 (Rs. in Lakhs	) 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	100.00	 	274.89	 	233.11	 	85	 	
2006	-07	 	200.00	 	160.00	 	16.59	 	10	 	
2007	-08	 	200.00	 	120.00	 	114.07	 	95	 	
2008	-09	 	100.00	 	267.23	 	267.23	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	150.00	 	150.00	 	77.90	 	52	 	
2010	-11	 	150.00	 	150.00	 	150.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	150.00	 	150.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2013	-14	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
 
 	The  cumulative  physical  achievement  since  inception  of  the  scheme  NAIS  is  as 	
follows	.

Page	 128	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
1 	No. of farmers covered	 	461282	 	
2 	Area covered	 	414742 hectares	 	
3 	Sum insured	 	87179.13 lakhs	 	
4 	Premium collected	 	1881.85 lakhs	 	
5 	Claims issued	 	2868.11 lakhs	 	
6 	No. of famers benefitted	 	85315	 	
 	
3.	 Coconut	 Palm I	nsurance 	Scheme (CPIS)	 	
This  insurance  scheme  is  implemented  from  200	8-09	 onwards  and  is 	
administered  jointly  by  Agriculture  Insurance  Company  of  India  Ltd,  Coconut 
Development  Board  and  State  Govt.  The  insurance  coverage  is  being  given  to  yielding 
coconut  aging  from  7 to  60  years  for  all  tall varieties of  palm  and  to  age  group	 of  4  to 	
60  years  for  dwarf  and  hybrid  varieties.  The  amount  is  utilized  for  paying  25%  of  the 
insurance  premium  amount.  The  head  of  account  of  this  scheme  is  2401	-00	-110	-95. 	
The financial performance of this scheme is	 given below (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Origi	nal outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	100.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2009	-10	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2011	-12	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2013	-14	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 
The cumulative physical achievement in Kerala 	(as on 31	-12	-2014) 	is as follows.	 	
1 	No. of farmers insured	 	52063	 	
2 	No. of palms insured	 	2081126	 	
3 	Sum insured	 	22469.28 lakhs	 	
4 	Gross premium collected	 	118.40 lakhs	 	
5 	Claim settled	 	256.88 lakhs	 	
6 	No. of farmers benefitted	 	5799	 	
 	
4.	 Govt of India supported insurance scheme	 (One time ACA)	 	
National  Crop  Insurance  Scheme  (NCIP)  was  revamped  in  2013	-14  and  the 	
ongoing  schemes 	namely  NAIS,  WBCIS  &  CPIS 	have  been  merged  with  the  scheme. 	
This scheme is implemented in 2014	-15 year only. The head of account of this scheme 	
is  2401	-00	-110	-87.	 The  financial  performance  of  this  scheme  is  as  follows.  (Rs.  In 	
Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	129	 	
 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2014	-15	 	100	.00	 	100	.00	 	100	.00	 	100	 	
 
5.	 Contingency programme to meet natural calamities 	 	
This  scheme  is  implemented  from  2006	-07  onwards.  The  objective  of  this 	
scheme is for procurement and creation of buffer stock of short term duration varieties 
and  high  yield  varieties  of  seeds  and  distribution  among  the  farmers  affected  with 
natural  calami	ties.  Kerala  State  Seed  Development  Agency  (KSSDA)  is  the  authority 	
entrusted with the procurement and creation of stock of seeds. The budget provision is 
under	 the head of account 2401	-00	-800	-91. The financial performance is given below.	 	
(Rs. In Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	23.81	 	95.2	 	
2007	-08	 	20.00	 	1220.00	 	1220.78	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	20.00	 	1300.00	 	1299.43	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	20.09	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.41	 	101	 	
2011	-12	 	50.00	 	105.00	 	105.97	 	101	 	
2012	-13	 	79.00	 	212.41	 	210.70	 	99	 	
2013	-14	 	80.00	 	80.00	 	97.40	 	122	 	
2014	-15	 	300.00	 	240.00	 	117.91	 	49	 	
 
The physical achievement of this scheme is given below.	 	
Year	 	2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Quantity of 
seeds 	distributed 	
(in	 MT)	 	
226.5	 	153.2	 	144.1	 	211.04	 	540.9	 	509.5	 	316	 	1219.6	 	1219.6	 	
 	
6.	 Weather based insurance	 	
With  the  objective  of  bringing  more  farmers  under  crop  insurance  fold  and  to 	
overcome  the  shortcoming  regarding  delay  in  settlement  of  claims  etc	 under  NAIS,  a 	
pilot  scheme  WBCIS  (weather  based  crop  insurance  scheme)  was  announced  by  Govt 
of  India  in  2007	-08.  WBICS  indents  to  provide  insurance  protection  to  the  farmers 	
against  adverse  weather  incidence,  such  as  deficient  and  excess  rainfall,  high  o	r  low 	
temperature, humidity etc which are deemed to impact adversely the crop production.	 	
This scheme 	is im	plemented in 2009	-10, 2010	-11, 2	011	-12 and 2013	-14. The head of

Page	 130	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
account  in  which  the  budget  outlay  provided  is  2401	-00	-110	-94.  The  financial 	
performa	nce is	 as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2009	-10	 	25.00	 	65.20	 	65.20	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	25.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
2013	-14	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
 
 	The cumulative physical achievement of this 	scheme in Kerala is given below	 	
1 	No. of farmers insured	 	98584	 	
2 	Area insured	 	70868 hectares	 	
3 	Sum insured	 	21405 lakhs	 	
4 	Gross premium	 	2208.87 lakhs	 	
5 	Claims settled	 	1455.81 lakhs	 	
6 	No. of farmers benefitted	 	59034	 	
 	
7.	 Paddy crop insurance	 	
This  insurance	 scheme  for  paddy  is  implemented  in  2010	-11  and  2011	-12  years 	
only.  The  head  of  account  is  2401	-00	-110	-92.  The  financial  performance  is	 (Rs.  in 	
Lakhs)	 
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2010	-11	 	500	.00	 	500	.00	 	500	.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	400	.00	 	400	.00	 	400	.00	 	100	 	
 	
8.	 Setting  up  of  automatic  weather  stations  for  implementing  weather 
insurance	  	
An amount of Rs.55 lakhs is provided in the budget head 2401	-00	-110	-89 in 2013	-	
14  year  only  for  establishing  automatic  rain  gauges  in  the  State  for  augmenting 
weather	 network  for  implementing  weather  insurance  in  more  Blocks,  but  not 	
implemented.	 The financial detail of this scheme is given below. (Rs. In Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2013	-14	 	55	.00	 	55	.00	 	0.00	 	0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	131	 	
 	
9.	 Vegetable crop insurance 	 	
Agriculture  is  often  characterized  by  higher  variability  of  production  outcomes 	
due to external factors like weather, pests and diseases, disasters etc. This scheme for 
vegetable  crop  insurance  for  supporting  the  vegetable  development  programme  is 
implemen	ted  in  2013	-14  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-110	-90. 	The  financial 	
progress is as follows. (Rs. In Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2013	-14	 	150	.00	 	150	.00	 	150	.00	 	100	 	
 
10	. Farmers counseling centres	 	
This is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme implemented in 	2007	-08 and 	2008	-	
09  year	s only  and  was  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-800	-44.  The  financial 	
performance is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	49.86	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 
The physical achievement	 in 2007	-08	 is 	 	
Item 	 	2007	-08	 	
Farmers counseling centres (No.)	 	1000	 	
No. of farmers participated	 	26951	 	
 	
11.	 Special support scheme for farm sector	- Debt relief commission	 	
A  Debt 	Relief  Commission  has  been  set  u	p  in  the  State  as  per  the  Debt  R	elief 	
Act  2006  for  identifying 	distress  affected  districts  and  crops	 based  on  the  analysis, 	
representations  and  special  sittings.	 This  is  a  State  plan  scheme  implemented  in  the 	
State  during  20	07	-08  to  2011	-12  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-104	-86  (01)  for 	
providing  financial  support  to  indebted  farmers.  The  financial  progress  is 	as  follows. 	
(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	5000.00	 	5000.00	 	38.65	 	1 	
2008	-09	 	5000.00	 	3320.00	 	2364.04	 	71	 	
2009	-10	 	1603.00	 	1603.00	 	1600.22	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	1000.00	 	2500.00	 	2428.08	 	97	 	
2011	-12	 	800.00	 	800.00	 	800.00	 	100

Page	 132	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
12.	 Special support scheme for farm sector	- Credit support	 	
This  plan  scheme  is  implemented  during 	period  from  2006	-07  to 	2008	-09  for 	
helping  the  farming  community  with  credit  support  and  the  plan  fund  is  provided 
under  the  head	s of  account  2401	-00	-104	-86  (02)  and  2401	-00	-104	-86.  The  financial 	
progress is 	given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
2401	-00	-104	-86 (02)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	1000.00	 	1000.00	 	61.40	 	6 	
2008	-09	 	550.00	 	550.00	 	30.56	 	6 	
 
2401	-00	-104	-86	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	5679.00	 	15679.00	 	12964.80	 	83	 	
 	
13.	  Farmer's welfare programme	 	
This  State 	scheme  is  implemented  in  the  State  during  the  years  from  2008	-09 	
to  2011	-12	 for  the  purpose  to  mobilize  a  corpus  fund  seeking  contributions  from 	
various  agencies  involved  in  agricultural  development  programmes  for  the  welfare  of 
farmers  and  agricultural  la	bourers	. The  outlay  provided  is  the  corpus  fund  from  the 	
State  share. 	The  budget  provision  was  under  the  plan  head  2401	-00	-109	-79.  The 	
financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	100.00	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	150.00	 	150.00	 	150.02	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	208.00	 	208.00	 	208.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	208.00	 	208.00	 	208.00	 	100	 	
 	
14.	  Farmers welfare fund board	 	
This  State  sector  plan  scheme  has  been  implementing  from  2012	-13  and  the 	
budget  support  is  under  the  plan  head	 2401	-00	-109	-76.  However  no  financial 	
progress is recorded during the period. The details are 	given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2012	-13	 	250.00	 	175.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2013	-14	 	250.00	 	125.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2014	-15	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	0.00	 	0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	133	 	
 
Chapt e r 12	 	
FAR M MECHANI SAT I ON AND 
I NFR AST R UCT UR E
 
12.1 	Mec	hanisation	 in production of major crops in Kerala	 	
The  extend  of  usage  of  machineries  in  production  of  major  agricultural 	
produc	es in the State based on the findings of the cost of cultivation survey conducted 	
by  the  State  Department  of  Economics  and  Statistics  is  analysed  here.  The  crops 
covered  under  this  survey  are  paddy,  coconut,  arecanut,  banana,  tapioca,  ginger, 
turmeric  and 	pepper.  The  crop  wise  percentage  share  in  total  cost  of  production  by 	
machinery labour cost 	from 2004	-05 to 2013	-14 	is given in the following table.	 	
Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
Paddy	- 	
Autumn	 	10.3	 	10.4	 	9.6	 	10.5	 	11.0	 	14.0	 	15.3	 	10.4	 	14.9	 	11.0	 	
Paddy	- 	
Winter	 	11.0	 	10.3	 	11.0	 	12.5	 	13.7	 	12.9	 	15.6	 	12.1	 	13.3	 	13.4	 	
Paddy	- 	
Summer	 	11.1	 	11.7	 	11.7	 	12.2	 	14.0	 	15.2	 	16.0	 	10.2	 	11.7	 	7.4	 	
Coconut	 	1.9	 	2.0	 	0.4	 	1.2	 	0.8	 	0.8	 	0.6	 	0.0	 	0.4	 	0.5	 	
Arecanut	 	3.2	 	2.7	 	1.6	 	1.4	 	1.9	 	1.3	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.4	 	0.8	 	
Tapioca	 	0.9	 	1.0	 	1.5	 	0.8	 	1.6	 	1.9	 	0.6	 	0.0	 	0.6	 	1.4	 	
Banana	 	1.1	 	0.8	 	0.2	 	0.5	 	1.6	 	1.1	 	0.2	 	0.0	 	0.5	 	0.1	 	
Pepper	 	0.3	 	0.6	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.1	 	
Ginger	 	0.4	 	0.8	 	1.3	 	0.8	 	2.3	 	4.4	 	2.3	 	1.8	 	1.5	 	1.2	 	
Turmeric	 	0.4	 	1.0	 	0.6	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	1.0	 	0.3	 	0.0	 	0.6	 	0.5	 	
 	
The  crop  wise  actual cost  of  machinery  labour  per  hectare  in  the  production  of 	
major  crops  in 	the  State  during  the  period  2004	-201	4 is  given  in  the  following  table. 	
Paddy  and  ginger  are  the  major  crops  utilizing  machineries  in  farming  compared  to 
other	 crops. 	(Rs. per hectare)

Page	 134	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
Paddy	- 	
Autumn	 	2161	 	2185	 	2281	 	2534	 	3282	 	4471	 	5601	 	3898	 	5934	 	6505	 	
Paddy	- 	
Winter	 	2292	 	2185	 	2823	 	3528	 	4397	 	4938	 	7115	 	5094	 	6467	 	7452	 	
Paddy	- 	
Summer	 	2803	 	2625	 	2831	 	3403	 	4562	 	5553	 	6702	 	4387	 	5383	 	4239	 	
Coconut	 	444	 	479	 	110	 	347	 	279	 	305	 	253	 	0 	183	 	288	 	
Arecanut	 	1152	 	801	 	574	 	665	 	931	 	623	 	0 	0 	178	 	501	 	
Tapioca	 	354	 	293	 	600	 	412	 	799	 	1077	 	390	 	0 	415	 	1121	 	
Banana	 	949	 	702	 	175	 	705	 	1602	 	1416	 	269	 	0 	846	 	228	 	
Pepper	 	55	 	156	 	53	 	62	 	48	 	43	 	0 	0 	22	 	45	 	
Ginger	 	233	 	591	 	913	 	754	 	2336	 	6120	 	3053	 	1874	 	1596	 	1316	 	
Turmeric	 	151	 	483	 	292	 	107	 	102	 	845	 	305	 	0 	581	 	445	 	
 	
While  considering  the  total  labour  cost  of  hired  human  labour,  animal  labour 	
and  machine  labour  on  cultivation  of  various  crops,  the  share  of  machine  labour  is 
increasing 	for	 paddy 	in  all  seasons	.  The  remaining  crops  show  a  varying  trend.  The 	
following tab	le gives the percentage of machine labour on this aspect. 	 	
Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
Paddy	- 	
Autumn	 	17.9	 	17.7	 	17.2	 	19.5	 	19.6	 	25.6	 	24.7	 	17.3	 	24.3	 	17.5	 	
Paddy	- 	
Winter	 	18.6	 	17.4	 	18.4	 	21.6	 	23.7	 	22.7	 	25.8	 	21.6	 	23.7	 	22.7	 	
Paddy	- 	
Summer	 	21.2	 	20.4	 	19.7	 	21.5	 	24.7	 	26.2	 	27.9	 	16.3	 	20.8	 	12.7	 	
Coconut	 	3.9	 	4.1	 	0.9	 	2.7	 	1.9	 	1.7	 	1.3	 	0.0	 	0.7	 	1.0	 	
Arecanut	 	7.0	 	5.9	 	3.9	 	3.9	 	5.1	 	3.2	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.7	 	1.6	 	
Tapioca	 	1.9	 	2.1	 	3.3	 	2.0	 	3.5	 	4.4	 	1.2	 	0.0	 	1.3	 	2.8	 	
Banana	 	3.2	 	2.2	 	0.6	 	1.8	 	5.3	 	3.1	 	0.7	 	0.0	 	1.5	 	0.4	 	
Pepper	 	0.5	 	1.4	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.4	 	0.2	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	
Ginger	 	1.2	 	2.8	 	4.0	 	2.3	 	7.1	 	12.7	 	7.4	 	5.1	 	4.2	 	3.0	 	
Turmeric	 	0.8	 	2.7	 	2.0	 	0.6	 	0.5	 	3.0	 	1.1	 	0.0	 	1.7	 	1.1	 	
 
12.2 Schemes on farm mechanisation and infrastructure support	 	
In  order  to  tackle  the  labour  shortage  problem  in  farming  sector  and  to  reduce 	
the cost of cultivation, mechanisation has been adopted by the State and a 	number	 of 	
plan schemes were formulated by both State and Central Governments in this regard. 
Agro  Indu	stries  Corporation  in  the  State  is  the  main  agency  for  the  development  and 	
supply of farm machineries for the State need.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	135	 	
 	
For providing soil testing services for the effective use of fertilizer and manure to 	
various 	crops	, 	soil  testing 	laboratories	, 	fertilizer  quality  testing  laboratories  and 	
pesticide  testing  laboratories	 are  functioning  in  Kerala  and  financial  assistances  have 	
been  provided  to  them  through  State  plan  budget.  The  plan  schemes  catering  the 
above  aspects  implemented  by  the  department  f	rom  2005	-06  to  2014	-15  are 	
summarised  in  this  chapter.  The  financial  progress  and  available  physical 
achievements are also quantified 	along with this. 	  	
 	
1.	 Modernisation of departmental laboratories 	 	
One  of  the  major  services  offered  by  the  department  to  far	ming  community  is  soil 	
testing  for  fertility  analysis  and  fertilizer  testing  for  quality  control  analysis  of  inputs 
and  pesticide  testing  and  seed  testing.  These 	are 	critical  components  which 	
significantly  affect  the  production  and  productivity  of  crops. 	The  outlay  provided  in 	
this scheme is for modernizing 	and strengthening of 	existing laboratories 	by providing 	
latest equipments and for setting up of new laboratories. 	This scheme is implemented 	
under the head of account 2401	-00	-105	-86. The financial perfor	mance is given below.	 	
(Rs. In Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	150.00	 	82.50	 	59.06	 	72	 	
2006	-07	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	99.43	 	99	 	
2007	-08	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	98.58	 	99	 	
2008	-09	 	150.00	 	150.00	 	140.43	 	94	 	
2009	-10	 	150.00	 	150.00	 	150.15	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	400.00	 	400.00	 	375.45	 	94	 	
2011	-12	 	735.00	 	535.00	 	508.85	 	95	 	
2012	-13	 	440.00	 	356.00	 	242.29	 	68	 	
2013	-14	 	65.00	 	65.00	 	60.01	 	92	 	
2014	-15	 	100.00	 	84.24	 	28.59	 	34

Page	 136	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
The physical achievements are as follows (Unit in No.)	 	
  	
Fertilizer 
sample 
collected	 	
Pesticide 
sample 
collected	 	
Soil sample 
collected	 	
Organic manure 	
sample 
collected	 	
Bio 	
fertilizer 
collected	 	
2006	-07	 	4789	 	1830	 	248293	 	747	 	310	 	
2007	-08	 	4319	 	1482	 	201890	 	510	 	142	 	
2008	-09	 	7008	 	1724	 	257061	 	742	 	37	 	
2009	-10	 	6319	 	1647	 	231335	 	315	 	42	 	
2010	-11	 	2735	 	1414	 	162470	 	61	 	101	 	
2011	-12	 	2414	 	1092	 	181627	 	177	 	48	 	
2012	-13	 	2989	 	1329	 	131908	 	50	 	25	 	
2013	-14	 	3082	 	1331	 	81154	 	68	 	57	 	
2014	-15	 	2787	 	1046	 	65280	 	30	 	19	 	
 
2. Small farm mechanisation 	– Macro management (90% CSS)	 	
This	 90%  central  assistance  scheme  is  intended  for  procurement  of  farm 	
machineries,  propagation  of  mechanisation  in  agriculture  and  to  improve  the 
infrastructure  facilities  in  padasekharams,  research  and  development  on  farm 
machineries,  conduct  of  training  pro	grammes  on  use  of  machineries,  etc.  This  is 	
implemented  from  2006	-07  to  2013	-14. 	This  scheme  is  implemented  under  the  plan 	
head 2401	-00	-800	-61 (12). 	The financial achievement of this scheme is	 as follows. (Rs. 	
in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2006	-07	 	49.58	 	 0.00	 	49.58	 	446.22	 	44.35	 	399.18	 	89	 	
2007	-08	 	10.00	 	90.00	 	16.00	 	144.00	 	15.39	 	138.52	 	96	 	
2008	-09	 	30.00	 	270.00	 	30.00	 	270.00	 	28.11	 	253.03	 	94	 	
2009	-10	 	10.00	 	90.00	 	10.00	 	90.00	 	9.92	 	89.27	 	99	 	
2010	-11	 	10.00	 	90.00	 	25.50	 	229.50	 	24.80	 	223.19	 	97	 	
2011	-12	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	19.15	 	172.34	 	96	 	
2012	-13	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	14.95	 	134.55	 	75	 	
2013	-14	 	15.00	 	135.00	 	15.00	 	135.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	137	 	
 
The physical achievement is	 (in number)	 	
  	
Power 
tiller	 	
Manually 
operated 	
tools	 	
PP equip	 	
ments	 	Tractor	 	
Self 	
propelled 
machines	 	
Specialized 	
power 
driven 	
equipments	 	
Other 	
machines	 	
2006	-07	 	496	 	2000	 	836	 	15	 	- 	- 	10584	 	
2007	-08	 	73	 	2133	 	4593	 	4 	44	 	219	 	343	 	
2008	-09	 	38	 	1097	 	3363	 	9 	8 	16	 	79	 	
2009	-10	 	31	 	289	 	1861	 	9 	17	 	203	 	41	 	
2010	-11	 	131	 	447	 	1268	 	- 	82	 	933	 	2209	 	
2011	-12	 	106	 	475	 	596	 	8 	8 	671	 	1917	 	
2012	-13	 	48	 	265	 	338	 	5 	- 	455	 	1687	 	
 	
3.	 Watershed development (NWDPRA)	- Macro management (90% CSS) 	 	
This  is  a  90%  centrally  sponsored  macro  management  scheme  for  the 	
development of watersheds in the State. 	The outlay provided is for providing livelihood 	
support activities for landless, capacity building, soil and water conservation activities 
and  demonst	ration  of  new  technologies. 	The  budget  provision  was	 under  the	 head  of 	
account  2401	-00	-800	-61  (13)  and  the  financial  achievement  is  given  below.	 (R	s.  in 	
Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	70.00	 	630.00	 	72.07	 	648.63	 	103	 	
2006	-07	 	129.15	 	1162.35	 	129.15	 	1162.35	 	142.68	 	1284.14	 	110	 	
2007	-08	 	100.00	 	900.00	 	100.00	 	900.00	 	82.95	 	746.58	 	83	 	
2008	-09	 	100.00	 	900.00	 	100.00	 	900.00	 	68.97	 	620.75	 	69	 	
2009	-10	 	70.00	 	630.00	 	70.00	 	630.00	 	37.46	 	337.18	 	54	 	
2010	-11	 	70.00	 	630.00	 	54.70	 	492.30	 	39.82	 	358.41	 	73	 	
2011	-12	 	40.00	 	360.00	 	40.00	 	360.00	 	33.77	 	304.04	 	84	 	
2012	-13	 	40.00	 	360.00	 	40.00	 	360.00	 	45.99	 	413.92	 	115	 	
2013	-14	 	60.00	 	540.00	 	60.00	 	540.00	 	0.49	 	4.41	 	1 	
 
4.	 Establishment of bio control labs (100% 	CSS)	 	
The  budget  provision  for  th	is  plan  scheme  was  provided  under  the  head  of 	
accounts	 2401	-00	-107	-80  and  2401	-00	-800	-38  in  2005	-06  to  2008	-09,  but  no 	
expenditure. The budget provision in each head is given below.	 (Rs. In Lakhs)

Page	 138	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
2401	-00	-107	-80	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	70.00	 	35.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2006	-07	 	10.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 
2401	-00	-800	-38	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	15.00	 	10.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
5.	 Promotion and strengthening of agriculture mechanisation (100% CSS) 	 	
This  scheme  was  implemented  from  2006	-07  to 	2012	-13  for  the  purpose  of 	
pro	motion  and  strengthening  of  mechanisation  in  farming  sector.  The  budget 	
provision  was  through  the  head  2401	-00	-113	-85.  The  financial  progress  is 	given 	
below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	10.00	 	16.72	 	16.72	 	100	 	
2007	-08	 	10.00	 	6.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2008	-09	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	8.99	 	90	 	
2009	-10	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2010	-11	 	20.00	 	10.00	 	9.89	 	99	 	
2011	-12	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2012	-13	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	20.02	 	100	 	
 	
6.	 Establishment of pesticide testing lab (100% CSS)	 	
This is a 100% CSS scheme 	implemented in 2008	-09 only and the fund support 	
is through the budget head 2401	-00	-800	-39. The financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	18.97	 	11.38	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
7.	 Development and strengthening of 	infrastructure facilities for production 	
and distribution of quality seeds (100% CSS)	 	
This  is  a  100%  CSS  scheme  implemented  from  2009	-10  to  2011	-12  under  the 	
plan head 2401	-00	-103	-80. The financial progress is	 as follows.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	139	 	
 	
Year	 	Original 	outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2009	-10	 	0.00	 	606.00	 	606.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2011	-12	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
8.	 Sub mission on agricultural mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	
This  is  a  100  percent  centrally  sponsored  scheme  implemented  from  2013	-14. 	
The  budget  provision  is  through  the  head  2401	-00	-113	-81.  The  financial  progress  is 	
given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2013	-14	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	56.85	 	11	 	
2014	-15	 	1000.00	 	750.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
9.	 Quality control of fertilizers and pesticides	- Additional facilities for 	
existing laboratories	 	
This  scheme  for  providing  facilities  in  quality  control  labs  under  agriculture 	
department has been implemented in 	2005	-06 and 2006	-07. The budget provision was 	
under the head 2401	-00	-105	-97 and the financial progress is (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	14.80	 	99	 	
2006	-07	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	14.84	 	99	 	
 	
10.	 Small Farm mechanisation 	and agriculture engineering services	 	
The  mechanisation  of  agricultural  operations  needs  reforms  towards  upland 	
agriculture.  A  special  support  is  required  for  the  development  of  machines  suited  for 
garden land agriculture, import of equipments suited for th	e undulating terrain as well 	
as  to  support  R&D  on  small  farm  mechanisation.  The  outlay  is  for  garden  land 
mechanisation.  The  budget  provision  was  under  the  plan  heads  4401	-00	-113	-99  and 	
2401	-00	-113	-90. The financial performance of this scheme is 	as follows	. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
4401	-00	-113	-99	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	5.00	 	5.00	 	5.00	 	100	 	
2006	-07	 	5.00	 	5.00	 	5.00	 	100	 	
2007	-08	 	4.24	 	4.24	 	4.23	 	100

Page	 140	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
2401	-00	-113	-90	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	70.00	 	70.00	 	65.76	 	94	 	
2006	-07	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	19.27	 	96	 	
2008	-09	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	42.78	 	86	 	
2009	-10	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	49.93	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	200.00	 	200.00	 	176.16	 	88	 	
2011	-12	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	98.38	 	98	 	
 	
11.	 Establishment of modern laboratories	 	
One  of  the  major  services  offered  by  the  department  of 	agriculture  to  farming 	
community  is  soil  testing  for  fertility  analysis  and  fertilizer  testing  for  quality  control 
analysis.  The  outlay  provided  under  this  scheme  is  for  establishing  modern 
laboratories  and  the  funds  are  provided  under  the  head  of  account 	4401	-00	-107	-97. 	
The financial progress is	 given below.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	150.00	 	150.00	 	28.49	 	19	 	
2006	-07	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	22.60	 	23	 	
2007	-08	 	100.00	 	95.76	 	86.08	 	90	 	
2008	-09	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	42.21	 	84	 	
2009	-10	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	48.94	 	98	 	
2010	-11	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	20.24	 	20	 	
2011	-12	 	60.00	 	60.00	 	42.88	 	71	 	
2012	-13	 	60.00	 	60.00	 	52.65	 	88	 	
2013	-14	 	435.00	 	326.25	 	251.43	 	77	 	
2014	-15	 	375.00	 	337.50	 	214.17	 	63	 	
 	
12.	 	Rural Infrastructure Development Fund Projects (RIDF)	 	
This  NABARD  assisted  scheme  was  implemented  from  2006	-07  to  2011	-12 	
under  the  plan  head  4401	-00	-104	-96	 for  the  development  of  farms  under  the 	
department	. The financia	l performance is given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	1500.00	 	900.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2007	-08	 	1000.00	 	750.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2008	-09	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2009	-10	 	500.00	 	250.00	 	100.00	 	40	 	
2010	-11	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2011	-12	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	41.00	 	41

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	141	 	
 	
13.	 	Establishment of Agriculture Export Zone	 	
This  scheme  is  implemented  in  2005	-06  and  2006	-07  under  the  head  of  account 	
2401	-00	-800	-52. The financial progress is 	as follows. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	475.00	 	237.50	 	4.20	 	2 	
2006	-07	 	175.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	100	 	
 	
14.	 	Loans to Agro Industries Corporation (KAIC)	 	
This  scheme  for  providing  loan  support  to  KAIC  was  implemented  in  2005	-06 	
and  2006	-07.  The  budget  provision  was  through  the  plan  heads  6401	-00	-800	-82  and 	
6401	-00	-190	-96. The financial progress of each head is 	giv	en below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
6401	-00	-800	-82	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	0.00	 	150.00	 	239.99	 	160	 	
2006	-07	 	0.00	 	80.00	 	80.00	 	100	 	
 
6401	-00	-190	-96	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2009	-10	 	0.00	 	215.00	 	215.00	 	100	 	
 	
15.	 	RIDF 	projects	 	
This  NABARD  assisted  RIDF  project  has  been  implementing  from  2006	-07 	
under  the  plan  head  of  account  4435	-01	-101	-97	 for  the  development  of  market 	
infrastructure	. The financial performance over the years is 	given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original 	outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2007	-08	 	2600.00	 	500.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2008	-09	 	500.00	 	250.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2009	-10	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	34.58	 	7 	
2010	-11	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2011	-12	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	36.99	 	7 	
2012	-13	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	500.24	 	100	 	
2013	-14	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	492.59	 	99	 	
2014	-15	 	0.00	 	415.60	 	415.25	 	100

Page	 142	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
16.	 	Innovative agricultural mechanisation (One time ACA)	- Assistance for 	
Agriculture dep	artmen	t 	
This is 	a one time ACA support scheme implemented in 2008	-09 in Kerala under 	
the plan head	 2401	-00	-113	-84. The financial progress is 	as follows. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	143	 	
 
Chapt e r 13	 	
AGR I CULT UR AL 	EX T ENSI ON AND 	
COMMUNI CAT I ON
 	
Agricultural  extension  is  one  of  the  driving  forces  that  are  responsible  for 	
growth  of  agricultural  productivity  by  transferring  lat	est  scientific  based  improved 	
agricultural technologies to the farmers and ultimately strengthen the State economy. 
However,  for  agricultural  development  of  a  country,  technology 	development  through 	
research  and  technology  transfer  through  extension  is	 unavoidable.  The  technology 	
transfer,  however,  does  not  take  place  in  a  vacuum  but  it  is  done  through  a  well 
organized  extension  system.  The  latter  is  a  continuous  process  of  passing  on  useful 
and  required  information  to  the  farmers  and  then  assisting  the	m  to  utilize  effectively 	
new knowledge and skills for increasing their production and income. Keeping in view 
the  importance  of  agriculture  extension  and  communication  for  the  technology 
transfer  to  the  farmers,	 government  is  implementing  a  number  of  State	 and  Central 	
plan  schemes  every  year.  The  following  are  the  schemes  under  th	is category 	
implemented through the department of Agriculture from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15. 	 	
1.	 Macro manageme	nt schemes (90%CSS)	- Agricultural	 extension and 	
training	 	
This  is  a  90%  centrally  sponsored  plan  scheme  implemented  in  2005	-06  only 	
during  the  reference  period.  The  budget  outlay  was  provided  under  the  head  of 
account 2401	-00	-800	-61 (07). The financial progress is 	as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	8.00	 	72.00	 	8.00	 	72.00	 	0.18	 	1.62	 	2 	
 	
2.	 Macro management schemes (90%CSS)	- Information technology	 	
This  90%  CSS  macro  management  scheme  is  implemented  in  the  State	 from 	
2005	-06  to  2007	-08	 by  providing  fund  under  the  head  2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)  and Govt 	
of  India  have  withdrawn  it  in  2007	-08.  The  financial  progress  is 	given  below.  (Rs.  in 	
Lakhs)

Page	 144	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	40.00	 	360.00	 	40.00	 	360.00	 	10.35	 	93.15	 	26	 	
2006	-07	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	5.42	 	48.78	 	5.42	 	48.78	 	100	 	
2007	-08	 	1.20	 	10.80	 	1.20	 	10.80	 	3.68	 	33.08	 	306	 	
 	
3.	 Agrisnet (100% CSS)	 	
Agrisnet	 is a 100% centrally funded scheme implemented in 2006	-07 only and the 	
budget  provision is under the plan head 2401	-00	-109	-82. The financial progress is 	as 	
follows (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	1000.00	 	1000.00	 	20.55	 	2 	
 	
4.	 Other 90% CSS	- Support to State extension programme for extension 	
reforms	 	
This  scheme  is  also  indented  for extension  activities  and  the  funding  pattern  is  90:10 
(Central:  State).  The  budget  outlay  was  under  the  head  2401	-00	-800	-35  (01)	.  This 	
scheme  wa	s  implemented  in  3  years  from  2009	-10.  Though  this  is  a  CSS  only  State 	
provision was in the budget. The financial progress is 	shown below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2009	-10	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	150.00	 	0.00	 	150.00	 	0.00	 	111.17	 	0.00	 	74	 	
 	
5.	 Agricultur	al	 extension and communication	- SAMETI	 	
This  is  a  State  plan  scheme  for  providing  financial  support  to  SAMETI  for 	
agricultural  extension  and  training  services  in  the  State.  The  fund  set  apart  is  for 
purchase  of  equipments,  honorarium  for  experts  and  setting  up  of  high  level  training 
facilities. 	The fund was provided in the plan head 2401	-00	-800	-42 and is implemented 	
in 4 years from 2008	-09. The financial performance is 	given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.10	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	60.00	 	160.00	 	160.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	60.00	 	60.00	 	60.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	145	 	
 	
6.	 Agricultur	al	 extension and communication	- Kisan project	 	
Kisan	 project  is  a  State  scheme  implemented  in  Kerala  from  2009	-10  to  2011	-	
12  with  the  collaboration  of  IIITMK.  The  television  based  programmes  and 
development of a portal are the major components of the programme. The plan fund is 
provided  under  the  head  of  ac	count  2401	-00	-800	-36.  The  financial  progress  is 	given 	
below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2009	-10	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	35.00	 	35.00	 	35.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	40.00	 	40.00	 	40.00	 	100	 	
 	
7.	 Agricultur	al	 extension and communication	- Kerala Agriculture University	 	
This  is  State  sector  plan  scheme  implemented  by  the  department  through 	
Kerala Agriculture University for supporting the extension initiatives of the department 
of agriculture. The budget head of 	this scheme is 2401	-00	-109	-78 and is implemented 	
from 2010	-11 to 2013	-14. The financial progress is	 as follows (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2010	-11	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2012	-13	 	75.00	 	75.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2013	-14	 	100.00	 	50.00	 	16.93	 	34	 	
 	
8.	 Agricultural	 extension and communication	- ATMA call centres (one time 	
ACA)	 	
This  is  a  one  time  Additional  Central  Assistance  plan  scheme	 implemented	 in 	
2014	-15  FY  for  providing  extension  and  communication  services  to  farmers  by 	
establishing  ATMA  call  centre  based  advisory  services.  The  components  include  a 
centralized  call  centre  jointly  at  directorate  managed  by  an  agency  selected  for  the 
purpose, 	an	d 	14  district  centres  linked  to  block  level  information  centres.  The  budget 	
head is 2401	-00	-109	-73 and the financial progress is	 as follows.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2014	-15	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	100

Page	 146	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
9.	 Agricultur	al	 extension and communication	- Agro service centres	 	
Lack  of  skilled  and  unskilled  agricultural  labourers  and  high  wages  are  the 	
major  threats  faced  by  farmers  in  taking  up  cultivation.  Moreover  availability 	of 	
labourer  at  the  peak  period  of	 cultivation  is  a	nother  factor.  This  leads  to  high  cost  of 	
cultivation  and  minimise  return  from  agriculture  which  tempt  farmer  to  move  away 
from  the  agriculture  profession.  An  alternative  to  this  problem  is  mechanisation  and 
making  available  the  required  machineries  along 	with  other  services  for  cultural 	
operations  at  the  right  time.  ASC  has  been  established  in  selected  Blocks  to  facilitate 
integration  of  services  like  mechanisation,  soil  testing  support  and  other  technology 
based  services.  This  State  plan  scheme  is  impleme	nted  from  2006	-07  to  2011	-12 	
under  the  plan  head  2401	-00	-113	-86.  The  outlay  and  expenditure  of  this  scheme  is 	
given below (Rs. in Lakhs).	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2007	-08	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	19.87	 	99	 	
2009	-10	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	19.89	 	99	 	
2010	-11	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	21.98	 	88	 	
2011	-12	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	12.02	 	80	 	
 	
10.	 Agro service centres and service delivery	 	
The  Block  level  set  up  and  Panchayat  level  Krishi  Bhavans	 were  established  in 	
the  State  in  1987  with  core  minimum  technical  man  power  and  practically  no 
administrative  staff  support. 	This  plan  scheme  is  implemented  fr	om  2013	-14 for  the 	
purpose  of  setting  up  of  Agro  Service  Centres  in  selected  Blocks  in  the  State	 to 	
facilitate  integration  of  services  like  mechanisation,  ATMA  based  extension,  credit 
support,  weather  advisory  services,  soil  testing  support  and  other  technology  based 
services 	by providing labour force support and machinery support to farming activiti	es 	
in the operational area. The head of accou	nt associated with this scheme are	 4401	-00	-	
113	-98 and 2401	-00	-113	-83. The financial progress is 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
4401	-00	-113	-98	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2013	-14	 	805.00	 	805.00	 	729.19	 	91	 	
2014	-15	 	980.00	 	564.40	 	520.78	 	92

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	147	 	
 
2401	-00	-113	-83	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2012	-13	 	2000.00	 	1400.00	 	965.69	 	69	 	
2013	-14	 	295.00	 	295.00	 	259.53	 	88	 	
2014	-15	 	1770.00	 	1327.50	 	924.55	 	70	 	
 	
11.	 	Farm information and communication	 	
This scheme aims at the development of information and dissemination through 	
the use of mass and electronic media including web based services. This plan scheme 
is implemented in all years and the fund provided is for the activities such as conduct 
of  semi	nars,  publication of  brochures,  programmes  through  AIR etc  conducted  by the 	
Farm  Information  Bureau  in  the  State.  The  budget  outlay  was  under  the  heads  of 
account  4401	-00	-109	-99  and  2401	-00	-109	-84.  The  financial  progress  of  each  hea	d  is 	
as follows. (Rs. in	 Lakhs)	 	
4401	-00	-109	-99	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	9.98	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	6.50	 	26	 	
2011	-12	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2012	-13	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2013	-14	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2014	-15	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 
2401	-00	-109	-84	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	98.73	 	99	 	
2006	-07	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	99.29	 	99	 	
2007	-08	 	105.00	 	105.00	 	105.02	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	115.00	 	115.00	 	115.03	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	120.00	 	120.00	 	118.87	 	99	 	
2010	-11	 	165.00	 	165.00	 	164.28	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	225.00	 	225.00	 	222.53	 	99	 	
2012	-13	 	325.00	 	325.00	 	323.33	 	99	 	
2013	-14	 	350.00	 	350.00	 	347.60	 	99	 	
2014	-15	 	375.00	 	375.00	 	375.00	 	100

Page	 148	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
12.	 Application of Information Technology	 	
This State plan scheme is implemented in 4 years from 2008	-09 for providing 	IT 	
enabled support   for agriculture extension activities. The head of account is 2401	-00	-	
800	-41 and the financial progress is	 as follows.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	12.10	 	81	 	
2009	-10	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	14.17	 	94	 	
2010	-11	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	24.87	 	99	 	
2011	-12	 	200.00	 	200.00	 	147.76	 	74	 	
 	
13.	 Strengthening agricultural extension and communication 	 	
Farmers  are  the  end  users  of  all  agricultural  technology.  The  success  of  all 	
agricultural  development  strategies  depends  on  the  adoption  of  scientific  technology 
by  farmers.    In  order  to  improve  the  income  of  the  farmers,  a  field  visit  oriented 
extension  s	ystem  is  essential  in  the  State.  The  extension  will  address  the  farming 	
systems  in  all  dimensions  including  marketing,  soil  testing,  agro  meteorology  and 
water  management  advisory  services.  This  scheme  is  implemented  under  the  head  of 
account  2401	-00	-109	-80,  from  the  year  2007	-08  onwards.  The  financial  achievement 	
is 	given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	115.00	 	115.00	 	112.43	 	98	 	
2008	-09	 	155.00	 	155.00	 	149.20	 	96	 	
2009	-10	 	195.00	 	152.95	 	136.12	 	89	 	
2010	-11	 	442.00	 	355.12	 	225.05	 	63	 	
2011	-12	 	705.00	 	705.00	 	704.87	 	100	 	
2012	-13	 	1725.00	 	1553.45	 	1244.23	 	80	 	
2013	-14	 	2400.00	 	2400.00	 	1960.96	 	82	 	
2014	-15	 	3500.00	 	2627.75	 	2150.32	 	82	 	
 
The physical achievement of this scheme is given below (in number)	 	
 Year	 	
District level 	
seminar, interface	 	
Orientation activities, 	
farmers day etc.	 	
2007	-08	 	25	 	528	 	
2008	-09	 	50	 	1008	 	
2009	-10	 	48	 	1076	 	
2010	-11	 	29	 	1076	 	
2011	-12	 	18	 	993	 	
2012	-13	 	21	 	1073	 	
2013	-14	 	22	 	968	 	
2014	-15	 	46	 	1075

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	149	 	
 
ATMA Plus	 	
ATMA  Plus	 is  implemented  from  2014	-15  year  only  under  the  head  of  account 	
2401	-00	-109	-80  as  a  component  of  the  scheme  Strengthening  Agricultural 	Extension 	
for providing additional support of the central scheme ATMA (50% centrally sponsored) 
by including the State’s	 own component.	  	
Physical achievement	 of ATMA plus during the year	 2014	-15 is	 	
Demonstration	 	867	 	
Farms school	 	290	 	
Farm field school	 	120	 	
Integrated farming system	 	76	 	
Post surveillance groups	 	174	 	
LEADS	 	
 	LEADS is a pilot project on field visit based 	extension system, centered around 	
LEAD  farmer  and  satellite  farmer	,  implemented  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-	
109	-80  as  another  component  of    the  scheme  Strengthening  Agricultural  Extension	. 	
The co	ncept is based on scientific delineation of the distric	ts into Agro Ecological Zone 	
and  Agro  Ecological  Units. 	KAU,  IIITMK,  SAMETI  and  Krishi  Vijnan  Kendras  are 	
associated  with  th	is programme  on  integration  with  the  ATMA  framework. 	Paddy, 	
coconut, banana and vegetables are the crops covered under this project.	  	
14.	 Support of state extension programme for extension reforms 	– Macro 	
management scheme (90% CSS)	 	
This  90%  centrally  sponsored  scheme  is  implemented  in  2006	-07 	to  2008	-09 	
only  and  the  budget  provision  was	 under	 the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-800	-61  (22). 	
The f	inancial achievement is 	as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2006	-07	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	0.46	 	4.11	 	2 	
2007	-08	 	10.00	 	90.00	 	10.00	 	90.00	 	6.25	 	56.28	 	63	 	
2008	-09	 	50.00	 	450.00	 	30.00	 	270.00	 	11.84	 	106.60	 	39

Page	 150	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
Chapt e r 14	 	
MAR K ET I NG AND ST OR AGE
 	
Marketing  and  storage  is  another  major  activity  for  the  continuous  and 	
increased  production  of  agricultural  commodities.  This  helps  to  procure  the  produces 
from  farmers 	and 	to 	supply  to  the  consumers  at  the  right  time  at  right  price.  This 	
chain  activity  he	lps  the  farmers  to  get  maximum  price  for  his  produces  and  also  to 	
prevent  the  farming  community  to  migrate  in  to  other  non  agricultural  sector 
activities. 	 	
14.1 	Market wholesale price	 	
The  yearly  average  of  the  monthly  averages  of  market  wholesale  price  of 	
important  agricultural  commodities  collected  from  different  centres  in  the  districts  in 
Kerala  during  2005	-06  and  2013	-14,  and  their  price  growth  during  the  period  are 	
given in the following table. (in Rs.)	 	
SI No	 	Name of  Commodity	 	Unit	 	2005	-06	 	2013	-14	 	
% 	
increase	 	
1 	Coconut without husk	 	1000 No.	 	4918	 	9385	 	91	 	
2 	Arecanut  Ripe	 	1000 No.	 	558	 	1367	 	145	 	
3 	Tapioca Raw	 	Qtl	 	482	 	1977	 	310	 	
4 	Tapioca Dry	 	Qtl	 	1346	 	4186	 	211	 	
5 	Ginger 	 	Qtl	 	1640	 	8064	 	392	 	
6 	Ginger  Dry	 	Qtl	 	7555	 	13985	 	85	 	
7 	Banana 	 	Qtl	 	1358	 	4473	 	229	 	
8 	Turmeric	 	Qtl	 	4184	 	7150	 	71	 	
9 	Pineapple 	 	Qtl	 	899	 	3150	 	251	 	
10	 	Betal leaves	 	100 No.	 	11	 	23	 	109	 	
11	 	Sesamum	 	Qtl	 	2772	 	10141	 	266	 	
12	 	Rubber	 	Qtl	 	7134	 	16263	 	128	 	
 
14.2 	Farm retail price	 	
The  yearly  average  of  the  monthly  averages  of  farm  retail  prices  of  different 	
agricultural  commodities  collected  from  different  selected  centres  in  the  districts  in 
Kerala during the agricultural year 2005	-06 and 2013	-14 are given below. (in Rs.)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	151	 	
 	
SI No	 	Name of  Commodity	 	Unit	 	2005	-06	 	2013	-14	 	% variation	 	
1 	Paddy	 	Kg	 	6.34	 	18.56	 	193	 	
2 	Coconut	 	1 No	 	5.42	 	11.63	 	115	 	
3 	Arecanut 	 	1 No	 	0.53	 	1.07	 	102	 	
4 	Pepper	 (dry)	 	Kg	 	64.75	 	466	.19	 	620	 	
5 	Tapioca	 	Kg	 	5.02	 	18	.27	 	264	 	
6 	Ginger  Dry	 	Kg	 	89.74	 	80.58	 	-10	 	
7 	Banana Ripe	 	Kg	 	14	.13	 	33.67	 	138	 	
8 	Mango Green	 	Kg	 	12	.30	 	24	.33	 	98	 	
9 	Pineapple 	 	1 No	 	6.54	 	19	.25	 	194	 	
10	 	Tamarind	 	Kg	 	28	.09	 	90.57	 	222	 	
11	 	Turmaric	 	Kg	 	39	.35	 	64	.26	 	63	 	
12	 	Brinjal	 	Kg	 	8.38	 	14.64	 	75	 	
13	 	Cucumber	 	Kg	 	5.64	 	11	.00	 	95	 	
14	 	Ladies finger 	 	Kg	 	8.42	 	22	.27	 	164	 	
15	 	Pampkim	 	Kg	 	5.03	 	10.55	 	110	 	
16	 	Betal leaves	 	10 No	 	2.65	 	5.39	 	103	 	
17	 	Elephant foot yam	 	Kg	 	7.05	 	17.90	 	154	 	
 
14.3 	Farm wholesale price	 	
The yearly average of the averages of the fortnightly prices on wholesale rates of 	
agricultural  commodities  collected  from  selected 	centers	 in  the  districts  in  Kerala 	
during the agricultural year 2005	-06 and 2013	-14 and their percentage growth during 	
the period is given below. (in Rs.)	 	
SI No	 	Item	 	Unit	 	2005	-06	 	2013	-14	 	% growth	 	
1 	Paddy	 	Qtl	 	612	 	1613	 	164	 	
2 	Pepper(D)	 	Qtl	 	5980	 	49634	 	730	 	
3 	Ginger(D)	 	Qtl	 	6613	 	14005	 	112	 	
4 	Ginger	 	Qtl	 	1271	 	8056	 	534	 	
5 	Turmeric(D)	 	Qtl	 	3587	 	6918	 	93	 	
6 	Banana	 	Qtl	 	1248	 	3459	 	177	 	
7 	Plantain	 	Qtl	 	644	 	2742	 	326	 	
8 	Cashew	 	Qtl	 	2899	 	6426	 	122	 	
9 	Tapioca	 	Qtl	 	433	 	1717	 	297	 	
10	 	Coconut (WH)	 	100	 	495	 	1113	 	125	 	
11	 	Arecanut	 	100	 	44	 	99	 	125

Page	 152	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
14.4 	Farm harvest price of paddy in Kerala and major states in India	 	
The  following  table  shows  the  farm  harvest  price  of  paddy  in  Kerala  and  other 	
major  rice  producing  States  in  the  country  during  the  period  from  2005	-06  to  2010	-	
11. (in Rs. per 	quintal)	 	
State	 	2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	
Kerala	 	599	 	689	 	798	 	947	 	1064	 	1200	 	
Tamil Nadu	 	494	 	503	 	698	 	868	 	926	 	991	 	
AP	 	517	 	650	 	670	 	977	 	1139	 	990	 	
Karnataka	 	546	 	603	 	678	 	859	 	962	 	1058	 	
Maharashtra	 	- 	- 	- 	867	 	1012	 	1153	 	
MP	 	531	 	- 	787	 	903	 	1196	 	1165	 	
Gujarat	 	669	 	751	 	816	 	901	 	1065	 	1074	 	
Punjab	 	913	 	966	 	720	 	1336	 	1457	 	1092	 	
West Bengal	 	546	 	608	 	695	 	731	 	882	 	1043	 	
UP	 	580	 	635	 	580	 	818	 	941	 	888	 	
 
Source: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt of India (	http://agricoop.nic.in	) 	
 
14.5 Schemes on marketing and storage	 	
The  plan  schemes  implemented  from  2005	-06  to  2014	-15  for  the  purpose  of 	
providing  marketing,  storage  and  warehousing  facilities  for  the  agricultural 
commodities  produced  in  the  State  are 	explained  below.  The  schemes  wise  financial 	
and available physical achievements are also provided along with.	 	
 	
1.	 Grading and quality control of agricultural commodities	 	
This  scheme  is  implemented  from  the  year  2005	-06  to  2011	-12.  The  budget 	
provision  is  unde	r  the  head  of  account  2435	-01	-102	-99.  The  main  objective  of  this 	
scheme  is  to  grade  and  certify  the  agriculture  produces  by  conducting  quality  control 
tests. For this purpose 1	0 Agmark testing and grading laboratories	 are working in the 	
State. Agmark  certi	ficates  for  the  graded  commodities  such  as  coconut  oil, 	gingely oil, 	
honey,  spice  powders,  rice, 	wheat	 powder  and  ghee  are	 being	 issued  from  the 	
Directorate  of  Marketing  and  Inspection,  Govt  of  India.  The  financial  performance 
during the period is as follo	ws.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	153	 	
 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	10.00	 	5.00	 	4.60	 	92	 	
2006	-07	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	9.55	 	96	 	
2007	-08	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	5.29	 	53	 	
2008	-09	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	8.00	 	80	 	
2009	-10	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	8.45	 	85	 	
2010	-11	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	5.36	 	54	 	
2011	-12	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	6.94	 	69	 	
 	
The  physical  achievement 	in  grading  of  commodities 	is 	as  follows. 	(Quantity 	in 	
Quintals)	 	
Item 	 	
Coconut 	
oil	 	
Sesame 	
oil	 	Honey	 	Spices	 	Ghee	 	Asafoatida	 	
2005	-06	 	5826	 	196	 	1142	 	2570	 	192	 	- 	
2006	-07	 	5475	 	139	 	673	 	1815	 	152	 	18	 	
2007	-08	 	5735	 	90	 	1479	 	3199	 	148	 	93	 	
2008	-09	 	12452	 	11	 	1365	 	2952	 	164	 	116	 	
2009	-10	 	15207	 	15	 	113	 	6892	 	109	 	139	 	
2010	-11	 	17898	 	173	 	1303	 	5452	 	104	 	121	 	
2011	-12	 	18713	 	41	 	1368	 	160	 	252	 	9346	 	
 	
2.	 Market Intervention support for Price stabilization 	 	
This  scheme  is  implemented  fr	om  2005	-06  to 	2011	-12  under  the  head	s of 	
account 2435	-01	-101	-85 and 6401	-00	-800	-73. The main objective of this scheme is to 	
assist  the  farmers  by  ensuring  the  price  stability  of  agricultural  commodities  during 
the harvest season. The programmes conducted under this sche	me are conduct of fare 	
markets,  giving  assistance  for  procurement  of  produces  from  farmers,  assistance  for 
arranging market facilities etc. The financial achievement is as follows	. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
2435	-01	-101	-85	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	440.00	 	592.68	 	595.88	 	101	 	
2006	-07	 	340.00	 	1109.46	 	1069.41	 	96	 	
2007	-08	 	1555.00	 	1321.75	 	178.97	 	14	 	
2008	-09	 	350.00	 	300.00	 	207.06	 	69	 	
2009	-10	 	350.00	 	315.00	 	282.86	 	90	 	
2010	-11	 	505.00	 	505.00	 	494.98	 	98	 	
2011	-12	 	350.00	 	906.85	 	901.47	 	99

Page	 154	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
6401	-00	-800	-73	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	17.00	 	17.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
3.	 Agricultural Marketing and quality control	- Macro management	 (90% CSS)	 	
This	 90%  centrally  sponsored  macro  management  scheme  was	 implemented  in 	
2005	-06  only  and  the  budget  provision  was  in  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-800	-61 	
(15). The financial achievement is	 given below. 	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	33.00	 	297.00	 	33.00	 	297.00	 	7.15	 	64.35	 	22	 	
 
The physical achievement 	of this scheme 	is 	as follows. (Unit in Numbers)	 	
1 	Market survey	 	1 	
2 	Training to officers	 	21	 	
3 	Training to farmers	 	20	 	
4 	Seminars	 	3 	
5 	Development of market infrastructure	 	4 	
6 	Value addition and agro processing	 	16	 	
 	
4.	 Strengthening market development 	 	
Appropriate  and  effective  linkages  by  the  producers  and  sellers  continue  to  be 	
weak  in  the  State.  Market  infrastructure,  lack  of  sufficient  market  intelligence  and 
institutional  supp	ort  are  to  be  improved.  The  outlay  provided  under  this  plan  scheme 	
is  for  setting  up of  a  network  of  markets  and  associated  infrastructure  like  go  downs, 
cold storage facilities including processing infrastructure. 	This scheme is implemented 	
from  2007	-08  t	o  2014	-15  under  the  head	s of  account  2435	-01	-800	-99  and  2435	-01	-	
101	-85. The 	head of account wise outlay and	 achievement is	 as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	155	 	
 
2435	-01	-800	-99	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	850.00	 	637.50	 	18.81	 	3 	
2008	-09	 	510.00	 	300.00	 	8.00	 	3 	
2009	-10	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	175.00	 	175.00	 	136.15	 	78	 	
2011	-12	 	310.00	 	310.00	 	269.97	 	87	 	
2012	-13	 	2500.00	 	2250.00	 	1859.55	 	83	 	
2013	-14	 	1385.00	 	1385.00	 	1198.19	 	87	 	
2014	-15	 	1355.00	 	1219.50	 	1033.22	 	85	 	
 
2435	-01	-101	-85	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2012	-13	 	500.00	 	4517.00	 	4506.62	 	100	 	
2013	-14	 	500.00	 	3028.78	 	3071.51	 	101	 	
2014	-15	 	1000.00	 	2100.00	 	2094.25	 	100	 	
 	
5.	 VFPCK for expansion of farmers market	 	
This  plan  scheme  is  implemented  from  2007	-08  to  2011	-12  for 	promotion	 of 	
marketing  of  vegetables  and  fruits  through	 VFPCK.  The  budget  provision  was  under 	
the head 2435	-01	-800	-98. The outlay and expenditure is 	given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	300.00	 	300.00	 	300.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	450.00	 	450.00	 	450.00	 	100	 	
 	
6.	 Establishment  of  storage  and  warehousing  facilities  through  Agro 
Industries Corporation	 	
This  plan  scheme  for  establishing  storage  and  warehousing  facilities 	like  go 	
downs,  farmers  markets  for  fruits  and  vegetables 	through  Kerala  Agro  Industries 	
Corporation 	was	 implemented from 2007	-08 to 2011	-12 and the budget provision was 	
under  the  plan  hea	d  2435	-01	-800	-97.  The  financial  progress  is 	given  below. 	(Rs.  in 	
Lakhs)

Page	 156	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
 	
7.	 Assistance  to  Kerala  State  Warehousing  Corporation  for  creating  storage 
and warehousing facilities	 	
This  plan  scheme  was  implemented  in  2007	-08  for  creation  of  warehousing 	
facilities  in  KSWC.  The  budget  head  is  2435	-01	-800	-96  and  the  financial  progress  is 	
given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	25	.00	 	25	.00	 	25	.00	 	100	 	
 	
8.	 World  Trade  Organisation  (WTO)  Cell  (Sustainable  agricultural  trade 
security system)	 	
A  WTO  cell  has  been  constituted  in  the  State  to  prepare  background  papers 	
related to WTO and regional trade agreements and to advice the State governments on 
theses  aspects.  The  outlay  provided  is  for  organising  workshops,  seminars  and 
awareness  programmes	 on  WTO  related  aspect  and  for  taking  up  of  studies  on  trade 	
related  issues. 	This  scheme 	was	 implemented  from  2005	-06  to  2011	-12.  The  budget 	
provision of this plan scheme is through the head of account 2401	-00	-800	-48 and the 	
financial progress is 	given bel	ow. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	2.38	 	12	 	
2006	-07	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	0.50	 	3 	
2007	-08	 	10.00	 	8.50	 	3.33	 	39	 	
2008	-09	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	5.97	 	60	 	
2009	-10	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	4.91	 	49	 	
2010	-11	 	5.00	 	5.00	 	2.45	 	49	 	
2011	-12	 	5.00	 	5.00	 	4.27	 	85	 	
 	
9.	 Price stabilization fund	 	
Budget  provision  for  this	 State  plan	 scheme  under  the  head  2415	-01	-101	-94 	
was provided in 2005	-06, but no financial achievement. The 	details are as follows.	 (Rs. 	
in Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	157	 	
 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
10.	 	Commodity safety net scheme	 	
This  plan  scheme  was  implemented  in  2009	-10  and  the  budget  provision  was 	
under  the  head  2401	-00	-800	-34.  The  financial  performance  is 	as  follows. 	(Rs.  in 	
Lakhs)	 
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2009	-10	 	1000.00	 	1000.00	 	1019.33	 	102	 	
 	
11.	 	Kerala State Warehousing Corporation	- share capital contribution	 	
This  scheme  for  providing  share  capital  contribution  to  KSWC  has  been 	
implementing 	in  the  State  from  2005	-06  onwards.  The  budget  support  is  through  the 	
plan head 4408	-02	-190	-99. The financial progress is 	as follows. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	75.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2006	-07	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2007	-08	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2011	-12	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
2012	-13	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
2013	-14	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2014	-15	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
12.	 Integrated 	Agriculture Complex (One time ACA)	 	
This  one  time  ACA  scheme  has  been  implementing  from  2013	-14  for 	
establishing	 an  integrated  agricultural  complex  and  the  budget  provision  is  through 	
the head 2401	-00	-109	-75. The financial progress is	 as follows.	 (Rs. in La	khs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2013	-14	 	1000.00	 	500.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2014	-15	 	0.00	 	200.01	 	200.00	 	100

Page	 158	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
13.	 Agri Malls (one time ACA)	 	
The  financial  support  for  this  plan  scheme  is  through  the  plan  head  4435	-00	-	
101	-94	. Budget provision was 	provided 	in 2014	-15, but no financial achievement. The 	
details are	 given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2014	-15	 	500.00	 	375.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
14.	 Pilot Project for Keramrutham and Kerachakkara (KAU Neera Production)	 	
This  plan  scheme  for  the  production  of 	‘neera	’ from  coconut  has  been 	
implementing  from  2013	-14.  The  budget provision is  through  the plan head 2401	-00	-	
108	-30. The financial progress is 	given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2013	-14	 	0.00	 	45.00	 	45.00	 	100	 	
2014	-15	 	0.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
 	
15.	 Investment  in  Nadukkara  Agro  processing  (Nadukkara  Agro  Industries 
Corporation Ltd)	 	
This 	State  plan 	scheme  is  implemented  in  2005	-06  and  the  budget  provision 	
was  through  the  plan  head	 4401	-00	-190	-95.  The  financial  performance  is 	as  follows. 	
(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	7.00	 	7.00	 	7.00	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	159	 	
 
Chapt e r 15	 	
OT HER  PLAN PR OGR AMMES
 	
The  p	lan  schemes  implemented  by  the  D	epartment  of  Agriculture  during  the 	
period  from  2005	-06  to  2014	-15  but  not  mentioned  in  the  previous  chapters  of  t	his 	
report  are  covered  here.  They  are  crop  development  schemes	 of  crops	 other  than 	
paddy	, coconut, 	vegetables,  fruits,  spices  and  plantation  crops, 	plant  protection 	
oriented  programmes,  fertilizer  management  programmes,  bio  gas  development, 
irrigation,  Way	anad  and  Kuttanad  packages  etc. 	The  financial  progress  based  on 	
budget  documents  and  department  records  and  available  physical  progress  are  also 
summarised along with. 	 	
 	
1.	 Integrated pest management 	 	
IPM will be effective only under the umbrella of a full 	fledged system. The main 	
objective of this scheme is the establishment of a pest surveillance system in a phased 
manner  for  the  effective  management  and  control  of  pest  affected  diseases  in 
agricultural  crops.  Establishment  of  light  traps  including  solar  t	raps,  rodent  control, 	
mobile  agro  clinics,  IPM  training  etc  are  the  main  components  of  this  scheme.  This 
scheme  is  implemented  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-107	-83.  This  programme 	
is implemented up to the year 2012	-13. The financial performance is 	as f	ollows. 	(Rs.in 	
Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	46.00	 	46.00	 	37.91	 	82	 	
2006	-07	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	45.28	 	91	 	
2007	-08	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	47.25	 	94	 	
2008	-09	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	47.72	 	95	 	
2009	-10	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	39.23	 	78	 	
2010	-11	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	47.14	 	94	 	
2011	-12	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	48.15	 	96	 	
2012	-13	 	100.00	 	90.50	 	57.42	 	63

Page	 160	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
The physical achievement of this programme is as follows.	 	
 Year	 	
Establishment 
of light traps 	
(No.)	 	
Mobile 	
agro clinics 	
(No.)	 	
Roddent 
control 
(No.)	 	
IPM 	
training 
(No.)	 	
Solar light 
traps (No.)	 	
2005	-06	 	80	 	5 	- 	- 	- 	
2006	-07	 	79	 	12	 	14	 	- 	- 	
2007	-08	 	80	 	14	 	14	 	50	 	50	 	
2008	-09	 	80	 	14	 	14	 	- 	50	 	
2009	-10	 	80	 	12	 	14	 	35	 	- 	
2010	-11	 	80	 	12	 	24	 	14	 	- 	
2011	-12	 	79	 	11	 	30	 	14	 	- 	
2012	-13	 	78	 	1 	60	 	28	 	- 	
 
 	
2.	 Production and distribution of quality planting materials	- Agricultural 	
farms	 	
The  main  objective  of  this  scheme  is  the  production  and  distribution  of  quality 	
seeds,  seedlings  and  other  plating  materials  of  paddy,  coconut,  vegetables,  pulses, 
tubers,  spices,  fruits,  garden  plants  and  medicinal  plants  for  augmenting  the 
production  of  agricultural  commodities  in  the  State.  For  this  purpose,  33  seed 
production  centres,  10  district  farms,  10  special  farms  and  8  coconut  seedlings 
production  centres,  and  thus  altogether  61  agricultural  farms  are  working  in  Kerala. 
This scheme 	is implemented under the head of accou	nt 2401	-00	-104	-91 and 4401	-00	-	
10	4-98. The financial progress is as follows. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
2401	-00	-104	-91	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	160.00	 	160.00	 	158.44	 	99	 	
2006	-07	 	120.00	 	120.00	 	119.42	 	100	 	
2007	-08	 	110.00	 	110.00	 	109.96	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	110.00	 	110.00	 	109.97	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	0.00	 	110.00	 	108.55	 	99	 	
2010	-11	 	175.00	 	175.00	 	169.70	 	97	 	
2011	-12	 	200.00	 	200.00	 	196.34	 	98	 	
2012	-13	 	660.00	 	660.00	 	608.57	 	92	 	
2013	-14	 	620.00	 	620.00	 	515.39	 	83	 	
2014	-15	 	1075.00	 	810.00	 	770.05	 	95

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	161	 	
 	
4401	-00	-10	4-98	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	40.00	 	40.00	 	39.23	 	98	 	
2006	-07	 	30.00	 	30.00	 	27.36	 	91	 	
2007	-08	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	14.94	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	14.53	 	97	 	
2009	-10	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	14.75	 	98	 	
2010	-11	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	21.98	 	88	 	
2011	-12	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2012	-13	 	40.00	 	38.00	 	14.25	 	38	 	
2013	-14	 	230.00	 	230.00	 	231.13	 	100	 	
2014	-15	 	375.00	 	337.50	 	291.23	 	86	 	
 	
3.	 Seed Authority	- Production and distribution of quality planting materials 	 	
This  scheme  is  implemented  in  5 	consecutive  years  from  2007	-08.  The  head  of 	
account is 2401	-00	-103	-83. The financial achievement is	 as follows. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	75.00	 	75.00	 	75.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.02	 	100	 	
 	
4.	 Kerala Agricultural University for planting material programme	 	
This  scheme  is  implemented  in  four  years  from  2007	-08	 to  2011	-12,  except 	
2009	-10	.  The  budget  outlay  was  provided  under	 heads  of  account  2401	-00	-103	-79 	
(2010	-11  and  2011	-12)  and  2415	-01	-277	-91  (2007	-08  and  2008	-09).  The  financial 	
performance is as follows	. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
2401	-00	-103	-79	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2010	-11	 	50	.00	 	50	.00	 	50	.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	50	.00	 	50	.00	 	50	.00	 	100	 	
 
2415	-01	-277	-91	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	75	.00	 	75	.00	 	75	.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	50	.00	 	50	.00	 	50	.00	 	100

Page	 162	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
5.	 National project on biogas development (100% CSS)	 	
This is a 100% centrally sponsored scheme implemented under the budget head 	
2810	-00	-105	-99 and 2810	-01	-101	-99. It is started in 1983	-84 under the guidelines of 	
Ministry  of  Non	-conventional  and  Renewable  Energy,  Govt  of  India.  The  main 	
objectives  of  this  sc	heme  are  to  solve  the  deficiency  of  cooking  fuel,  control  of 	
environmental  pollutions,  reduce  the  health  issues  due  to  the 	use  of 	firewood  for 	
cooking,  to  reduce  the  deforestation  for  firewood,  to  increase  the  use  of  bio  manure 
obtained  as  a  byproduct  from	 bio  gas  plants  fo	r  agricultural  production  etc.  T	he 	
amount earmarked in the budget is used for giving subsidy for construction of bio gas 
plants  in  rural  areas  and  for  conducting  training  programmes.  The  financial 
achievement is	 as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2010	-11	 	120.00	 	120.00	 	125.39	 	104	 	
2011	-12	 	250.00	 	363.00	 	365.55	 	101	 	
2012	-13	 	300.00	 	300.00	 	250.04	 	83	 	
2013	-14	 	350.00	 	350.00	 	206.18	 	59	 	
2014	-15	 	350.00	 	350.00	 	213.01	 	61	 	
 
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	80.19	 	80	 	
2006	-07	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	105.75	 	106	 	
2007	-08	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	117.17	 	117	 	
2008	-09	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	106.03	 	106	 	
2009	-10	 	120.00	 	120.00	 	130.75	 	109	 	
2010	-11	 	120.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	163	 	
 
The 	physical achievement during the period is	 	
 Year	 	
No. of biogas plants 	
constructed	 	
No. of training 	
programmes conducted	 	
2005	-06	 	1943	 	- 	
2006	-07	 	3712	 	- 	
2007	-08	 	2414	 	- 	
2008	-09	 	2303	 	49	 	
2009	-10	 	2579	 	51	 	
2010	-11	 	2591	 	52	 	
2011	-12	 	2183	 	51	 	
2012	-13	 	1990	 	50	 	
2013	-14	 	1307	 	40	 	
2014	-15	 	1584	 	50	 	
 	
6.	 Control of root bud disease in Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)	 	
This 	50% centrally sponsored 	scheme is implemented in 	the State in 	2005	-06 only. 	
The  budget  provision  was  in  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-108	-43.  The  financial 	
progress is 	given below. (Rs. in Lakhs) 	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	1.70	 	1.70	 	1.70	 	1.70	 	1.70	 	1.70	 	100	 	
 	
7.	 Integrated scheme of oil seeds, pulses and maize (ISOPOM) (75% CSS)	 	
This 75 % centrally sponsored scheme is implemented from	 the year	 2005	-06 to 	
2011	-12  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-112	-97.  The  financial  achievement  is	 	
given below.	 (Rs	. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	15.00	 	45.00	 	15.00	 	45.00	 	5.00	 	15.00	 	33	 	
2006	-07	 	15.00	 	45.00	 	15.00	 	45.00	 	10.49	 	31.48	 	70	 	
2007	-08	 	15.00	 	45.00	 	9.00	 	27.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2008	-09	 	2.50	 	7.50	 	2.50	 	7.50	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2009	-10	 	2.50	 	7.50	 	20.00	 	60.00	 	20.00	 	60.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	2.50	 	7.50	 	11.74	 	35.22	 	11.74	 	35.22	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	2.50	 	7.50	 	2.50	 	7.50	 	2.50	 	7.50	 	100

Page	 164	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
8.	 Seed replacement scheme under special package programme (100% CSS)	 	
This  is  a  100%  centrally  sponsored  scheme  implemented  in  2007	-08  year  only 	
and  the  budget  provision  was  under  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-103	-81.  The 	
financial performance is 	as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	192.00	 	192.00	 	191.91	 	100	 	
The physical achievement of this scheme was the supply of 2651 tonnes of seeds.	 	
9.	 Integrated cereal development programme in coarse cereal based cropping 
system	- Macro management (90% CSS)	 	
This  90%  central  assistance 	macro  management 	scheme  is  implemented  in 	
2006	-07  only,  and  the  budget  provision  was  in  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-800	-61 	
(24). The financial achievement is 	given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2006	-07	 	20.15	 	181.35	 	20.15	 	181.35	 	4.52	 	40.70	 	22	 	
10.	 Balanced and integrated use fertilizers	- Macro management (90% CSS)	 	
This  is  a  90%  centrally  sponsored 	macro  management 	scheme  implemented	 	
from	 2006	-07 	to  2008	-09 and  the  budget  provision  was  under  the  head  of  account 	
2401	-00	-800	-61 (23). The financial achievement is	 as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2006	-07	 	28.00	 	252.00	 	28.00	 	252.00	 	35.83	 	322.43	 	128	 	
2007	-08	 	8.80	 	79.20	 	8.80	 	79.20	 	3.07	 	27.61	 	35	 	
2008	-09	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	15.00	 	135.00	 	9.14	 	82.29	 	61	 	
The physical achievement is 	 	
Item	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
Distribution of green manure seeds (MT)	 	1267	 	266	 	
Vermin compost units (No.)	 	3923	 	1408	 	
Soil testing campaign (No.)	 	896	 	651

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	165	 	
 	
11.	 Establishment of regional nurseries (50% CSS)	 	
This is a 50% central support scheme implemented from 2006	-07, the budget head 	
is 2401	-00	-108	-42	. T	he financial progress is given below.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original 	outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2006	-07	 	37.50	 	37.50	 	37.50	 	37.50	 	31.11	 	31.11	 	83	 	
2007	-08	 	37.50	 	37.50	 	37.50	 	37.50	 	25.64	 	25.65	 	68	 	
2008	-09	 	37.50	 	37.50	 	37.50	 	37.50	 	31.19	 	31.18	 	83	 	
2009	-10	 	12.50	 	12.50	 	44.55	 	44.55	 	37.12	 	37.12	 	83	 	
2010	-11	 	12.50	 	12.50	 	35.00	 	35.00	 	34.15	 	34.15	 	98	 	
2011	-12	 	12.50	 	12.50	 	30.00	 	30.00	 	29.56	 	29.54	 	99	 	
2013	-14	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	100	 	
2014	-15	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	14.99	 	14.99	 	100	 	
12.	 Macro  management  schemes  (90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	monitoring  and 	
evaluation	 	
This  Govt  of  India  supported  macro  management  scheme  is  for  monitoring  and 	
evaluation  of  various  activities  implemented  in  2005	-06.  The  head  of  account  of  this 	
programme  is  2401	-00	-800	-61  (19)  and  the  financial  progress  is 	given  b	elow.  (Rs.  in 	
Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2005	-06	 	1.50	 	13.50	 	1.50	 	13.50	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
13.	 Micro irrigation (90% CSS)	 	
Micro  irrigation  is  a  90%  CSS  programme  implemented  from  2006	-07  to  2009	-	
10  under  the  plan  head  2401	-00	-800	-45. 	The  objective  of  this  scheme  is  to  minimize 	
the conveyance losses of water such as deep percolation, run off and soil erosion. The 
outlay provid	ed is for micro irrigation, drip and sprinkle irrigation with pump sets. 	The 	
financial progress is 	as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2006	-07	 	50.00	 	450.00	 	80.00	 	720.00	 	35.73	 	31.63	 	8 	
2007	-08	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	26.00	 	234.00	 	25.17	 	226.54	 	97	 	
2008	-09	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	20.00	 	180.00	 	1.16	 	10.39	 	6 	
2009	-10	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	1.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0

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14.	 Women in agriculture (100% CSS)	 	
This  is  a  100%  CSS  plan  scheme  implemented  in  2005	-06  for  enhancing  the 	
participation  of  women  in  agriculture  activities.  The  budget  provision  was  under  the 
plan head 2401	-00	-800	-73. The financial progress is 	given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original 	outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	4.97	 	33	 	
 	
15.	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	
This  is  a  90%  CSS  scheme  implemented  from  2009	-10  under  the  plan  head	 	
2401	-00	-800	-35  (02).  Even  though  this  is  a  partially  centrally  sponsored  programme, 	
no  central  provision  was  in  the	 State	 budget.	 The  year  wise  financial  progress  is  as 	
follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2009	-10	 	1.00	 	0.00	 	1.00	 	0.00	 	1.00	 	0.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	1.00	 	0.00	 	1.00	 	0.00	 	1.00	 	0.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	1.00	 	0.00	 	40.20	 	0.00	 	39.43	 	0.00	 	98	 	
2012	-13	 	110.00	 	0.00	 	110.00	 	0.00	 	99.02	 	0.00	 	90	 	
2013	-14	 	100.00	 	0.00	 	100.00	 	0.00	 	33.06	 	0.00	 	33	 	
2014	-15	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	100.00	 	0.00	 	97.50	 	0.00	 	98	 	
16.	 	NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) (90% CSS)	 	
 	This  90%  centrally  sponsored  scheme  is  implemented  in  2013	-14  only  and 	
the  budget  outlay  was  under  the  plan  head 	2401	-00	-800	-22	.  The  financial 	
performance is	 given below.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	
Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	
% 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
2013	-14	 	27.74	 	249.68	 	27.74	 	249.68	 	27.71	 	249.38	 	100	 	
 	
17.	 	Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	
 	This is a 100% centrally sponsored programme of Govt	 of India implemented in 	
3 	consecutive 	years from 2006	-07 under the plan head 2401	-00	-103	-85. The financial 	
progress is given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	167	 	
 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2007	-08	 	50.00	 	30.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2008	-09	 	0.00	 	10.62	 	10.62	 	100	 	
18.	 	National project on organic farming (100% CSS)	 	
 	This is another 100% CSS scheme implemented from 2006	-07 up to 2011	-12 	
in  the  State  for  the  promotion  of  organic  cultivation. 	The  demand  for  organic  farming 	
is  increasing  in  the  world  and  the  State  is  having  potential  to  utilize  these  emerging 
opportunities  for  the  development  and  export  of  such  food.  Organic  farming  not  only 
increases the income of farmers as the organic produce	s get a premium price but also 	
help  in  improving  towards  sustainable  agriculture 	and  aims  at  production  of  quality 	
and  safe  agricultural  produces  which  contain  no  chemical  residues  following 
ecofriendly production methods.	 The plan head 	of account of this scheme 	is 2401	-00	-	
105	-84 and 	the financial 	progress is	 given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	  	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	200.00	 	200.00	 	62.51	 	31	 	
2007	-08	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2008	-09	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	30.72	 	61	 	
2011	-12	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
 	
19.	 	Human Resources Development in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	
 	This  is  another  100%  CSS  implemented  in 	the  State  in  2005	-06  and  2007	-	
08.  The  budget  provision  was 	under  the  head 	of  account 	2401	-00	-800	-53.  The 	
financial progress is 	given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	2.00	 	2.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2007	-08	 	1.00	 	1.00	 	1.00	 	100	 	
 	
20.	 	Post harvest technology and management (100% CSS)	 	
 	This  central  sector  scheme  is  implemented  in  2011	-12  and  2012	-13  under  the 	
head  of  account  2401	-00	-109	-77.  The  financial  performance  is 	as  follows.  (Rs.  in 	
Lakhs)

Page	 168	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2011	-12	 	14.05	 	14.05	 	0.03	 	0 	
2012	-13	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	14.05	 	94	 	
 	
21.	 	Grass root level support system for Agriculture development at 
Panchayat level and restructuring the Agriculture Dep	artment	 at State 	
and District level	 	
 	This State plan scheme is implemented under the heads of account 2401	-00	-	
001	-89  and  4401	-00	-001	-99.  The  scheme  period  and  its  financial  progress  is  given 	
below.	 	
2401	-00	-001	-89	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	30.00	 	30.00	 	29.09	 	97	 	
2006	-07	 	80.00	 	80.00	 	49.83	 	62	 	
4401	-00	-001	-99	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	19.98	 	100	 	
2006	-07	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	19.93	 	100	 	
 	
22.	 Kerala Agriculture University for on farm trials and frontline 
demonstrations	 	
On  farm  trials  and 	front  line  demonstrations  are  parts  of  agricultural  extension. 	
This  is  a  State  plan  scheme  implemented  through  Kerala  Agriculture  University  from 
2007	-08 to 2011	-12 under the budget head 2415	-01	-277	-90. The financial progress is	 	
given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	  	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2008	-09	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	25.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	169	 	
 	
23.	 Human Resources development	- Training support to field functionaries 	
of department and Panchayats	 	
 	This  scheme  aims  for  imparting  managerial  training  to  officers  in  the  areas 	
like  financial  m	anagement,  technical  management  and	 knowledge  management  to 	
upgrade  the  technical  and  managerial  competitiveness.  This  plan  scheme  is 
implemented  in  all  the  years  in  the  reference  period  and  the  head  of  account 
associated is 2415	-01	-277	-98. The financial progress is as follows.	 (Rs. in Lakh	s) 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	88.89	 	89	 	
2006	-07	 	100.00	 	90.00	 	85.32	 	95	 	
2007	-08	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.31	 	103	 	
2008	-09	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	14.72	 	98	 	
2009	-10	 	20.00	 	20.00	 	19.10	 	96	 	
2010	-11	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	47.73	 	95	 	
2011	-12	 	150.00	 	150.00	 	88.57	 	59	 	
2012	-13	 	150.00	 	143.90	 	125.43	 	87	 	
2013	-14	 	150.00	 	138.90	 	121.97	 	88	 	
2014	-15	 	230.00	 	210.00	 	142.38	 	68	 	
 	
24.	 	Promotion of Hi	-tech Innovative Agriculture	 	
 	This  State  sector  plan  scheme  implemented  in  2005	-06  and  2006	-07  was 	
under  the  plan  2401	-00	-800	-67.  The  financial  performance  is 	given  below	. (Rs.  in 	
Lakhs)	 
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	100.00	 	50.00	 	7.88	 	16	 	
2006	-07	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	33.76	 	68	 	
25.	 	Value addition and post harvest management (Vision 2010)	 	
 	The  scheme  period  and  financial  components  of  this  State  plan  scheme  is 	
given below. The budget provision was under 	the head 	2401	-00	-108	-41	. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised 	outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2006	-07	 	800.00	 	800.00	 	432.50	 	54

Page	 170	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
26.	 	Development of Kuttanad wetland ecosystem including Idukki district	 	
 	The  outlay  provided  in  this  scheme  is  for  the  implementation  of  selected 	
components  under  Idukki  and  Kuttanad	 packages  and  for  meeting 	the  operational 	
costs  covering  the  meetings  of  steering  committee,  Kuttanad  Prosperity  Council, 
establishment	 costs  and  monitoring  costs. 	The  implementation  period  and  year  wise 	
allocation  and  expenditure  of  this  scheme 	are	 given 	below.  The  budget  head  is  2401	-	
00	-800	-40.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100	 	
2009	-10	 	83.00	 	83.00	 	83.00	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	500.00	 	300.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2011	-12	 	50.00	 	45.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
27.	 	Pub	lic participation in 	agricultural	 production programme	 	
 	This  scheme  is  implemented  in  2005	-06  and  2006	-07  under  the  plan  head 	
2415	-01	-277	-97. The financial progress is given below.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	70.00	 	56.00	 	44.13	 	79	 	
2006	-07	 	70.00	 	63.00	 	48.07	 	76	 	
 	
28.	 	Sustainable trade security system	- Virtual University	 	
 	The  budget  allocation  to  this  plan  scheme  was  in  2005	-06  and  2006	-07  and 	
the  scheme  head  is  2415	-01	-277	-92.  The  financial  progress  is 	as  follows.  (Rs.  in 	
Lakhs)	 
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	100.00	 	50.00	 	93.99	 	188	 	
2006	-07	 	100.00	 	25.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
29.	 	Nagarathil oru Nattinpuram	 	
 	This plan scheme	 was	 implemented in 2005	-06 and 2006	-07 and the head of 	
account is 2401	-00	-119	-87. The financial progress is 	as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	200.00	 	100.00	 	41.53	 	42	 	
2006	-07	 	200.00	 	50.00	 	45.07	 	90

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	171	 	
 	
30.	 	Organic 	farming and safe to eat food production	 	
 	Organic  farming  is  an  emerging  area  in  the country  and  the export  potential  of 	
organic  products  is  increasing  across  the  world.  The  components  of  the  scheme 
include  assistance  for  organic  certification,  empowerment 	of  clusters,  promotional 	
assistance for clusters, green manuring, model units for OM operation, compost units 
and  safe  to eat  food  production. 	This  is  a State  plan  scheme  implemented  in  all  years 	
except in 2007	-08, 2008	-09 and 2009	-10	 under the head of acc	ount	 2401	-00	-105	-85	. 	
The 	financial progress is	 given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2005	-06	 	200.00	 	166.00	 	193.28	 	116	 	
2006	-07	 	200.00	 	200.00	 	199.30	 	100	 	
2010	-11	 	100.00	 	100.00	 	96.96	 	97	 	
2011	-12	 	500.00	 	500.00	 	449.93	 	90	 	
2012	-13	 	1000.00	 	657.00	 	279.79	 	43	 	
2013	-14	 	1000.00	 	1000.00	 	975.08	 	98	 	
2014	-15	 	1000.00	 	900.00	 	337.00	 	37	 	
31.	 	Weather Advisory services	 	
 	This  State  secto	r  scheme  was  implemented  in  2007	-08 only  and  the  budget 	
allocation was through the head of account 2401	-00	-110	-96. The financial progress is 	
as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
200	7-08 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	100	 	
32.	 	Rashtriya Krsishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) (ACA)	 	
This  is  a  special  central  assistance  scheme  of  the  Government  of  India, 	
primarily aimed at evolving a strategy to rejuvenate the agriculture sector of the State. 
The  objectives  of  the  scheme,  in  general,  are  to  provide  incentives  to  the  State  for 
increasin	g public investment in agriculture and allied sectors, and in particular, (1) to 	
ensure that agriculture for the State and districts are prepared based on agro	-climatic 	
conditions, availability of technology and natural resources; (2) to make sure that loc	al 	
needs/crops/priorities  are  better  reflected  in  the  agricultural  plan  of  the  State;  (3)to 
reduce  yield  gaps  in  important  crops  through  focused  interventions;  (4)  maximisation 
of  returns  to  farmers  in  agriculture  and  allied  sectors;  (5)  to  bring  about  qua	ntifiable 	
changes  in  production  and  productivity  of  various  components  of  agriculture  and 
allied  sectors  by  addressing  them  in  a  holistic  manner.  This  is  implemented  from 
2008	-09  in  Kerala  and  the  budget  allocation  is  through  the  plan  head  2401	-00	-800	-	
37. 	The year wise allocation	 and expenditure are	 given below (Rs. in Lakhs).

Page	 172	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	1000.00	 	5540.00	 	8485.41	 	153	 	
2009	-10	 	6011.00	 	11092.00	 	10922.78	 	98	 	
2010	-11	 	12000.00	 	12022.00	 	12019.81	 	100	 	
2011	-12	 	22500.00	 	22500.00	 	21134.35	 	94	 	
2012	-13	 	25875.00	 	25875.00	 	25255.14	 	98	 	
2013	-14	 	34076.00	 	24076.00	 	23681.31	 	98	 	
2014	-15	 	45500.00	 	43918.23	 	30070.00	 	68	 	
 	
33.	 	Kissan Sree	 	
 	Kissan  Sree  is  a  State  plan  scheme  implemented  in  2008	-09  and  2009	-10 	
under  the  plan  head	 2401	-00	-110	-93.  The  year  wise  financial  progress  is 	as  follows. 	
(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	0.00	 	83.33	 	72.91	 	88	 	
2009	-10	 	0.00	 	62.45	 	62.45	 	100	 	
 	
34.	 	Climate change adaptation	 	
 	Climate  change  induced  increase  in 	temperature  and  rainfall  variability  and 	
extreme  weather  events  are  projected  to  produce  a  rise  in  crop  failure,  pe	sts  and 	
disease  outbreaks  and  degradation  of  soil  resources.  Climate  change  impacts  and 
associated  vulnerability  are  of  particular  concern  fo	r  agriculture  in  the  State. 	This 	
State sector scheme is implemented in 2011	-12 under the plan 	head	 2401	-00	-107	-79	. 	
The financial progress is	 given below.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2011	-12	 	300.00	 	200.00	 	195.00	 	98	 	
35.	 	Development of pulses and tubers	 	
 	The development of pulses is the main component assuring the food security 	
of  the  State.  The  traditional  area  of  cultivation of  pulses  for  their  intensification so  as 
to  retain  the  past  story  of  cultivation  is  envisaged  in	 this  programme. 	This  State 	
scheme for development of pulses and tubers is implemented in 2012	-13 and 2013	-14 	
under the head 	of account 	2401	-00	-112	-96	. The financial progress is 	given below. 	(Rs. 	
in Lakhs)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	173	 	
 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2012	-13	 	150.00	 	150.00	 	149.99	 	100	 	
2013	-14	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	25.00	 	100	 	
36.	 	Hi	-Tech Agriculture	 	
 	Poly  houses  with  low  cost  technology  have  been  employed  successfully  to 	
grow  vegetables  round  the  year.  Green  house  technology  is  practiced  in  the  State  by 
very  few  entrepreneurs.  Expansion  of  seedlings  production  in  plastic  perforated  trays 
under  favourab	le  microclimate  created  in  cost  effective  low  cost  structures. 	
Standardization  of  new  growing  media  for  optimum  plant  growth,  refined  technology 
need to be fine	-tuned to suit different agro climatic conditions. 	This 	State plan scheme 	
is 	implemented  from  20	12	-13  to	 2014	-15  and  the  budget  allocation  is  through  the 	
head	s of account 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02) and 2401	-00	-113	-82. The head	 of 	account	 wise 	
financial achievement is	 given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Account	s 	% 	
2014	-15	 	100.00	 	75.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2401	-00	-113	-82	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2012	-13	 	1200.00	 	1200.00	 	1197.90	 	100	 	
2013	-14	 	1200.00	 	1200.00	 	927.89	 	77	 	
2014	-15	 	600.00	 	600.00	 	426.50	 	71	 	
37.	 	Soil health management and productivity improvement	 	
 	The  improvement  of  soil  health  is  essential  for  augmenting  crop  productivity 	
considering the depleted nutrient status of the soil resources of the State. 	The 	result of 	
soil  test  based  nutrient  management  is	 popularized  with  appropriate  link  with  input 	
agen	cies.  This	 scheme  for  the  management  of  soil  health  and  improvement  of 	
productivity  in  agriculture  is  implemented  from  2012	-13  onwards  and  the  budget 	
head is 2401	-00	-800	-28. The financial progress is	 as follows. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised 	outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2012	-13	 	700.00	 	400.00	 	109.19	 	27	 	
2013	-14	 	400	.00	 	400	.00	 	314.86	 	79	 	
2014	-15	 	3090	.00	 	2472	.00	 	2058.86	 	83

Page	 174	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
38.	 	Crop health management	 	
 	Notwithstanding  the  success  in  controlling  the  insect  pests,  diseases  and 	
weeds,  pesticides  adversely  affect  public  health  and  environment.  Residues  of 
pesticides in food crops often been reported to exceed their acceptable limits. The new 
approach  of  crop	 health  management  will  bring  together  management  towards 	
sustainable  ecosystems  and  people’s  health  through  good  plant  protection  practices. 
This 	plan scheme for 	crop health management s implemented from 2013	-14 under the 	
plan head 2401	-00	-107	-78. The fin	ancial progress 	is given below. 	(Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2013	-14	 	1300.00	 	975.00	 	849.36	 	87	 	
2014	-15	 	1335.00	 	1068.00	 	812.50	 	76	 	
 
 	
39.	 	Restructuring of PSUs in agriculture sector	 	
 	This special scheme for restructuring of PSUs engaged in agriculture sector is 	
implemented in 2008	-09 only. The budget provision was through the plan head 2401	-	
10	-190	-93 and its financial progress is 	given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised	 outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	15.00	 	100	 	
40.	 	Assistance for Kerala Agricultural University (ACA)	 	
 	This  ACA  scheme  for  providing  financial  assistance  to  Kerala 	Agriculture 	
University  was	 implemented  in  2008	-09	 under  the  budget  head  2415	-01	-277	-88.  The 	
financial progress is 	given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2008	-09	 	300.00	 	300.00	 	299.86	 	100	 	
 	
41.	 	Assistance to Paddico, Palakkad	 	
 	Assistance  to  Paddico,  a  rice  development 	agency	 in  Palakkad  district  has 	
been  provided  under  this  scheme  through  the  head  of  account  2401	-00	-195	-98  in 	
2007	-08. The financial progress is 	as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2007	-08	 	0.00	 	50.00	 	50.00	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	175	 	
 	
42.	 	Cropping 	system research in Kerala	 	
 	This  scheme  is  implemented  in  2011	-12  under  the  plan  head  2401	-00	-102	-	
81 and its financial progress is 100%. 	The details are as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2011	-12	 	200.00	 	200.00	 	200.00	 	100	 	
43.	 	13th Finance Commission	 award	 	
 	Kuttanad package is implemented with the support of Govt of India and State 	
plans  for  the  revival  of  Kuttanad	 wetland  ecosystems.  The  major  component  of  this 	
package  is  the  strengthening  of  the  outer  bund.  The  outlay  provided  is  for  the 
implementation of selected components 	of Kuttanad package approved under	 	13	th 	
Finance Commission 	award	. The head of account is 2	401	-00	-800	-32 and the fina	ncia	l 	
progress is 	as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2011	-12	 	7500.00	 	7500.00	 	5506.00	 	73	 	
2012	-13	 	7500.00	 	7500.00	 	5683.17	 	76	 	
2013	-14	 	7500.00	 	5450.00	 	4916.55	 	90	 	
2014	-15	 	7500.00	 	7500.00	 	7500.00	 	100	 	
 	
44.	 	Value Addition	 	
 	This  is  a  State  scheme  implemented  under  the  heads  of  account  2408	-01	-	
800	-81  and  2435	-01	-800	-94.  The  scheme  period  and  the  financial  progress  under 	
each head 	are	 as follows.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
2408	-01	-800	-81	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2013	-14	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	10.00	 	100	 	
2435	-01	-800	-94	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2012	-13	 	1500.00	 	1317.00	 	1111.11	 	84	 	
2013	-14	 	340.00	 	340.00	 	180.00	 	53	 	
2014	-15	 	315.00	 	283.51	 	240.00	 	85

Page	 176	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 	
45.	 	Pilot scheme on income support	 	
 	This  is  a  State  plan  scheme  implemented  under  the  budget  head  2401	-00	-	
800	-26. The scheme perio	d and its financial component are	 given below.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2012	-13	 	400.00	 	320.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
2013	-14	 	500.00	 	250.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
46.	 	Kuttanad heritage project	 	
 	Kuttanad  package  is  implemented  from  2013	-14  under  the  plan  head  2401	-	
00	-800	-23 for the development of Kuttanad wetland ecosystem. The financial progress 	
is 	given below. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2013	-14	 	500.00	 	250.00	 	100.00	 	40	 	
2014	-15	 	500.00	 	45.00	 	0.00	 	0 	
47.	 	Wayanad package	 	
 	Wayanad  package  is  implemented  in  the  State  from  2012	-13  onwards  under 	
the plan head 2401	-00	-800	-27. The financial progress is given below.	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2012	-13	 	2500.00	 	2500.00	 	2253.18	 	90	 	
2013	-14	 	1900.00	 	1900.00	 	1500.27	 	79	 	
2014	-15	 	1900.00	 	1805.00	 	856.81	 	47	 	
48.	 	School Bio Gas	 	
 	This  new  scheme  is  implemented  in  2014	-15  under  the  budget  head  2401	-	
00	-109	-71. The financial performance is 	as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2014	-15	 	0.00	 	514.04	 	418.76	 	81	 	
 	
49.	 	Integrated Agri Garden scheme	 	
 	This  scheme  is  implemented  in  20014	-15  under  budget  head  2401	-00	-104	-	
81. The financial progress is 	as follows. (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Year	 	Original outlay	 	Revised outlay	 	Accounts	 	% 	
2014	-15	 	0.00	 	259.89	 	259.88	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	177	 	
 	
ANNEX UR ES

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	178	 	
 	
1.	 Stat	e Plan schemes	- Outlay and Expenditure from 	the year	s 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 (Rs. in Lakhs)	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Acct	s 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Acct	s 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Acct	s 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	
1 
 	
Production and 
distribution of quality 
planting materials	- 	
Agricultural farms	 	
2401	-00	-104	-91	 	160	 	160	 	158.44	 	99	 	120	 	120	 	119.42	 	100	 	110	 	110	 	109.96	 	100	 	
4401	-00	-104	-98	 	40	 	40	 	39.23	 	98	 	30	 	30	 	27.36	 	91	 	15	 	15	 	14.94	 	100	 	
2 	
Production and 
distribution of quality 
planting materials	- VFPCK 	
Kerala	 	2401	-00	-103	-82	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	50	 	50	 	50.01	 	100	 	
3 	
Production and 
distribution of quality 
planting materials	- Seed 	
authority	 	2401	-00	-103	-83	 	  	  	 	 	 	  	  	  	75	 	75	 	75	 	100	 	
4 
 	
Kerala Agricultural 
University for planting 
material	 programme	 	
2401	-00	-103	-79	 	  	  	 	 	 	  	  	  	
 	
  	  	  	
2415	-01	-277	-91	 	  	  	 	 	 	  	  	  	75	 	75	 	75	 	100	 	
5 
 	
Grass root level support 
system for Agriculture 
development at 
Panchayat level and 
restructuring the 
Agriculture Dept at State 
and District level	 	
2401	-00	-001	-89	 	30	 	30	 	29.09	 	97	 	80	 	80	 	49.83	 	62	 	  	  	  	  	
4401	-00	-001	-99	 	20	 	20	 	19.98	 	100	 	20	 	20	 	19.93	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	
6 	Integrated Pest 
Management System	 	2401	-00	-107	-83	 	46	 	46	 	37.91	 	82	 	50	 	50	 	45.28	 	91	 	50	 	50	 	47.25	 	95	 	
7 	
Sustainable development 
of rice based farming 
system through group 
action (Integrated food 
crop production)	 	2401	-00	-102	-90	 	1800	 	1800	 	1577.5	 	88	 	1800	 	1850	 	1838.24	 	99	 	1425	 	1425	 	1406.59	 	99

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	179	 	
 
200	8-09 to 2010	-11	    	BE	- Budget Estimate, RE	- Revised Estimate, 	Accts	- Accounts, %	- % of 	Accts	 against 	RE 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	
1 
 	
Production and 
distribution of quality 
planting materials	- 	
Agricultural farms	 	
2401	-00	-104	-91	 	110	 	110	 	109.97	 	100	 	0 	110	 	108.55	 	99	 	175	 	175	 	169.7	 	97	 	
4401	-00	-104	-98	 	15	 	15	 	14.53	 	97	 	15	 	15	 	14.75	 	98	 	25	 	25	 	21.98	 	88	 	
2 	
Production and 
distribution of quality 
planting materials	- 	
VFPCK Kerala	 	2401	-00	-103	-82	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
3 	
Production and 
distribution of quality 
planting materials	- Seed 	
authority	 	2401	-00	-103	-83	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	
4 
 	
Kerala Agricultural 
University for planting 
material programme	 	
2401	-00	-103	-79	 	 	 	  	  	 	  	  	  	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	
2415	-01	-277	-91	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	 	 	 	  	 	  	 	  	
5 
 	
Grass root level support 
system for Agriculture 
development at 
Panchayat level and 
restructuring the 
Agriculture Dept at State 
and District level	 	
2401	-00	-001	-89	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4401	-00	-001	-99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
6 	Integrated Pest 
Management System	 	2401	-00	-107	-83	 	50	 	50	 	47.72	 	95	 	50	 	50	 	39.23	 	78	 	50	 	50	 	47.14	 	94	 	
7 	
Sustainable development 
of rice based farming 
system through group 
action (Integrated food 
crop production)	 	2401	-00	-102	-90	 	2000	 	2000	 	1999.72	 	100	 	2300	 	2300	 	2288.7	 	100	 	2900	 	2900	 	2892.14	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	180	 	
 
Sta	te Plan Schemes 1 to 7, 	2011	-12 to 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Acct	s 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Acct	s 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Acct	s 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	39 	
1 
 	
Production and 
distribution of quality 
planting materials	- 	
Agricultural farms	 	
2401	-00	-104	-91	 	200	 	200	 	196.34	 	98	 	660	 	660	 	608.57	 	92	 	620	 	620	 	515.39	 	83	 	
4401	-00	-104	-98	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	40	 	38	 	14.25	 	38	 	230	 	230	 	231.13	 	100	 	
2 	
Production and 
distribution of quality 
planting materials	- 	
VFPCK Kerala	 	2401	-00	-103	-82	 	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	  	  	  	  	
3 	
Production and 
distribution of quality 
planting materials	- Seed 	
authority	 	2401	-00	-103	-83	 	25	 	25	 	25.02	 	100	 	 	  	 	  	 	  	  	  	
4 
 	
Kerala Agricultural 
University for planting 
material programme	 	
2401	-00	-103	-79	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	 	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	
2415	-01	-277	-91	 	 	  	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
5 
 	
Grass root level support 
system for Agriculture 
development at 
Panchayat level and 
restructuring the 
Agriculture Dept at State 
and District level	 	
2401	-00	-001	-89	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4401	-00	-001	-99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
6 	Integrated Pest 
Management System	 	2401	-00	-107	-83	 	50	 	50	 	48.15	 	96	 	100	 	90.5	 	57.42	 	63	 	 	  	  	  	
7 	
Sustainable development 
of rice based farming 
system through group 
action (Integrated food 
crop production)	 	2401	-00	-102	-90	 	2900	 	2900	 	2898.65	 	100	 	5000	 	5000	 	4910.14	 	98	 	5000	 	5000	 	4939.62	 	99

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	181	 	
 
State Plan Schemes 1 to 7, 	2014	-15 and Total for 10 years	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME	 NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	Ten Years Total	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	46 	47 	
1 
 	
Production and distribution of 
quality planting materials	- 	
Agricultural farms	 	
2401	-00	-104	-91	 	1075	 	810	 	770.05	 	95	 	3230	 	3075	 	2866.39	 	93	 	
4401	-00	-104	-98	 	375	 	337.5	 	291.23	 	86	 	810	 	770.5	 	694.4	 	90	 	
2 	
Production and distribution of 
quality planting materials	- 	
VFPCK Kerala	 	2401	-00	-103	-82	 	  	  	  	  	  	75	 	75.01	 	100	 	
3 	
Production and distribution of 
quality planting materials	- 	
Seed authority	 	2401	-00	-103	-83	 	  	  	  	  	  	250	 	250.02	 	100	 	
4 
 	
Kerala Agricultural University 
for planting material 
programme	 	
2401	-00	-103	-79	 	  	  	  	  	  	100	 	100	 	100	 	
2415	-01	-277	-91	 	  	  	  	  	  	125	 	125	 	100	 	
5 
 	
Grass root level support 
system for Agriculture 
development at Panchayat 
level and restructuring the 
Agriculture Dept at State and 
District level	 	
2401	-00	-001	-89	 	  	  	  	  	110	 	110	 	78.92	 	72	 	
4401	-00	-001	-99	 	  	  	  	  	40	 	40	 	39.91	 	100	 	
6 	Integrated Pest 	Management 	
System	 	2401	-00	-107	-83	 	  	  	  	  	446	 	436.5	 	370.1	 	85	 	
7 	
Sustainable development of 
rice based farming system 
through group action 
(Integrated food crop 
production)	 	2401	-00	-102	-90	 	3352	 	3352	 	3313.52	 	99	 	28477	 	28527	 	28064.82	 	98

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	182	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 8 	to 16, 2005	-06 to 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	
8 	
Quality control of 
fertilizers and pesticides	- 	
Additional facilities for 
existing 	laboratories	 	2401	-00	-105	-97	 	15	 	15	 	14.8	 	99	 	15	 	15	 	14.84	 	99	 	  	  	  	  	
9 	Coconut development	 	2401	-00	-103	-87	 	455	 	455	 	449.73	 	99	 	1023	 	1023	 	1014.96	 	99	 	1120	 	1120	 	1114.41	 	100	 	
10	 	
Development of 
vegetables	- Vegetable 	
promotion through dept of 
agriculture	 	2401	-00	-119	-85	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	
Promotion of vegetable 
cultivation through VFPCK 
in selected districts	 	2401	-00	-119	-92	 	400	 	400	 	405.71	 	101	 	400	 	300	 	250	 	83	 	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Agricultur	al extension and 	
communication	- 	
Strengthening agricultural 
extension	 	2401	-00	-109	-80	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	115	 	115	 	112.43	 	98	 	
13	 	
Agricultural	 extension and 	
communication	- SAMETI	 	2401	-00	-800	-42	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
14	 	
Agricultural	 extension and 	
communication	- Kisan 	
project	 	2401	-00	-800	-36	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
15	 	
Agricultur	al extension and 	
communication	- Kerala 	
Agriculture University	 	2401	-00	-109	-78	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
16	 	
Agricultur	al extension and 	
communication	- ATMA call 	
centres (one time ACA)	 	2401	-00	-109	-73

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	183	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 8 to 16, 2008	-09 to 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	
8 	
Quality control of 
fertilizers and pesticides	- 	
Additional facilities for 
existing laboratories	 	2401	-00	-105	-97	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
9 	Coconut development	 	2401	-00	-103	-87	 	1500	 	1500	 	1469.61	 	98	 	1525	 	1525	 	1510.06	 	99	 	3000	 	3000	 	2864.07	 	95	 	
10	 	
Development of 
vegetables	- Vegetable 	
promotion through dept of 
agriculture	 	2401	-00	-119	-85	 	60	 	191.88	 	186.29	 	97	 	125	 	125	 	124.8	 	100	 	307	 	307	 	286.31	 	93	 	
11	 	
Promotion of vegetable 
cultivation through VFPCK 
in selected districts	 	2401	-00	-119	-92	 	40	 	40	 	40	 	100	 	75	 	75	 	75	 	100	 	225	 	225	 	225	 	100	 	
12	 	
Agricultural extension and 
communication	- 	
Strengthening agricultural 
extension	 	2401	-00	-109	-80	 	155	 	155	 	149.2	 	96	 	195	 	152.95	 	136.12	 	89	 	442	 	355.12	 	225.05	 	63	 	
13	 	
Agricultural extension and 
communication	- SAMETI	 	2401	-00	-800	-42	 	100	 	100	 	100.1	 	100	 	60	 	160	 	160	 	100	 	60	 	60	 	60	 	100	 	
14	 	
Agricultural extension and 
communication	- Kisan 	
project	 	2401	-00	-800	-36	 	  	  	  	  	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	35	 	35	 	35	 	100	 	
15	 	
Agricultural extension and 
communication	- Kerala 	
Agriculture University	 	2401	-00	-109	-78	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	
16	 	
Agricultural extension and 
communication	- ATMA call 	
centres (one time ACA)	 	2401	-00	-109	-73

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	184	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 8 to 16, 2011	-12 to 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	39 	
8 	
Quality control of 
fertilizers and pesticides	- 	
Additional facilities for 
existing laboratories	 	2401	-00	-105	-97	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
9 	Coconut development	 	2401	-00	-103	-87	 	3000	 	3000	 	2941.44	 	98	 	4500	 	4276	 	4478.17	 	105	 	5000	 	5000	 	6686.45	 	134	 	
10	 	
Development of 
vegetables	- Vegetable 	
promotion through dept 
of agriculture	 	2401	-00	-119	-85	 	350	 	350	 	345.59	 	99	 	4250	 	4313.7	 	4307.18	 	100	 	5625	 	5625	 	5346.69	 	95	 	
11	 	
Promotion of vegetable 
cultivation through VFPCK 
in selected districts	 	2401	-00	-119	-92	 	325	 	325	 	325	 	100	 	600	 	600	 	600	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Agricultural extension and 
communication	- 	
Strengthening agricultural 
extension	 	2401	-00	-109	-80	 	705	 	705	 	704.87	 	100	 	1725	 	1553.45	 	1244.23	 	80	 	2400	 	2400	 	1960.96	 	82	 	
13	 	
Agricultural extension and 
communication	- SAMETI	 	2401	-00	-800	-42	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
14	 	
Agriculture extension and 
communication	- Kisan 	
project	 	2401	-00	-800	-36	 	40	 	40	 	40	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
15	 	
Agricultural extension and 
communication	- Kerala 	
Agriculture University	 	2401	-00	-109	-78	 	50	 	50	 	0 	0 	75	 	75	 	0 	0 	100	 	50	 	16.93	 	34	 	
16	 	
Agricultural extension and 
communication	- ATMA call 	
centres (one time ACA)	 	2401	-00	-109	-73

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	185	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 8 to 16, 2014	-15 and 10 years total	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	10 years Total	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	46 	47 	
8 	
Quality control of 
fertilizers and pesticides	- 	
Additional facilities for 
existing laboratories	 	2401	-00	-105	-97	 	  	  	  	  	30	 	30	 	29.64	 	99	 	
9 	Coconut development	 	2401	-00	-103	-87	 	4500	 	4500	 	2508.07	 	56	 	25623	 	25399	 	25036.97	 	99	 	
10	 	
Development of 
vegetables	- Vegetable 	
promotion through dept 
of agriculture	 	2401	-00	-119	-85	 	6400	 	6400	 	5912.56	 	92	 	17117	 	17312.58	 	16509.42	 	95	 	
11	 	
Promotion of vegetable 
cultivation through VFPCK 
in selected districts	 	2401	-00	-119	-92	 	  	  	  	  	2065	 	1965	 	1920.71	 	98	 	
12	 	
Agricultural	 extension and 	
communication	- 	
Strengthening agricultural 
extension	 	2401	-00	-109	-80	 	3500	 	2627.75	 	2150.32	 	82	 	9237	 	8064.27	 	6683.18	 	83	 	
13	 	
Agricultural	 extension and 	
communication	- SAMETI	 	2401	-00	-800	-42	 	  	  	  	  	320	 	420	 	420.1	 	100	 	
14	 	
Agricultural	 extension and 	
communication	- Kisan 	
project	 	2401	-00	-800	-36	 	  	  	  	  	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	
15	 	
Agricultur	al extension and 	
communication	- Kerala 	
Agriculture University	 	2401	-00	-109	-78	 	  	  	  	  	275	 	225	 	66.93	 	30	 	
16	 	
Agricultur	al 	extension and 	
communication	- ATMA call 	
centres (one time ACA)	 	2401	-00	-109	-73	 	500	 	500	 	500	 	100	 	500	 	500	 	500	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	186	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 17 to 24,	 2005	-06 to 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	
17	 	Agro service centres	 	2401	-00	-113	-86	 	  	  	  	  	100	 	100	 	0 	0 	20	 	20	 	20	 	100	 	
18	 
 	
Farm information and 
communication	 	
4401	-00	-109	-99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	10	 	10	 	9.98	 	100	 	
2401	-00	-109	-84	 	100	 	100	 	98.73	 	99	 	100	 	100	 	99.29	 	99	 	105	 	105	 	105.02	 	100	 	
19	 	
On farm trials, frontline 
demonstrations and 
participatory technology 
development	- Assistance 	
to VFPCK	 	2401	-00	-109	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	
20	 	
Kerala Agriculture 
University for on farm 
trials and frontline 
demonstrations	 	2415	-01	-277	-90	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	
21	 	Application of 
Information Technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-41	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
22	 
 	
Small Farm 
mechanisation and 
agriculture engineering 
services	 	
4401	-00	-113	-99	 	5 	5 	5 	100	 	5 	5 	5 	100	 	4.24	 	4.24	 	4.23	 	100	 	
2401	-00	-113	-90	 	70	 	70	 	65.76	 	94	 	20	 	20	 	19.27	 	96	 	  	  	  	  	
23	 	
Human Resources 
development	- Training 	
support to field 
functionaries of 
department and 
Panchayats	 	2415	-01	-277	-98	 	100	 	100	 	88.89	 	89	 	100	 	90	 	85.32	 	95	 	10	 	10	 	10.31	 	103	 	
24	 	
Production risk 
management	- Crop 	
insurance fund including 
paddy crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-99	 	75	 	75	 	75	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	187	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 17 to 24, 2008	-09 to 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	
17	 	Agro service centres	 	2401	-00	-113	-86	 	20	 	20	 	19.87	 	99	 	20	 	20	 	19.89	 	99	 	25	 	25	 	21.98	 	88	 	
18	 
 	
Farm information and 
communication	 	
4401	-00	-109	-99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	25	 	25	 	6.5	 	26	 	
2401	-00	-109	-84	 	115	 	115	 	115.03	 	100	 	120	 	120	 	118.87	 	99	 	165	 	165	 	164.28	 	100	 	
19	 	
On farm trials, frontline 
demonstrations and 
participatory technology 
development	- Assistance 	
to VFPCK	 	2401	-00	-109	-81	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
20	 	
Kerala Agriculture 
University for on farm 
trials and frontline 
demonstrations	 	2415	-01	-277	-90	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	
21	 	Application of Information 
Technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-41	 	15	 	15	 	12.10	 	81	 	15	 	15	 	14.17	 	94	 	25	 	25	 	24.87	 	99	 	
22	 
 	
Small Farm mechanisation 
and agriculture 
engineering services	 	
4401	-00	-113	-99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-113	-90	 	50	 	50	 	42.78	 	86	 	50	 	50	 	49.93	 	100	 	200	 	200	 	176.16	 	88	 	
23	 	
Human Resources 
development	- Training 	
support to field 
functionaries of 
department and 
Panchayats	 	2415	-01	-277	-98	 	15	 	15	 	14.72	 	98	 	20	 	20	 	19.1	 	96	 	50	 	50	 	47.73	 	95	 	
24	 	
Production risk 
management	- Crop 	
insurance fund including 
paddy crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-99	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	188	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 17 to 24, 2011	-12 to 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	39 	
17	 	Agro service centres	 	2401	-00	-113	-86	 	15	 	15	 	12.02	 	80	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
18	 
 	
Farm information and 
communication	 	
4401	-00	-109	-99	 	25	 	25	 	0 	0 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	
2401	-00	-109	-84	 	225	 	225	 	222.53	 	99	 	325	 	325	 	323.33	 	99	 	350	 	350	 	347.6	 	99	 	
19	 	
On farm trials, frontline 
demonstrations and 
participatory technology 
development	- Assistance 	
to VFPCK	 	2401	-00	-109	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
20	 	
Kerala Agriculture 
University for on farm 
trials and frontline 
demonstrations	 	2415	-01	-277	-90	 	25	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
21	 	Application of 
Information Technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-41	 	200	 	200	 	147.76	 	74	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
22	 
 	
Small Farm 
mechanisation and 
agriculture engineering 
services	 	
4401	-00	-113	-99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-113	-90	 	100	 	100	 	98.38	 	98	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
23	 	
Human Resources 
development	- Training 	
support to field 
functionaries of 
department and 
Panchayats	 	2415	-01	-277	-98	 	150	 	150	 	88.57	 	59	 	150	 	143.9	 	125.43	 	87	 	150	 	138.9	 	121.97	 	88	 	
24	 	
Production risk 
management	- Crop 	
insurance fund including 
paddy crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-99	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	920	 	920	 	920	 	100	 	570	 	570	 	570	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	189	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 17 to 24, 2014	-15 and total for 10 years	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	46 	47 	
17	 	Agro service centres	 	2401	-00	-113	-86	 	  	  	  	  	200	 	200	 	93.76	 	47	 	
18	 
 	
Farm information and 
communication	 	
4401	-00	-109	-99	 	25	 	25	 	0 	0 	135	 	135	 	66.48	 	49	 	
2401	-00	-109	-84	 	375	 	375	 	375	 	100	 	1980	 	1980	 	1969.68	 	99	 	
19	 	
On farm trials, frontline 
demonstrations and 
participatory technology 
development	- Assistance to 	
VFPCK	 	2401	-00	-109	-81	 	  	  	  	  	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	
20	 	
Kerala Agriculture University 
for on farm trials and frontline 
demonstrations	 	2415	-01	-277	-90	 	  	  	  	  	125	 	150	 	150	 	100	 	
21	 	Application of Information 
Technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-41	 	  	  	  	  	255.00	 	255.00	 	198.90	 	78	 	
22	 
 	
Small	 Farm mechanisation and 	
agriculture engineering services	 	
4401	-00	-113	-99	 	  	  	  	  	14.24	 	14.24	 	14.23	 	100	 	
2401	-00	-113	-90	 	  	  	  	  	490	 	490	 	452.28	 	92	 	
23	 	
Human Resources 
development	- Training support 	
to field functionaries of 
department and Panchayats	 	2415	-01	-277	-98	 	230	 	210	 	142.38	 	68	 	975	 	927.8	 	744.42	 	80	 	
24	 	
Production risk management	- 	
Crop insurance fund including 
paddy crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-99	 	500	 	500	 	500	 	100	 	2665	 	2665	 	2665	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	190	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 	25 to 35	, 2005	-06 to 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	
25	 	National agricultural 
insurance programme	 	2401	-00	-110	-97	 	100	 	274.89	 	233.11	 	85	 	200	 	160	 	16.59	 	10	 	200	 	120	 	114.07	 	95	 	
26	 	
Govt of India supported 
insurance scheme (One 
time ACA)	 	2401	-00	-110	-87	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
27	 	Coconut crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-95	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
28	 	
Contingency programme 
to meet natural 
calamities	 	2401	-00	-800	-91	 	  	  	  	  	25	 	25	 	23.81	 	95	 	20	 	1220	 	1220.78	 	100	 	
29	 	Weather based insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-94	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
30	 	Paddy crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-92	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
31	 	Vegetable crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-90	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	
Setting up of automatic 
weather stations for 
implementing weather 
insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-89	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
33	 	
Kerala State Horticultural 
Products development 
corporation	- share 	
capital contribution	 	4401	-00	-190	-97	 	5 	30	 	30	 	100	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	5 	55	 	55	 	100	 	
34	 	State Horticulture 
Mission	- State share	 	2401	-00	-119	-86	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	300	 	300	 	300	 	100	 	
35	 	Promotion of Hi	-tech 	
Innovative Agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-67	 	100	 	50	 	7.88	 	16	 	50	 	50	 	33.76	 	68

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	191	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 25 to 35, 2008	-09 to 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	
25	 	National agricultural 
insurance programme	 	2401	-00	-110	-97	 	100	 	267.23	 	267.23	 	100	 	150	 	150	 	77.9	 	52	 	150	 	150	 	150	 	100	 	
26	 	
Govt of India 
supported insurance 
scheme (One time 
ACA)	 	2401	-00	-110	-87	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
27	 	Coconut crop 
insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-95	 	100	 	50	 	0 	0 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	25	 	25	 	0 	0 	
28	 	
Contingency 
programme to meet 
natural calamities	 	2401	-00	-800	-91	 	20	 	1300	 	1299.43	 	100	 	20	 	20	 	20.09	 	100	 	50	 	50	 	50.41	 	101	 	
29	 	Weather based 
insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-94	 	  	  	  	  	25	 	65.2	 	65.2	 	100	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	
30	 	Paddy crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-92	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	500	 	500	 	500	 	100	 	
31	 	Vegetable crop 
insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-90	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	
Setting up of automatic 
weather stations for 
implementing weather 
insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-89	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
33	 	
Kerala State 
Horticultural Products 
development 
corporation	- share 	
capital contribution	 	4401	-00	-190	-97	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	100	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	100	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	100	 	
34	 	State Horticulture 
Mission	- State share	 	2401	-00	-119	-86	 	200	 	1326.6	 	1326.6	 	100	 	200	 	200	 	200	 	100	 	200	 	785	 	785	 	100	 	
35	 	Promotion of Hi	-tech 	
Innovative Agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-67

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	192	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 25 to 35, 2011	-12 to 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	39 	
25	 	National agricultural 
insurance programme	 	2401	-00	-110	-97	 	150	 	150	 	0 	0 	  	  	  	  	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	
26	 	
Govt of India supported 
insurance scheme (One 
time ACA)	 	2401	-00	-110	-87	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
27	 	Coconut crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-95	 	25	 	25	 	0 	0 	  	  	  	  	25	 	25	 	0 	0 	
28	 	
Contingency programme 
to meet natural 
calamities	 	2401	-00	-800	-91	 	50	 	105	 	105.97	 	101	 	79	 	212.41	 	210.7	 	99	 	80	 	80	 	97.4	 	122	 	
29	 	Weather based 
insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-94	 	25	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	
30	 	Paddy crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-92	 	400	 	400	 	400	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
31	 	Vegetable crop 
insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-90	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	150	 	150	 	150	 	100	 	
32	 	
Setting up of automatic 
weather stations for 
implementing weather 
insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-89	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	55	 	55	 	0 	0 	
33	 	
Kerala State 
Horticultural Products 
development 
corporation	- share 	
capital contribution	 	4401	-00	-190	-97	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
34	 	State Horticulture 
Mission	- State share	 	2401	-00	-119	-86	 	1100	 	1773.24	 	1773.24	 	100	 	1100	 	1100	 	1100	 	100	 	1100	 	1100	 	1097.6	 	100	 	
35	 	Promotion of Hi	-tech 	
Innovative Agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-67

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	193	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 25 to 35, 2014	-15 and total for 10 years	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	46 	47 	
25	 	National agricultural 
insurance programme	 	2401	-00	-110	-97	 	  	  	  	  	1150	 	1372.12	 	958.9	 	70	 	
26	 	
Govt of India supported 
insurance scheme (One 
time ACA)	 	2401	-00	-110	-87	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	
27	 	Coconut crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-95	 	  	  	  	  	200	 	150	 	25	 	17	 	
28	 	Contingency programme 
to meet natural calamities	 	2401	-00	-800	-91	 	300	 	240	 	117.91	 	49	 	644	 	3252.41	 	3146.5	 	97	 	
29	 	Weather based insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-94	 	  	  	  	  	125	 	240.2	 	240.2	 	100	 	
30	 	Paddy crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-92	 	  	  	  	  	900	 	900	 	900	 	100	 	
31	 	Vegetable crop insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-90	 	  	  	  	  	150	 	150	 	150	 	100	 	
32	 	
Setting up of automatic 
weather stations for 
implementing weather 
insurance	 	2401	-00	-110	-89	 	  	  	  	  	55	 	55	 	0 	0 	
33	 	
Kerala State Horticultural 
Products development 
corporation	- share capital 	
contribution	 	4401	-00	-190	-97	 	  	25	 	25	 	100	 	100	 	200	 	200	 	100	 	
34	 	State Horticulture Mission	- 	
State share	 	2401	-00	-119	-86	 	1100	 	8900	 	2225	 	25	 	5300	 	15484.84	 	8807.44	 	57	 	
35	 	Promotion of Hi	-tech 	
Innovative Agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-67	 	  	  	  	  	150	 	100	 	41.64	 	42

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	194	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 36 to	 46	, 2005	-06 to 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	
36	 	
Establishment of 
modern 	laboratories	 	4401	-00	-107	-97	 	150	 	150	 	28.49	 	19	 	100	 	100	 	22.6	 	23	 	100	 	95.76	 	86.08	 	90	 	
37	 	
Modernisation of 
departmental 
laboratories	 	2401	-00	-105	-86	 	150	 	82.5	 	59.06	 	72	 	100	 	100	 	99.43	 	99	 	100	 	100	 	98.58	 	99	 	
38	 	
Value 	addition	 and post 	
harvest management 
(Vision 2010)	 	2401	-00	-108	-41	 	  	  	  	  	800	 	800	 	432.5	 	54	 	 	 	 	  	
39	 	Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-108	-40	 	  	  	  	  	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	
40	 	
Rural 	Infrastructure	 	
Development Fund 
Projects (RIDF)	 	4401	-00	-104	-96	 	  	  	  	  	1500	 	900	 	0 	0 	1000	 	750	 	0 	0 	
41	 	
Development of 
Kuttanad wetland 
ecosystem	 including 	
Idukki district	 	2401	-00	-800	-40	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
42	 	
Public participation in 
agriculture production 
programme	 	2415	-01	-277	-97	 	70	 	56	 	44.13	 	79	 	70	 	63	 	48.07	 	76	 	  	  	  	  	
43	 	
Establishment of 
Agriculture Export Zone	 	2401	-00	-800	-52	 	475	 	237.5	 	4.2	 	2 	175	 	15	 	15	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	
44	 	
Sustainable trade 
security system	- Virtual 	
University	 	2415	-01	-277	-92	 	100	 	50	 	93.99	 	188	 	100	 	25	 	0 	0 	  	  	  	  	
45	 	
Nagarathil oru 
Nattinpuram	 	2401	-00	-119	-87	 	200	 	100	 	41.53	 	42	 	200	 	50	 	45.07	 	90	 	  	  	  	  	
46	 	
  	
Loans to Agro Industries 
Corporation (KAIC)	 	
6401	-00	-800	-82	 	  	150	 	239.99	 	160	 	  	80	 	80	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	
6401	-00	-190	-96

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	195	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 36 to 46, 2008	-09 to 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	
36	 	
Establishment of 
modern 	laboratories	 	4401	-00	-107	-97	 	50	 	50	 	42.21	 	84	 	50	 	50	 	48.94	 	98	 	100	 	100	 	20.24	 	20	 	
37	 	
Modernisation of 
departmental 
laboratories	 	2401	-00	-105	-86	 	150	 	150	 	140.43	 	94	 	150	 	150	 	150.15	 	100	 	400	 	400	 	375.45	 	94	 	
38	 	
Value 	addition	 and post 	
harvest management 
(Vision 2010)	 	2401	-00	-108	-41	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
39	 	Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-108	-40	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
40	 	
Rural 	Infrastructure	 	
Development Fund 
Projects (RIDF)	 	4401	-00	-104	-96	 	500	 	500	 	0 	0 	500	 	250	 	100	 	40	 	100	 	100	 	0 	0 	
41	 	
Development of 
Kuttanad wetland 
ecosystem	 including 	
Idukki district	 	2401	-00	-800	-40	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	83	 	83	 	83	 	100	 	500	 	300	 	0 	0 	
42	 	
Public participation in 
agriculture production 
programme	 	2415	-01	-277	-97	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
43	 	
Establishment of 
Agriculture Export Zone	 	2401	-00	-800	-52	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
44	 	
Sustainable trade 
security system	- Virtual 	
University	 	2415	-01	-277	-92	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
45	 	
Nagarathil oru 
Nattinpuram	 	2401	-00	-119	-87	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
46	 	
  	
Loans to Agro Industries 
Corporation (KAIC)	 	
6401	-00	-800	-82	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
6401	-00	-190	-96	 	  	  	  	  	0 	215	 	215	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	196	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 36 to 46, 2011	-12 to 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	39 	
36	 	
Establishment of 
modern laboratories	 	4401	-00	-107	-97	 	60	 	60	 	42.88	 	71	 	60	 	60	 	52.65	 	88	 	435	 	326.25	 	251.43	 	77	 	
37	 	
Modernisation of 
departmental 
laboratories	 	2401	-00	-105	-86	 	735	 	535	 	508.85	 	95	 	440	 	356	 	242.29	 	68	 	65	 	65	 	60.01	 	92	 	
38	 	
Value addition and post 
harvest management 
(Vision 2010)	 	2401	-00	-108	-41	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
39	 	Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-108	-40	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
40	 	
Rural Infrastructure 
Development Fund 
Projects (RIDF)	 	4401	-00	-104	-96	 	100	 	100	 	41	 	41	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
41	 	
Development of 
Kuttanad wetland 
ecosystem including 
Idukki district	 	2401	-00	-800	-40	 	50	 	45	 	0 	0 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
42	 	
Public participation in 
agriculture production 
programme	 	2415	-01	-277	-97	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
43	 	
Establishment of 
Agriculture Export Zone	 	2401	-00	-800	-52	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
44	 	
Sustainable trade 
security system	- Virtual 	
University	 	2415	-01	-277	-92	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
45	 	
Nagarathil oru 
Nattinpuram	 	2401	-00	-119	-87	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
46	 	
  	
Loans to Agro 
Industries Corporation 
(KAIC)	 	
6401	-00	-800	-82	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
6401	-00	-190	-96

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	197	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 36 to 46, 2014	-15 and total for 10 years	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	46 	47 	
36	 	
Establishment of modern 
laboratories	 	4401	-00	-107	-97	 	375	 	337.5	 	214.17	 	63	 	1480	 	1329.51	 	809.69	 	61	 	
37	 	
Modernisation of 
departmental laboratories	 	2401	-00	-105	-86	 	100	 	84.24	 	28.59	 	34	 	2390	 	2022.74	 	1762.84	 	87	 	
38	 	
Value addition and post 
harvest management 
(Vision 2010)	 	2401	-00	-108	-41	 	  	  	  	  	800	 	800	 	432.5	 	54	 	
39	 	Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-108	-40	 	  	  	  	  	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	
40	 	
Rural Infrastructure 
Development Fund 
Projects (RIDF)	 	4401	-00	-104	-96	 	  	  	  	  	3700	 	2600	 	141	 	5 	
41	 	
Development of Kuttanad 
wetland ecosystem 
including Idukki district	 	2401	-00	-800	-40	 	  	  	  	  	683	 	478	 	133	 	28	 	
42	 	
Public participation in 
agriculture production 
programme	 	2415	-01	-277	-97	 	  	  	  	  	140	 	119	 	92.2	 	77	 	
43	 	
Establishment of 
Agriculture Export Zone	 	2401	-00	-800	-52	 	  	  	  	  	650	 	252.5	 	19.2	 	8 	
44	 	
Sustainable trade security 
system	- Virtual University	 	2415	-01	-277	-92	 	  	  	  	  	200	 	75	 	93.99	 	125	 	
45	 	
Nagarathil oru 
Nattinpuram	 	2401	-00	-119	-87	 	  	  	  	  	400	 	150	 	86.6	 	58	 	
46	 	
  	
Loans to Agro Industries 
Corporation (KAIC)	 	
6401	-00	-800	-82	 	  	  	  	  	0 	230	 	319.99	 	139	 	
6401	-00	-190	-96	 	  	  	  	  	0 	215	 	215	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	198	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 	47 to 58	, 2005	-06 to 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	
47	 	Organic farming and safe 
to eat food production	 	2401	-00	-105	-85	 	200	 	166	 	193.28	 	116	 	200	 	200	 	199.3	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	
48	 	Weather Advisory services	 	2401	-00	-110	-96	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	10	 	10	 	10	 	100	 	
49	 	
Payment to Coconut 
Development Board 
[Control of 
Eridiophydmite in 
coconut] (see AGR 059)	 	2401	-00	-800	-43	 	  	  	  	  	1000	 	1000	 	1000	 	100	 	0 	211	 	211	 	100	 	
50	 	Rashtriya Krsishi Vikas 
Yojana (RKVY) (ACA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-37	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
51	 	
Share capital contribution 
to KSPDC for 	
implementing the scheme 
Harithavipanam of 
Horticorp	 	4401	-00	-119	-99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
52	 	Kissan Sree	 	2401	-00	-110	-93	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
53	 	Pepper package in 
Wayanad	 	2401	-00	-108	-37	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
54	 	Climate change 
adaptation	 	2401	-00	-107	-79	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
55	 	Development of pulses 
and tubers	 	2401	-00	-112	-96	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
56	 	Vegetable development	- 	
support to VFPCK	 	2401	-00	-119	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
57	 	Development of spices	 	2401	-00	-108	-59	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
58	 
 	
Agro service centres and 
service delivery	 	
  	
4401	-00	-113	-98	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-113	-83

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	199	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 47 to 58, 	2008	-09 to 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	
47	 	Organic farming and safe 
to eat food production	 	2401	-00	-105	-85	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	100	 	100	 	96.96	 	97	 	
48	 	Weather Advisory services	 	2401	-00	-110	-96	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
49	 	
Payment to Coconut 
Development Board 
[Control of Eridiophydmite 
in coconut] (see AGR 059)	 	2401	-00	-800	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
50	 	Rashtriya Krsishi Vikas 
Yojana (RKVY) (ACA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-37	 	1000	 	5540	 	8485.41	 	153	 	6011	 	11092	 	10922.78	 	98	 	12000	 	12022	 	12019.81	 	100	 	
51	 	
Share capital contribution 
to KSPDC for implementing 	
the scheme 
Harithavipanam of 
Horticorp	 	4401	-00	-119	-99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	500	 	500	 	100	 	
52	 	Kissan Sree	 	2401	-00	-110	-93	 	  	83.33	 	72.91	 	88	 	  	62.45	 	62.45	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	
53	 	Pepper package in 
Wayanad	 	2401	-00	-108	-37	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	600	 	600	 	550.71	 	92	 	
54	 	Climate change adaptation	 	2401	-00	-107	-79	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
55	 	Development of pulses 
and tubers	 	2401	-00	-112	-96	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
56	 	Vegetable development	- 	
support to VFPCK	 	2401	-00	-119	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
57	 	Development of spices	 	2401	-00	-108	-59	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
58	 
 	
Agro service centres and 
service delivery	 	
4401	-00	-113	-98	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-113	-83

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	200	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 47 to 58, 2011	-12 to 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	39 	
47	 	Organic farming and safe 
to eat food production	 	2401	-00	-105	-85	 	500	 	500	 	449.93	 	90	 	1000	 	657	 	279.79	 	43	 	1000	 	1000	 	975.08	 	98	 	
48	 	Weather Advisory 
services	 	2401	-00	-110	-96	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
49	 	
Payment to Coconut 
Development Board 
[Control of 
Eridiophydmite in 
coconut] (see AGR 059)	 	2401	-00	-800	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
50	 	Rashtriya Krsishi Vikas 
Yojana (RKVY) (ACA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-37	 	22500	 	22500	 	21134.35	 	94	 	25875	 	25875	 	25255.14	 	98	 	34076	 	24076	 	23681.31	 	98	 	
51	 	
Share capital 
contribution to	 KSPDC 	
for implementing the 
scheme Harithavipanam 
of 	Horticorp	 	4401	-00	-119	-99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
52	 	Kissan Sree	 	2401	-00	-110	-93	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
53	 	Pepper package in 
Wayanad	 	2401	-00	-108	-37	 	650	 	650	 	645.25	 	99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
54	 	Climate change 
adaptation	 	2401	-00	-107	-79	 	300	 	200	 	195	 	98	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
55	 	Development of pulses 
and tubers	 	2401	-00	-112	-96	 	  	  	  	  	150	 	150	 	149.99	 	100	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	
56	 	Vegetable development	- 	
support to VFPCK	 	2401	-00	-119	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	600	 	600	 	600	 	100	 	
57	 	Development of spices	 	2401	-00	-108	-59	 	  	  	  	  	1900	 	1338.4	 	1002.5	 	75	 	1600	 	1600	 	1595.13	 	100	 	
58	 
 	
Agro service centres and 
service delivery	 	
4401	-00	-113	-98	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	805	 	805	 	729.19	 	91	 	
2401	-00	-113	-83	 	  	  	  	  	2000	 	1400	 	965.69	 	69	 	295	 	295	 	259.53	 	88

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	201	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 47 to 58, 2014	-15 and total for 10 years	 	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	46 	47 	
47	 	Organic farming and safe to 
eat food production	 	2401	-00	-105	-85	 	1000	 	900	 	337	 	37	 	4000	 	3523	 	2531.34	 	72	 	
48	 	Weather Advisory services	 	2401	-00	-110	-96	 	  	  	  	  	10	 	10	 	10	 	100	 	
49	 	
Payment to Coconut 
Development Board [Control 
of 	Eridiophydmite in 	
coconut] (see AGR 059)	 	2401	-00	-800	-43	 	  	  	  	  	1000	 	1211	 	1211	 	100	 	
50	 	Rashtriya Krsishi Vikas Yojana 
(RKVY) (ACA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-37	 	45500	 	43918.23	 	30070	 	68	 	146962	 	145023.2	 	131568.8	 	91	 	
51	 	
Share capital contribution to	 	
KSPDC for implementing the 
scheme Harithavipanam of 
Horticorp	 	4401	-00	-119	-99	 	  	  	  	  	0 	500	 	500	 	100	 	
52	 	Kissan Sree	 	2401	-00	-110	-93	 	  	  	  	  	0 	145.78	 	135.36	 	93	 	
53	 	Pepper package in Wayanad	 	2401	-00	-108	-37	 	  	  	  	  	1250	 	1250	 	1195.96	 	96	 	
54	 	Climate change 	adaptation	 	2401	-00	-107	-79	 	  	  	  	  	300	 	200	 	195	 	98	 	
55	 	Development of pulses and 
tubers	 	2401	-00	-112	-96	 	  	  	  	  	175	 	175	 	174.99	 	100	 	
56	 	Vegetable development	- 	
support to VFPCK	 	2401	-00	-119	-81	 	600	 	600	 	600	 	100	 	1200	 	1200	 	1200	 	100	 	
57	 	Development of spices	 	2401	-00	-108	-59	 	1525	 	1525	 	1437.55	 	94	 	5025	 	4463.4	 	4035.18	 	90	 	
58	 
 	
Agro service centres and 
service delivery	 	
4401	-00	-113	-98	 	980	 	564.4	 	520.78	 	92	 	1785	 	1369.4	 	1249.97	 	91	 	
2401	-00	-113	-83	 	1770	 	1327.5	 	924.55	 	70	 	4065	 	3022.5	 	2149.77	 	71

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	202	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 59 to	 66	, 2005	-06 to 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	
59	 	
  	
Hi-Tech Agriculture	 	
  	
2401	-00	-800	-35 	
(02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-113	-82	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
60	 	
Soil health 
management and 
productivity 
improvement	 	2401	-00	-800	-28	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
61	 	
Crop health 
management	 	2401	-00	-107	-78	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
62	 	
Grading and quality 
control of agricultural 
commodities	 	2435	-01	-102	-99	 	10	 	5 	4.6	 	92	 	10	 	10	 	9.55	 	96	 	10	 	10	 	5.29	 	53	 	
63	 	
  	
Risk management in 
market and market 
development	- Market 	
intervention support 
for price stabilization	 	
2435	-01	-101	-85	 	440	 	592.68	 	595.88	 	101	 	340	 	1109.46	 	1069.41	 	96	 	1555	 	1321.75	 	178.97	 	14	 	
6401	-00	-800	-73	 	  	  	  	  	17	 	17	 	0 	0 	  	  	  	  	
64	 	
  	
Strengthening market 
development	 	
2435	-01	-800	-99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	850	 	637.5	 	18.81	 	3 	
2435	-01	-101	-85	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
65	 	
VFPCK for expansion  
of farmers market	 	2435	-01	-800	-98	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	
66	 	
Establishment of 
storage and 
warehousing facilities 
through Agro 
Industries Corporation	 	2435	-01	-800	-97	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	25	 	25	 	25	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	203	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 59 to 66, 2008	-09 to 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	
59	 	
  	
Hi-Tech Agriculture	 	
  	
2401	-00	-800	-35 	
(02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-113	-82	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
60	 	
Soil health 
management and 
productivity 
improvement	 	2401	-00	-800	-28	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
61	 	
Crop health 
management	 	2401	-00	-107	-78	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
62	 	
Grading and quality 
control of agricultural 
commodities	 	2435	-01	-102	-99	 	10	 	10	 	8 	80	 	10	 	10	 	8.45	 	85	 	10	 	10	 	5.36	 	54	 	
63	 	
  	
Risk management in 
market and market 
development	- Market 	
intervention support 
for price stabilization	 	
2435	-01	-101	-85	 	350	 	300	 	207.06	 	69	 	350	 	315	 	282.86	 	90	 	505	 	505	 	494.98	 	98	 	
6401	-00	-800	-73	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
64	 	
  	
Strengthening market 
development	 	
2435	-01	-800	-99	 	510	 	300	 	8 	3 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	175	 	175	 	136.15	 	78	 	
2435	-01	-101	-85	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
65	 	
VFPCK for expansion  
of farmers market	 	2435	-01	-800	-98	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	300	 	300	 	300	 	100	 	
66	 	
Establishment of 
storage and 
warehousing facilities 
through Agro 
Industries Corporation	 	2435	-01	-800	-97	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	204	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 59 to 66, 	2011	-12 to 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
201	1-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	39 	
59	 	
  	
Hi-Tech Agriculture	 	
  	
2401	-00	-800	-35 	
(02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-113	-82	 	  	  	  	  	1200	 	1200	 	1197.9	 	100	 	1200	 	1200	 	927.89	 	77	 	
60	 	
Soil health 
management and 
productivity 
improvement	 	2401	-00	-800	-28	 	  	  	  	  	700	 	400	 	109.19	 	27	 	400	 	400	 	314.86	 	79	 	
61	 	
Crop health 
management	 	2401	-00	-107	-78	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	1300	 	975	 	849.36	 	87	 	
62	 	
Grading and quality 
control of agricultural 
commodities	 	2435	-01	-102	-99	 	10	 	10	 	6.94	 	69	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
63	 	
  	
Risk management in 
market and market 
development	- Market 	
intervention support 
for price stabilization	 	
2435	-01	-101	-85	 	350	 	906.85	 	901.47	 	99	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
6401	-00	-800	-73	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
64	 	
  	
Strengthening market 
development	 	
2435	-01	-800	-99	 	310	 	310	 	269.97	 	87	 	2500	 	2250	 	1859.55	 	83	 	1385	 	1385	 	1198.19	 	87	 	
2435	-01	-101	-85	 	  	  	  	  	500	 	4517	 	4506.62	 	100	 	500	 	3028.78	 	3071.51	 	101	 	
65	 	
VFPCK for expansion  
of farmers market	 	2435	-01	-800	-98	 	450	 	450	 	450	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
66	 	
Establishment of 
storage and 
warehousing facilities 
through Agro 
Industries 
Corporation	 	2435	-01	-800	-97	 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	205	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 59 to 66, 2014	-15 and total for 	10 years 	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	46 	47 	
59	 	
  	
Hi-Tech Agriculture	 	
  	
2401	-00	-800	-35 	
(02)	 	100	 	75	 	 0 	0 	100	 	75	 	0 	0 	
2401	-00	-113	-82	 	600	 	600	 	426.5	 	71	 	3000	 	3000	 	2552.29	 	85	 	
60	 	
Soil health management 
and productivity 
improvement	 	2401	-00	-800	-28	 	3090	 	2472	 	2058.86	 	83	 	4190	 	3272	 	2482.91	 	76	 	
61	 	Crop health management	 	2401	-00	-107	-78	 	1335	 	1068	 	812.5	 	76	 	2635	 	2043	 	1661.86	 	81	 	
62	 	
Grading and quality control 
of agricultural 
commodities	 	2435	-01	-102	-99	 	  	  	  	  	70	 	65	 	48.19	 	74	 	
63	 	
  	
Risk management in 
market and market 
development	- Market 	
intervention support for 
price stabilization	 	
2435	-01	-101	-85	 	  	  	  	  	3890	 	5050.74	 	3730.63	 	74	 	
6401	-00	-800	-73	 	  	  	  	  	17	 	17	 	0 	0 	
64	 	
  	
Strengthening market 
development	 	
2435	-01	-800	-99	 	1355	 	1219.5	 	1033.22	 	85	 	7110	 	6302	 	4548.89	 	72	 	
2435	-01	-101	-85	 	1000	 	2100	 	2094.25	 	100	 	2000	 	9645.78	 	9672.38	 	100	 	
65	 	
VFPCK for expansion  of 
farmers market	 	2435	-01	-800	-98	 	  	  	  	  	1050	 	1050	 	1050	 	100	 	
66	 	
Establishment of storage 
and warehousing facilities 
through Agro Industries 
Corporation	 	2435	-01	-800	-97	 	  	  	  	  	125	 	125	 	125	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	206	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 67 to 	76	, 2005	-06 to 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	
67	 	
Assistance to Kerala State 
Warehousing Corporation 
for creating storage and 
warehousing facilities	 	2435	-01	-800	-96	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	
68	 	
World Trade Organisation 
(WTO) Cell (Sustainable 
agricultural trade security 
system)	 	2401	-00	-800	-48	 	20	 	20	 	2.38	 	12	 	15	 	15	 	0.5	 	3 	10	 	8.5	 	3.33	 	39	 	
69	 	RIDF projects	 	4435	-01	-101	-97	 	  	  	  	  	500	 	500	 	0 	0 	2600	 	500	 	0 	0 	
70	 	
Special support scheme 
for farm sector	- Debt relief 	
commission	 	
2401	-00	-104	-86 	
(01)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	5000	 	5000	 	38.65	 	1 	
71	 
 	
Special support scheme 
for farm sector	- Credit 	
support	 	
2401	-00	-104	-86 	
(02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	1000	 	1000	 	61.4	 	6 	
2401	-00	-104	-86	 	  	  	  	  	5679	 	15679	 	12964.8	 	83	 	  	  	  	  	
72	 	Farmer's welfare 
programme	 	2401	-00	-109	-79	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
73	 	Restructuring of PSUs in 
agriculture sector	 	2401	-10	-190	-93	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
74	 	
Innovative agricultural 
mechanisation (One time 
ACA)	- Assistance for 	
Agriculture dept	 	2401	-00	-113	-84	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
75	 	
Assistance for Kerala 
Agricultural University 
(ACA)	 	2415	-01	-277	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
76	 	Price 	stabilization	 fund	 	2415	-01	-101	-94	 	15	 	15	 	0 	0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	207	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 67 to 76, 2008	-09 to 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	
67	 	
Assistance to Kerala State 
Warehousing Corporation 
for creating storage and 
warehousing facilities	 	2435	-01	-800	-96	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
68	 	
World Trade Organisation 
(WTO) Cell (Sustainable 
agricultural trade security 
syste	m)	 	2401	-00	-800	-48	 	10	 	10	 	5.97	 	60	 	10	 	10	 	4.91	 	49	 	5 	5 	2.45	 	49	 	
69	 	RIDF projects	 	4435	-01	-101	-97	 	500	 	250	 	0 	0 	500	 	500	 	34.58	 	7 	500	 	500	 	0 	0 	
70	 	
Special support scheme 
for farm sector	- Debt 	
relief commission	 	
2401	-00	-104	-86 	
(01)	 	5000	 	3320	 	2364.04	 	71	 	1603	 	1603	 	1600.22	 	100	 	1000	 	2500	 	2428.08	 	97	 	
71	 
 	
Special support scheme 
for farm sector	- Credit 	
support	 	
2401	-00	-104	-86 	
(02)	 	550	 	550	 	30.56	 	6 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-104	-86	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
72	 	Farmer's welfare 
programme	 	2401	-00	-109	-79	 	100	 	500	 	500	 	100	 	150	 	150	 	150.02	 	100	 	208	 	208	 	208	 	100	 	
73	 	Restructuring of PSUs in 
agriculture sector	 	2401	-10	-190	-93	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
74	 	
Innovative agricultural 
mechanisation (One time 
ACA)	- Assistance for 	
Agriculture dept	 	2401	-00	-113	-84	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
75	 	
Assistance for Kerala 
Agricultural University 
(ACA)	 	2415	-01	-277	-88	 	300	 	300	 	299.86	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
76	 	Price stabilization fund	 	2415	-01	-101	-94

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	208	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 67 to 76, 	2011	-12 to 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	39 	
67	 	
Assistance to Kerala State 
Warehousing Corporation 
for creating storage and 
warehousing facilities	 	2435	-01	-800	-96	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
68	 	
World Trade Organisation 
(WTO) Cell (Sustainable 
agricultural trade security 
system)	 	2401	-00	-800	-48	 	5 	5 	4.27	 	85	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
69	 	RIDF projects	 	4435	-01	-101	-97	 	500	 	500	 	36.99	 	7 	500	 	500	 	500.24	 	100	 	500	 	500	 	492.59	 	99	 	
70	 	
Special support scheme 
for farm sector	- Debt 	
relief commission	 	
2401	-00	-104	-86 	
(01)	 	800	 	800	 	800	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
71	 
 	
Special support scheme 
for farm sector	- Credit 	
support	 	
2401	-00	-104	-86 	
(02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-104	-86	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
72	 	Farmer's welfare 
programme	 	2401	-00	-109	-79	 	208	 	208	 	208	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
73	 	Restructuring of PSUs in 
agriculture sector	 	2401	-10	-190	-93	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
74	 	
Innovative agricultural 
mechanisation (One time 
ACA)	- Assistance for 	
Agriculture dept	 	2401	-00	-113	-84	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
75	 	
Assistance for Kerala 
Agricultural University 
(ACA)	 	2415	-01	-277	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
76	 	Price stabilization fund	 	2415	-01	-101	-94

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	209	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 67 to 76, 2014	-15 and total for 10 years	 	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	46 	47 	
67	 	
Assistance to Kerala State 
Warehousing Corporation for 
creating storage and 
warehousing facilities	 	2435	-01	-800	-96	 	  	  	  	  	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	
68	 	
World Trade Organisation 
(WTO) Cell (Sustainable 
agricultural trade security 
system)	 	2401	-00	-800	-48	 	  	  	  	  	75	 	73.5	 	23.81	 	32	 	
69	 	RIDF projects	 	4435	-01	-101	-97	 	0 	415.6	 	415.25	 	100	 	6100	 	4165.6	 	1479.65	 	36	 	
70	 	
Special support scheme for 
farm sector	- Debt relief 	
commission	 	
2401	-00	-104	-86 	
(01)	 	  	  	  	  	13403	 	13223	 	7230.99	 	55	 	
71	 
 	Special support 	scheme for 	
farm sector	- Credit support	 	
2401	-00	-104	-86 	
(02)	 	  	  	  	  	1550	 	1550	 	91.96	 	6 	
2401	-00	-104	-86	 	  	  	  	  	5679	 	15679	 	12964.8	 	83	 	
72	 	Farmer's welfare programme	 	2401	-00	-109	-79	 	  	  	  	  	666	 	1066	 	1066.02	 	100	 	
73	 	Restructuring of PSUs in 
agriculture sector	 	2401	-10	-190	-93	 	  	  	  	  	15	 	15	 	15	 	100	 	
74	 	
Innovative agricultural 
mechanisation (One time 
ACA)	- Assistance for 	
Agriculture dept	 	2401	-00	-113	-84	 	  	  	  	  	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	
75	 	Assistance for Kerala 
Agricultural University (ACA)	 	2415	-01	-277	-88	 	  	  	  	  	300	 	300	 	299.86	 	100	 	
76	 	Price stabilization fund	 	2415	-01	-101	-94	 	  	  	  	  	15	 	15	 	0 	0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	210	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 	77 to 	89	, 2005	-06 to 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	
77	 	Assistance to Paddico, 
Palakkad	 	2401	-00	-195	-98	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	0 	50	 	50	 	100	 	
78	 	Food security project	 	2401	-00	-102	-82	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
79	 	Commodity safety net 
scheme	 	2401	-00	-800	-34	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
80	 	Cropping system research 
in Kerala	 	2401	-00	-102	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
81	 	13th F	inance Commission 	
Award	 	2401	-00	-800	-32	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
82	 	
Kerala State Warehousing 
corporation	- share capital 	
contribution	 	4408	-02	-190	-99	 	75	 	50	 	0 	0 	50	 	50	 	  	0 	25	 	25	 	25	 	100	 	
83	 
 	Value Addition	 	
  	
2408	-01	-800	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2435	-01	-800	-94	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
84	 	Farmers welfare fund 
board	 	2401	-00	-109	-76	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
85	 	Pilot scheme on income 
support 	 	2401	-00	-800	-26	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
86	 	Integrated Agriculture 
Complex (One time ACA)	 	2401	-00	-109	-75	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
87	 	Kuttanad heritage project	 	2401	-00	-800	-23	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
88	 	Agri Malls (one time ACA)	 	4435	-00	-101	-94	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
89	 	Wayanad package	 	2401	-00	-800	-27

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	211	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 77 to 89, 2008	-09 to 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	
77	 	Assistance to Paddico, 
Palakkad	 	2401	-00	-195	-98	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
78	 	Food security project	 	2401	-00	-102	-82	 	  	  	  	  	3600	 	3600	 	3592.29	 	100	 	2800	 	2665	 	2590.64	 	97	 	
79	 	Commodity safety net 
scheme	 	2401	-00	-800	-34	 	  	  	  	  	1000	 	1000	 	1019.33	 	102	 	  	  	  	  	
80	 	Cropping system 
research in Kerala	 	2401	-00	-102	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
81	 	13th Finance Commission 
Award	 	2401	-00	-800	-32	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
82	 	
Kerala State 
Warehousing 
corporation	- share 	
capital contribution	 	4408	-02	-190	-99	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	50	 	50	 	0 	0 	
83	 
 	Value Addition	 	
  	
2408	-01	-800	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2435	-01	-800	-94	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
84	 	Farmers welfare fund 
board	 	2401	-00	-109	-76	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
85	 	Pilot scheme on income 
support 	 	2401	-00	-800	-26	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
86	 	Integrated Agriculture 
Complex (One time ACA)	 	2401	-00	-109	-75	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
87	 	Kuttanad heritage 
project	 	2401	-00	-800	-23	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
88	 	Agri Malls (one time 
ACA)	 	4435	-00	-101	-94	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
89	 	Wayanad package	 	2401	-00	-800	-27

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	212	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 77 to 89, 2011	-12 to 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	39 	
77	 	Assistance to Paddico, 
Palakkad	 	2401	-00	-195	-98	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
78	 	Food security project	 	2401	-00	-102	-82	 	2800	 	2636	 	2562.69	 	97	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
79	 	Commodity safety net 
scheme	 	2401	-00	-800	-34	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
80	 	Cropping system 
research in Kerala	 	2401	-00	-102	-81	 	200	 	200	 	200	 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
81	 	13th Finance 
Commission Award	 	2401	-00	-800	-32	 	7500	 	7500	 	5506	 	73	 	7500	 	7500	 	5683.17	 	76	 	7500	 	5450	 	4916.55	 	90	 	
82	 	
Kerala State 
Warehousing 
corporation	- share 	
capital contribution	 	4408	-02	-190	-99	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	100	 	50	 	50	 	 0 	0 	
83	 
 	Value Addition	 	
  	
2408	-01	-800	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	10	 	10	 	10	 	100	 	
2435	-01	-800	-94	 	  	  	  	  	1500	 	1317	 	1111.11	 	84	 	340	 	340	 	180	 	53	 	
84	 	Farmers welfare fund 
board	 	2401	-00	-109	-76	 	  	  	  	  	250	 	175	 	0 	0 	250	 	125	 	  	0 	
85	 	Pilot scheme on income 
support 	 	2401	-00	-800	-26	 	  	  	  	  	400	 	320	 	0 	0 	500	 	250	 	  	0 	
86	 	
Integrated Agriculture 
Complex (One time 
ACA)	 	2401	-00	-109	-75	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	1000	 	500	 	  	0 	
87	 	Kuttanad heritage 
project	 	2401	-00	-800	-23	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	500	 	250	 	100	 	40	 	
88	 	Agri Malls (one time 
ACA)	 	4435	-00	-101	-94	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
89	 	Wayanad package	 	2401	-00	-800	-27	 	  	  	  	  	2500	 	2500	 	2253.18	 	90	 	1900	 	1900	 	1500.27	 	79

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	213	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 77 to 89, 2014	-15 and total for 10 years	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	46 	47 	
77	 	Assistance to Paddico, 
Palakkad	 	2401	-00	-195	-98	 	  	  	  	  	0 	50	 	50	 	100	 	
78	 	Food security project	 	2401	-00	-102	-82	 	  	  	  	  	9200	 	8901	 	8745.62	 	98	 	
79	 	Commodity safety net 
scheme	 	2401	-00	-800	-34	 	  	  	  	  	1000	 	1000	 	1019.33	 	102	 	
80	 	Cropping system research in 
Kerala	 	2401	-00	-102	-81	 	  	  	  	  	200	 	200	 	200	 	100	 	
81	 	13th Finance Commission 
Award	 	2401	-00	-800	-32	 	7500	 	7500	 	7500	 	100	 	30000	 	27950	 	23605.72	 	84	 	
82	 	
Kerala State Warehousing 
corporation	- share capital 	
contribution	 	4408	-02	-190	-99	 	50	 	50	 	0 	0 	500	 	475	 	225	 	47	 	
83	 
 	Value Addition	 	
  	
2408	-01	-800	-81	 	  	  	  	  	10	 	10	 	10	 	100	 	
2435	-01	-800	-94	 	315	 	283.51	 	240	 	85	 	2155	 	1940.51	 	1531.11	 	79	 	
84	 	Farmers welfare fund board	 	2401	-00	-109	-76	 	25	 	25	 	 0 	0 	525	 	325	 	0 	0 	
85	 	Pilot scheme on income 
support 	 	2401	-00	-800	-26	 	  	  	  	  	900	 	570	 	0 	0 	
86	 	Integrated Agriculture 
Complex (One time ACA)	 	2401	-00	-109	-75	 	  	200.01	 	200	 	100	 	1000	 	700.01	 	200	 	29	 	
87	 	Kuttanad heritage project	 	2401	-00	-800	-23	 	500	 	45	 	0 	0 	1000	 	295	 	100	 	34	 	
88	 	Agri Malls (one time ACA)	 	4435	-00	-101	-94	 	500	 	375	 	0 	0 	500	 	375	 	0 	0 	
89	 	Wayanad package	 	2401	-00	-800	-27	 	1900	 	1805	 	856.81	 	47	 	6300	 	6205	 	4610.26	 	74

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	214	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 90 to 94, 2005	-06 to 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	
90	 	
Pil	ot Project for 	
Keramrutham and 
Kerachakkara (KAU 
Neera Production)	 	2401	-00	-108	-30	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
91	 	
Invest	ment in 	
Nadukkara Agro 
processing 
(Nadukkara Agro 
Industries 
Corporation Ltd)	 	4401	-00	-190	-95	 	7 	7 	7 	100	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
93	 	School	 Bio Gas	 	2401	-00	-109	-71	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
94	 	
Integrated Agri 
Garden scheme 	 	2401	-00	-104	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	5433	 	5352.57	 	4651.29	 	87	 	15244	 	25001.46	 	19899.13	 	80	 	16269.24	 	14898.75	 	5932.09	 	40

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	215	 	
 
Stat	e Plan 	Schemes 90 to 94, 2008	-09 to 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09 	200	9-10	 	2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	
90	 	
Pilot Project for 
Keramrutham and 
Kerachakkara (KAU 
Neera Production)	 	
2401	-00	-	
108	-30	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
91	 	
Investment in 
Nadukkara Agro 
processing 
(Nadukkara Agro 
Industries 
Corporation Ltd)	 	
4401	-00	-	
190	-95	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
93	 	School Bio Gas	 	
2401	-00	-	
109	-71	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
94	 	Integrated Agri 
Garden scheme 	 	
2401	-00	-	
104	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	14320	 	19809.04	 	20004.35	 	101	 	19417	 	24698.6	 	23752.34	 	96	 	28322	 	30507.12	 	28817.15	 	94

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	216	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 90 to 94, 2011	-12 to 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	
Head of 
Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Accts	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	39 	
90	 	
Pil	ot Project for 	
Keramrutham and 
Kerachakkara (KAU 
Neera Production)	 	
2401	-00	-	
108	-30	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	 0 	45	 	45	 	100	 	
91	 	
Inv	estment in 	
Nadukkara Agro 
processing 
(Nadukkara Agro 
Industries 
Corporation Ltd)	 	
4401	-00	-	
190	-95	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
93	 	Sch	ool Bio Gas	 	
2401	-00	-	
109	-71	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
94	 	Int	egrated Agri 	
Garden scheme 	 	
2401	-00	-	
104	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	48523	 	49439.09	 	44847.12	 	91	 	68574	 	69898.36	 	64143.43	 	92	 	77866	 	66769.93	 	64039.64	 	96

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	217	 	
 
State Plan 	Schemes 90 to 94, 2014	-15 and Ten years total	 	 	
Sl 
No	 	SCHEME NAME	 	
Head of 
Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	Ten years total	 (2005	-06 to 2014	-15)	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	BE	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	46 	47 	
90	 	
Pilot Project for 
Keramrutham and 
Kerachakkara (KAU Neera	 	
Production)	 	
2401	-00	-	
108	-30	 	0 	50	 	50	 	100	 	0 	95	 	95	 	100	 	
91	 	
Investment in Nadukkara 
Agro processing 
(Nadukkara Agro 
Industries Corporation Ltd)	 	
4401	-00	-	
190	-95	 	  	  	  	  	7 	7 	7 	100	 	
93	 	School Bio Gas	 	
2401	-00	-	
109	-71	 	0 	514.04	 	418.76	 	81	 	0 	514.04	 	418.76	 	81	 	
94	 	Integrated Agri Garden 
scheme 	 	
2401	-00	-	
104	-81	 	0 	259.89	 	259.88	 	100	 	0 	259.89	 	259.88	 	100	 	
  	TOTAL	 	  	92452	 	97216.67	 	69429.71	 	71	 	386420.2	 	403591.6	 	345516.3	 	86

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	218	 	
 
2. 	Centrally Sponsored Schemes	- Head of account wise outlay and expenditure 	from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
Rs. in Lakhs	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	
1 	
Production and distribution of 
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	18	 	18	 	18	 	18	 	15.06	 	15.07	 	84	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	1.7	 	1.7	 	1.7	 	1.7	 	1.7	 	1.7	 	100	 	
4 	
Integrated scheme of oil seeds, 
pulses, oil palms and maize 
(ISOPOM) 	(75%	 CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	15	 	45	 	15	 	45	 	5 	15	 	33	 	
5 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	260	 	2340	 	260	 	2340	 	147.09	 	1323.81	 	57	 	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Pepper development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	200	 	1800	 	200	 	1800	 	47.35	 	426.15	 	24	 	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Other spices (ginger 	
& turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	100	 	900	 	100	 	900	 	0.03	 	  	0 	
8 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Cashew development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	50	 	450	 	50	 	450	 	37.35	 	336.15	 	75	 	
9 	
Macro 	management schemes 	
(90%	 CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)	 	5 	45	 	5 	45	 	0.37	 	3.33	 	7

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	219	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 1 to 9, 2006	-07	 	BE	- Budget Estimate, RE	- Revised Estimate, %	- % of Accounts against RE	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2006	-07	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	16 	17 	
1 	
Production and distribution of 
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	7.95	 	7.95	 	80	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	37.5	 	37.5	 	37.5	 	37.5	 	31.11	 	31.11	 	83	 	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4 	
Integrated scheme of oil seeds, 
pulses, oil palms and maize 
(ISOPOM) (75%	 CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	15	 	45	 	15	 	45	 	10.49	 	31.48	 	70	 	
5 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	121.35	 	1092.15	 	121.35	 	1092.15	 	72.14	 	649.3	 	59	 	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Pepper development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	 	  	0.28	 	2.47	 	0.18	 	1.64	 	66	 	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Other spices (ginger 	
& turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	 	  	  	  	0.39	 	3.55	 	  	
8 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Cashew 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
9 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	220	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 1 to 9, 	2007	-08	 	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	24 	
1 	
Production and distribution of 
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	8.69	 	8.69	 	87	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	37.5	 	37.5	 	37.5	 	37.5	 	25.64	 	25.65	 	68	 	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4 	
Integrated scheme of 	oil seeds, 	
pulses, oil palms and maize 
(ISOPOM) (75%	 CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	15	 	45	 	9 	27	 	0 	0 	0 	
5 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	110.5	 	994.5	 	110.5	 	994.5	 	99.91	 	899.17	 	90	 	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Pepper 	development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Other spices (ginger 	
& turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
8 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Cashew 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
9 	
Macro 	management schemes 	
(90%	 CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	221	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 1 to 9, 2008	-09	 	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 	
State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	  	
1 	2 	3 	25 	26 	27 	28 	29 	30 	31 	
1 	
Production and distribution of 
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	10	 	10	 	12.26	 	12.26	 	12.27	 	12.26	 	100	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	37.5	 	37.5	 	37.5	 	37.5	 	31.19	 	31.18	 	83	 	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4 	
Integrated scheme of oil seeds, 
pulses, oil palms and maize 
(ISOPOM) (75%	 CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	2.5	 	7.5	 	2.5	 	7.5	 	0 	0 	0 	
5 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	125	 	1125	 	125	 	1125	 	121.99	 	1097.87	 	98	 	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Pepper development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Other spices (ginger 	
& turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
8 	
Macro management 	schemes 	
(90%	 CSS)	- Cashew 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
9 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	222	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 1 to 9, 2009	-10	 	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2009	-10	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 	
State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	  	
1 	2 	3 	32 	33 	34 	35 	36 	37 	38 	
1 	
Production and distribution of 
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	11.97	 	11.97	 	120	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	12.5	 	12.5	 	44.55	 	44.55	 	37.12	 	37.12	 	83	 	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4 	
Integrated scheme of oil seeds, 
pulses, oil palms and maize 
(ISOPOM) (75%CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	2.5	 	7.5	 	20	 	60	 	20	 	60	 	100	 	
5 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	100	 	900	 	100	 	900	 	84.57	 	761.11	 	85	 	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Pepper development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Other 	spices (ginger 	
& turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
8 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Cashew development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
9 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	223	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 1 to 9, 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 	
State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	  	
1 	2 	3 	39 	40 	41 	42 	43 	44 	45 	
1 	
Production and distribution of 
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	10	 	9.97	 	9.97	 	100	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	12.5	 	12.5	 	35	 	35	 	34.15	 	34.15	 	98	 	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4 	
Integrated scheme of oil seeds, 
pulses, oil 	palms and maize 	
(ISOPOM) (75%CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	2.5	 	7.5	 	11.74	 	35.22	 	11.74	 	35.22	 	100	 	
5 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	100	 	900	 	70	 	630	 	67.47	 	607.19	 	96	 	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Pepper development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Other spices (ginger 	
& turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
8 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Cashew development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
9 	
Macro management 	schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	224	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 1 to 9, 2011	-12	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 	
State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	  	
1 	2 	3 	46 	47 	48 	49 	50 	51 	52 	
1 	
Production and distribution of 
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	50	 	21.64	 	21.62	 	43	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	12.5	 	12.5	 	30	 	30	 	29.56	 	29.54	 	99	 	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode	 district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4 	
Integrated scheme of oil seeds, 
pulses, oil palms and maize 
(ISOPOM) (75%CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	2.5	 	7.5	 	2.5	 	7.5	 	2.5	 	7.5	 	100	 	
5 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	70	 	630	 	70	 	630	 	54.43	 	489.82	 	78	 	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Pepper development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Other spices (ginger 	
& turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
8 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Cashew development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
9 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	225	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 1 to 9, 2012	-13	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2012	-13	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 	
State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	  	
1 	2 	3 	53 	54 	55 	56 	57 	58 	59 	
1 	
Production and distribution of 
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	60	 	60	 	60	 	60	 	52.42	 	52.41	 	87	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	 	 	  	  	 	 	 	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4 	
Integrated scheme of oil seeds, 
pulses, oil palms and maize 
(ISOPOM) (75%CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	 	  	  	  	 	 	  	
5 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	70	 	630	 	70	 	630	 	51.31	 	461.79	 	73	 	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Pepper development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Other spices (ginger 	
& turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
8 	
Macro 	management schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Cashew development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
9 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	226	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 1 to 9, 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 	
State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	  	
1 	2 	3 	60 	61 	62 	63 	64 	65 	66 	
1 	
Production and distribution of 
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	11.84	 	11.84	 	79	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	100	 	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4 	
Integrated scheme of oil seeds, 
pulses, oil palms and maize 
(ISOPOM) (75%CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	 	 	  	  	 	 	  	
5 	
Macro management 	schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	60	 	540	 	40	 	360	 	0.42	 	3.78	 	1 	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Pepper development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Other spices (ginger 	
& turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
8 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Cashew development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
9 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	22	7 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 1 to 9, 2014	-15	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 	
State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	  	
1 	2 	3 	67 	68 	69 	70 	71 	72 	73 	
1 	
Production and distribution of 
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	14.79	 	14.79	 	99	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	15	 	14.99	 	14.99	 	100	 	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
4 	
Integrated scheme of oil seeds, 
pulses, oil palms and maize 
(ISOPOM) 	(75%CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
5 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Pepper development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Other spices (ginger 	
& turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
8 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Cashew development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
9 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	228	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 10 to 	19	, 2005	-06	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	
10	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Fruit development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	20	 	180	 	20	 	180	 	0.29	 	2.61	 	1 	
11	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural	 extension 	
and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	8 	72	 	8 	72	 	0.18	 	1.62	 	2 	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Women in agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	36.5	 	328.5	 	36.5	 	328.5	 	28.86	 	259.74	 	79	 	
13	 	
Macro	 management schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (12)	 	 	 	  	  	 	 	  	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	20	 	180	 	70	 	630	 	72.07	 	648.63	 	103	 	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Information	 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)	 	40	 	360	 	40	 	360	 	10.35	 	93.15	 	26	 	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	33	 	297	 	33	 	297	 	7.15	 	64.35	 	22	 	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (17)	 	21	 	189	 	21	 	189	 	0.67	 	6.03	 	3 	
18	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	5 	45	 	5 	45	 	0  	0 	0 	
19	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)	 	1.5	 	13.5	 	1.5	 	13.5	 	0 	0 	0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	229	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 	10 to 19, 2006	-07	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2006	-07	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Fruit development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	
Macro management 	schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Agricultur	al extension 	
and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Women in agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	30	 	270	 	30	 	270	 	21.23	 	191.05	 	71	 	
13	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (12)	 	49.58	 	  	49.58	 	446.22	 	44.35	 	399.18	 	89	 	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	129.15	 	1162.35	 	129.15	 	1162.35	 	142.68	 	1284.14	 	110	 	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Information 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)	 	 	 	5.42	 	48.78	 	5.42	 	48.78	 	100	 	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (17)	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
18	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
19	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	230	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 10 to 19, 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of 	scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Fruit development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	
Macro manageme	nt schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural	 extension 	
and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Women in agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	3.78	 	34.04	 	3.78	 	34.04	 	1.87	 	16.83	 	49	 	
13	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 	(12)	 	10	 	90	 	16	 	144	 	15.39	 	138.52	 	96	 	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	100	 	900	 	100	 	900	 	82.95	 	746.58	 	83	 	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Information 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)	 	1.2	 	10.8	 	1.2	 	10.8	 	3.68	 	33.08	 	306	 	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (17)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
18	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
19	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	231	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 10 to 19, 2008	-09	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Fruit development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	
Macro manageme	nt schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural	 extension 	
and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Women in agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	5 	45	 	5 	45	 	3.92	 	35.26	 	78	 	
13	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (12)	 	30	 	270	 	30	 	270	 	28.11	 	253.03	 	94	 	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	100	 	900	 	100	 	900	 	68.97	 	620.75	 	69	 	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Information 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (17)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
18	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
19	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	232	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 10 to 19, 2009	-10	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2009	-10	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10	 	
Macro 	management schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Fruit development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	
Macro manageme	nt schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural	 extension 	
and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Women in agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
13	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (12)	 	10	 	90	 	10	 	90	 	9.92	 	89.27	 	99	 	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	70	 	630	 	70	 	630	 	37.46	 	337.18	 	54	 	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Information 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 	(17)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
18	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
19	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	233	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 10 to 	19, 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Fruit development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural	 extension 	
and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Women in agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
13	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (12)	 	10	 	90	 	25.5	 	229.5	 	24.8	 	223.19	 	97	 	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	70	 	630	 	54.7	 	492.3	 	39.82	 	358.41	 	73	 	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Information 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 	(14)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (17)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
18	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic 	plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
19	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	234	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 10 to 19, 2011	-2 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Fruit development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultur	al extension 	
and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Women in agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
13	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (12)	 	20	 	180	 	20	 	180	 	19.15	 	172.34	 	96	 	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	40	 	360	 	40	 	360	 	33.77	 	304.04	 	84	 	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Information 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (17)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
18	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
19	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and 	evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	235	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 10 to 19, 2012	-13	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2012	-13	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Fruit 	development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultur	al extension 	
and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Women in agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
13	 	
Macro 	management schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (12)	 	20	 	180	 	20	 	180	 	14.95	 	134.55	 	75	 	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	40	 	360	 	40	 	360	 	45.99	 	413.92	 	115	 	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Information 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (17)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
18	 	
Macro 	management schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
19	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	236	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 10 to 19, 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Fruit development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural	 extension 	
and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Women in agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
13	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (12)	 	15	 	135	 	15	 	135	 	0 	0 	0 	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	60	 	540	 	60	 	540	 	0.49	 	4.41	 	1 	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Information 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (17)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
18	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
19	 	
Macro management 	schemes 	
(90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	237	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 10 to 19, 2014	-15	 	(Macro managemen	t schemes implemented up to 2013	-14	 only	) 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Fruit development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultur	al extension 	
and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Women in agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
13	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (12)	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Information 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (17)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
18	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
19	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	238	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 20 to 2	8, 2005	-06	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	
20	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Control of yellowing 	
in Arecanut 	(75% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (20)	 	0 	219	 	0 	219	 	0 	218.98	 	100	 	
21	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- One time ACA for the 	
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers 
through the devpt of 
floriculture/ medicinal plants 
and intercrops/ mixed crops	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (21)	 	 	 	50	 	450	 	48.86	 	439.74	 	98	 	
22	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (22)	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	
23	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Balanced and 	
integrated use of fertilizers	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (23)	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	
24	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Integrated cereal 	
devpt programme in coarse 
cereal based 	cropping	 system	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (24)	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	
25	 	Micro irrigation (90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-45	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
26	 	
Women in agriculture (100% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-73	 	 	15	 	  	15	 	 	4.97	 	33	 	
27	 	
Establishment of bio control 
labs (100% CSS)	 	
2401	-00	-107	-80	 	 	70	 	  	35	 	 	0 	0 	
2401	-00	-800	-38	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	
28	 	Agrisnet (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-82

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	239	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 20 to 2	8, 2006	-07	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2006	-07	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
20	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Control of yellowing 	
in Arecanut (75% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (20)	 	200	 	600	 	80	 	720	 	 0 	0 	0 	
21	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- One time ACA for the 	
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers 
through the devpt of 
floriculture/ medicinal plants 
and intercrops/ mixed crops	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (21)	 	 	 	 	 	  	  	  	
22	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (22)	 	20	 	180	 	20	 	180	 	0.46	 	4.11	 	2 	
23	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Balanced and 	
integrated use of fertilizers	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (23)	 	28	 	252	 	28	 	252	 	35.83	 	322.43	 	128	 	
24	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Integrated cereal 	
devpt programme in coarse 
cereal based 	cropping	 system	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (24)	 	20	.15	 	181.35	 	20.15	 	181.35	 	4.52	 	40.7	 	22	 	
25	 	Micro irrigation (90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-45	 	50	 	450	 	80	 	720	 	35.73	 	31.63	 	8 	
26	 	
Women in 	agriculture (100% 	
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-73	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
27	 	
Establishment of bio control 
labs (100% CSS)	 	
2401	-00	-107	-80	 	 	10	 	  	0 	  	0 	0 	
2401	-00	-800	-38	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	
28	 	Agrisnet (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-82	 	 	1000	 	  	1000	 	  	20.55	 	2

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	240	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 20 to 28	, 2007	-08	 	
Sl 	
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
200	7-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
20	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Control of yellowing 	
in Arecanut (75% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (20)	 	 	 	 	 	  	  	  	
21	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- One time ACA for the 	
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers 
through the devpt of 
floriculture/ medicinal plants 
and intercrops/ mixed crops	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (21)	 	 	 	 	 	  	  	  	
22	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (22)	 	10	 	90	 	10	 	90	 	6.25	 	56.28	 	63	 	
23	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Balanced and 	
integrated use of fertilizers	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (23)	 	8.8	 	79.2	 	8.8	 	79.2	 	3.07	 	27.61	 	35	 	
24	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Integrated cereal 	
devpt programme in coarse 
cereal based 	cropping	 system	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (24)	 	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	
25	 	Micro irrigation (90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-45	 	20	 	180	 	26	 	234	 	25.17	 	226.54	 	97	 	
26	 	
Women in agriculture (100% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-73	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
27	 	
Establishment of bio control 
labs (100% CSS)	 	
2401	-00	-107	-80	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-800	-38	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
28	 	Agrisnet (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-82

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	241	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 20 to 2	8, 2008	-09	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
20	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Control of yellowing 	
in Arecanut (75% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (20)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
21	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- One time ACA for the 	
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers 
through the devpt of 
floriculture/ medicinal plants 
and intercrops/ mixed crops	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (21)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
22	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Support to State	 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (22)	 	50	 	450	 	30	 	270	 	11.84	 	106.6	 	39	 	
23	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Balanced and 	
integrated use of fertilizers	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (23)	 	20	 	180	 	15	 	135	 	9.14	 	82.29	 	61	 	
24	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Integrated cereal 	
devpt programme in coarse 
cereal based 	cropping	 system	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (24)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
25	 	Micro irrigation (90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-45	 	20	 	180	 	20	 	180	 	1.16	 	10.39	 	6 	
26	 	
Women in agriculture (100% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-73	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
27	 	
Establishment of bio control 
labs (100% CSS)	 	
2401	-00	-107	-80	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-800	-38	 	 	15	 	  	10	 	  	0 	0 	
28	 	Agrisnet (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-82

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	242	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 20 to 2	8, 2009	-10	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2009	-10	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
20	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Control of yellowing 	
in Arecanut (75% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (20)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
21	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- One time ACA for the 	
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers 
through the devpt of 
floriculture/ medicinal plants 
and intercrops/ mixed crops	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (21)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
22	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Support to State	 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (22)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
23	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Balanced and 	
integrated use of fertilizers	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (23)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
24	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Integrated cereal 	
devpt	 programme in coarse 	
cereal based 	cropping	 system	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (24)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
25	 	Micro irrigation (90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-45	 	  	  	1 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
26	 	
Women in agriculture (100% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-73	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
27	 	
Establishment of bio control 
labs (100% 	CSS)	 	
2401	-00	-107	-80	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
2401	-00	-800	-38	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
28	 	Agrisnet (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-82	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	 
Note: 	Schemes 20 to 28 have no budget provision from 2010	-11	 to 2014	-15

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	243	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to	 37	, 2005	-06	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of 	Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	
29	 	
Other 90% CSS	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (01)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
30	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
33	 	
National project on organic 
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
34	 	
National	 project on biogas 	
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	 	 	  	  	 	 	  	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	 	100	 	  	100	 	  	80.19	 	80	 	
35	 	
Promotion and strengthening of 
agricultural mechanisation 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	
36	 	
CDB scheme for integrated 
farming in coconut	 holdings 	
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	 	6000	 	  	6000	 	  	784.38	 	13	 	
37	 	
Human Resources Development 
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53	 	 	2 	  	2 	  	  	0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	244	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to 3	7, 2006	-07	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2006	-07	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
29	 	
Other 90% CSS	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (01)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
30	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture 	(by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	 	100	 	  	100	 	  	0 	0 	
33	 	
National project on organic 
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	 	200	 	  	200	 	  	62.51	 	31	 	
34	 	
National project on biogas 
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	 	100	 	  	100	 	  	105.75	 	106	 	
35	 	
Promotion and strengthening of 
agricultural mechanisation 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	 	10	 	  	16.72	 	  	16.72	 	100	 	
36	 	
CDB scheme for integrated 
farming in coconut holdings 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	 	2506.55	 	  	2506.55	 	  	650.3	 	26	 	
37	 	
Human Resources Development 
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	245	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to 37	, 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
29	 	
Other 90% CSS	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (01)	 	  	  	  	 	 	 	  	
30	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	  	  	  	 	 	 	  	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	 	50	 	  	30	 	  	0 	0 	
33	 	
National project on organic 
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	 	10	 	  	10	 	  	0 	0 	
34	 	
National project on biogas 
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	 	100	 	  	100	 	0 	117.17	 	117	 	
35	 	
Promotion and strengthening of 
agricultural mechanisation 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	 	10	 	  	6 	0 	0 	0 	
36	 	
CDB scheme for integrated 
farming in coconut holdings 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	 	2500	 	  	1750	 	0 	967.2	 	55	 	
37	 	
Human Resources Development 
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53	 	 	1 	  	1 	0 	1 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	246	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to 3	7, 2008	-09	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
29	 	
Other 	90% CSS	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (01)	 	  	  	  	 	 	 	  	
30	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	  	  	  	 	 	 	  	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	Seed 	infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	 	 	  	10.62	 	  	10.62	 	100	 	
33	 	
National project on organic 
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	 	10	 	  	10	 	  	10	 	100	 	
34	 	
National project on biogas 
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	 	100	 	  	100	 	  	106.03	 	106	 	
35	 	
Promotion and strengthening of 
agricultural mechanisation 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	 	10	 	  	10	 	  	8.99	 	90	 	
36	 	
CDB scheme for integrated 
farming in coconut holdings 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	 	2500	 	  	1500	 	  	273.96	 	18	 	
37	 	
Human Resources 	Development 	
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	247	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to 37	, 2009	-10	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2009	-10	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
29	 	
Other 90% CSS	- Support to 	State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (01)	 	50	 	 	50	 	  	50	 	0 	100	 	
30	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	1 	 	1 	  	1 	0 	100	 	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	  	 	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	Seed infrastructure (100% 	CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	 	 	  	  	 	 	  	
33	 	
National project on organic 
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	 	10	 	  	10	 	  	10	 	100	 	
34	 	
National project on biogas 
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	 	120	 	  	120	 	  	130.75	 	109	 	
35	 	
Promotion and 	strengthening of 	
agricultural mechanisation 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	 	10	 	  	10	 	  	0 	0 	
36	 	
CDB scheme for integrated 
farming in coconut holdings 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	 	400	 	  	433.22	 	  	430.5	 	99	 	
37	 	
Human Resources Development 
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	248	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to 37	, 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
29	 	
Other 90% CSS	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension 	reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (01)	 	50	 	 	50	 	  	50	 	0 	100	 	
30	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	1 	 	1 	  	1 	0 	100	 	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	  	 	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	 	 	  	  	 	 	  	
33	 	
National project on organic 
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	 	50	 	  	50	 	  	30.72	 	61	 	
34	 	
National project on biogas 
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	 	120	 	  	120	 	  	125.39	 	104	 	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	 	120	 	  	  	  	0 	0 	
35	 	
Promotion and strengthening of 
agricultural mechanisation 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	 	20	 	  	10	 	  	9.89	 	99	 	
36	 	
CDB scheme for integrated 
farming in coconut holdings 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	 	400	 	  	540	 	  	474.8	 	88	 	
37	 	
Human Resources Development 
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	249	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to 3	7, 2011	-12	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
29	 	
Other 90% CSS	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35	 (01)	 	150	 	 	150	 	  	111.17	 	0 	74	 	
30	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	1 	 	40.2	 	  	39.43	 	0 	98	 	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	  	  	  	  	 	 	  	
33	 	
National 	project on organic 	
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	 	50	 	  	50	 	  	0 	0 	
34	 	
National project on biogas 
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	 	250	 	  	363	 	  	365.55	 	101	 	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
35	 	
Promotion and strengthening of 
agricultural mechanisation 
(100%	 CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	 	20	 	  	20	 	  	0 	0 	
36	 	
CDB scheme for integrated 
farming in coconut holdings 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	 	500	 	  	500	 	  	264.23	 	53	 	
37	 	
Human Resources Development 
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	250	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to 37	, 2012	-13	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2012	-13	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
29	 	
Other 90% CSS	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (01)	 	  	  	  	 	 	  	  	
30	 	Other 	90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	110	 	  	110	 	  	99.02	 	  	90	 	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
33	 	
National project on organic 
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
34	 	
National project on biogas 
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	 	300	 	 	300	 	  	250.04	 	83	 	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	
35	 	
Promotion and strengthening of 
agricultural mechanisation 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	 	20	 	  	20	 	  	20.02	 	100	 	
36	 	
CDB scheme for integrated 
farming in coconut holdings 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	 	500	 	  	450	 	  	492.4	 	109	 	
37	 	
Human Resources Development 
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	251	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to 37	, 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head 	of Acct	 	
2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
29	 	
Other 90% CSS	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (01)	 	  	  	  	  	 	 	  	
30	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	100	 	  	100	 	  	33.06	 	  	33	 	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	27.74	 	249.68	 	27.74	 	249.68	 	27.71	 	249.38	 	100	 	
32	 	Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
33	 	
National project on organic 
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
34	 	
National project on biogas 
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	 	350	 	  	350	 	  	206.18	 	59	 	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	 	 	  	  	 	 	  	
35	 	
Promotion and strengthening of 
agricultural mechanisation 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	 	 	  	  	 	 	  	
36	 	
CDB 	scheme for integrated 	
farming in coconut holdings 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	 	600	 	  	600	 	  	519.47	 	87	 	
37	 	
Human Resources Development 
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	252	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to 3	7, 2014	-15	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
29	 	
Other 90% CSS	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (01)	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
30	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 	(02)	 	  	  	100	 	  	97.5	 	  	98	 	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
32	 	Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
33	 	
National project on organic 
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
34	 	
National 	project on biogas 	
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	 	350	 	  	350	 	  	213.01	 	61	 	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	
35	 	
Promotion and strengthening of 
agricultural mechanisation 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	
36	 	
CDB scheme for integrated 
farming in 	coconut holdings 	
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	  	420	 	  	420	 	  	223.62	 	53	 	
37	 	
Human Resources Development 
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	253	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38	 to 4	4, 2005	-06	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2005	-06	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	
38	 	
Seed replacement scheme 
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
40	 	
Establishment 	of pesticide 	
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
41	 	
Development and strengthening 
of infrastructure facilities for 
production and distribution of 
quality seeds (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
42	 	
Post harvest	 technology and 	
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
43	 	
Sub mission on agricultural 
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
44	 	Horticulture Mission (100% C	SS) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	834.7	 	13670.7	 	934.7	 	14535.7	 	422.38	 	4725.6	 	33

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	254	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38	 to 4	4, 2006	-07	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2006	-07	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
38	 	
Seed replacement scheme 
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
40	 	
Establishment of pesticide 
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
41	 	
Development and strengthening 
of infrastructure facilities for 
production and distribution of 
quality seeds (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
42	 	
Post harvest technology and 
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
43	 	
Sub mission on agricultural 
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
44	 	Horticulture Mission (100% C	SS) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	  	  	  	991.25	 	  	437.53	 	44	 	
  	TOTAL	 	  	710.73	 	8206.9	 	626.43	 	10082.34	 	412.48	 	4340.41	 	44

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	255	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38	 to 4	4, 2007	-08	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2007	-08	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
38	 	
Seed replacement scheme 
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	 	192	 	  	192	 	0 	191.91	 	100	 	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	 	50	 	  	50	 	0 	49.86	 	100	 	
40	 	
Establishment of 	pesticide 	
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	
41	 	
Development and strengthening 
of infrastructure facilities for 
production and distribution of 
quality seeds (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
42	 	
Post harvest	 technology and 	
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
43	 	
Sub mission on agricultural 
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
44	 	Horticulture Mission (100% CS	S) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	326.78	 	5384.04	 	332.78	 	4700.04	 	272.62	 	3506.09	 	75

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	256	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38 to 44	, 2008	-09	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2008	-09	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
38	 	
Seed replacement scheme 
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	  	  	  	  	 	 	  	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	 	50	 	  	50	 	  	0 	0 	
40	 	
Establishment of pesticide 
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	 	18.97	 	  	11.38	 	0 	0 	0 	
41	 	
Development and strengthening 
of infrastructure facilities for 
production and distribution of 
quality seeds (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
42	 	
Post harvest technology and 
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
43	 	
Sub mission on agricultural 
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
44	 	Horticulture 	Mission (100% C	SS) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	400	 	5908.97	 	377.26	 	4684.26	 	288.59	 	2659.23	 	58

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	257	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38 to 44	, 2009	-10	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2009	-10	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
38	 	
Seed replacement scheme 
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
40	 	
Establishment of pesticide 
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
41	 	
Development and strengthening 
of infrastructure facilities for 
production and distribution of 
quality seeds (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	 	 	  	606	 	  	606	 	100	 	
42	 	
Post harvest technology and 
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	
43	 	
Sub mission on 	agricultural 	
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	
44	 	Horticulture Mission (100% C	SS) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	256	 	2190	 	306.55	 	2913.77	 	252.04	 	2473.9	 	85

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	258	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38	 to 4	4, 2010	-11	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2010	-11	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
38	 	
Seed replacement scheme 
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
40	 	
Establishment of pesticide 
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
41	 	
Development and strengthening 
of infrastructure facilities for 
production and distribution of 
quality seeds (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	 	100	 	  	100	 	  	0 	0 	
42	 	
Post harvest	 technology and 	
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
43	 	
Sub mission on agricultural 
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
44	 	Horticulture Mission (100% C	SS) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	256	 	2460	 	257.94	 	2252.02	 	238.95	 	1908.93	 	86

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	259	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38 to 44	, 2011	-12	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2011	-12	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
38	 	
Seed replacement scheme 
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
40	 	
Establishment of pesticide 
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	
41	 	
Development and strengthening 
of infrastructure facilities for 
production and distribution of 
quality seeds 	(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	 	10	 	 	10	 	  	0 	0 	
42	 	
Post harvest technology and 
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	 	14.05	 	  	14.05	 	  	0.03	 	0 	
43	 	
Sub mission on agricultural 
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	
44	 	Horticulture Mission (100% C	SS) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	346	 	2084.05	 	402.7	 	2214.55	 	311.65	 	1654.67	 	75

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	260	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38	 to 4	4, 2012	-13	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2012	-13	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
38	 	
Seed 	replacement scheme 	
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
40	 	
Establishment of pesticide 
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
41	 	
Development 	and strengthening 	
of infrastructure facilities for 
production and distribution of 
quality seeds (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
42	 	
Post harvest technology and 
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	 	15	 	  	15	 	  	14.05	 	94	 	
43	 	
Sub mission on agricultural 
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	 	  	  	  	 	 	  	
44	 	Horticulture Mission (100% CS	S) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	300	 	2065	 	300	 	2015	 	263.69	 	1839.18	 	91

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	261	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38 to 44	, 2013	-14	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2013	-14	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
38	 	
Seed replacement scheme 
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
40	 	
Establishment of pesticide 
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
41	 	
Development and strengthening 
of infrastructure facilities for 
production and distribution of 
quality seeds (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	 	 	  	  	  	  	  	
42	 	
Post harvest	 technology and 	
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	 	 	  	  	 	 	  	
43	 	
Sub mission on agricultural 
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	 	500	 	  	500	 	  	56.85	 	11	 	
44	 	Horticulture Mission (100% CS	S) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	292.74	 	2944.68	 	272.74	 	2764.68	 	88.52	 	1066.91	 	38

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	262	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38 to 44	, 2014	-15	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
2014	-15	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
38	 	
Seed replacement scheme 
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
40	 	
Establishment of pesticide 
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
41	 	
Development and strengthening 
of infrastructure facilities for 
production and distribution of 
quality seeds (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
42	 	
Post harvest technology and 
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
43	 	
Sub mission on agricultural 
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	 	1000	 	  	750	 	  	0 	0 	
44	 	Horticulture Mission (100% C	SS) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	  	  	  	  	  	  	  	
  	TOTAL	 	  	30	 	1800	 	130	 	1550	 	127.28	 	466.41	 	35

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	263	 	
 
New Centrally sponsored	 schemes implemented in 2014	-15	 (not in Budget 2014	-15, but allocation 	
obtained through additional 	authorization	) 	 	Rs	. in Lakhs	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Scheme component	 	Head of Acct	 	RE	 	Expr	 	% 
 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	
1 	National Food Security Mission 
(NFSM)	- Rice 100% CSS	 	  
  	
2401	-00	-102	-89 (01) General	 	  	193.13	 	  	193.13	 	100	 	
2401	-00	-789	-99 	(01) SCP	 	  	21.25	 	  	1.81	 	9 	
2401	-00	-796	-98 (01) TSP	 	  	2.38	 	  	0 	0 	
2 	
Mission for Integrated 
Development of Horticulture 
(MIDH)	 	
 National Horticulture 
Mission (NHM) (85% CSS)	 	
2401	-00	-789	-96 SC	 	  	1000	 	  	250	 	25	 	
2401	-00	-796	-95 ST	 	  	100	 	  	25	 	25	 	
3 	Sub 	Mission on Agricultural	 	
Extension (SAME)	 	  
  	
2401	-00	-109	-72 (01) General	 	  	1407.78	 	  	1407.77	 	100	 	
2401	-00	-789	-97 (01) SC	 	  	158.18	 	  	158.18	 	100	 	
2401	-00	-796	-96 (01) ST	 	  	15.82	 	  	15.82	 	100	 	
4 	Sub Mission on Agricultural 
Mechanisation (SMAM)	 	  
  	
2401	-00	-113	-81 	 	  	1000	 	  	0 	0 	
2401	-00	-789	-97 (02) SC	 	  	0 	  	0 	  	
2401	-00	-796	-96 (02) ST	 	  	0 	  	0 	  	
5 	National Mission on Oil Seeds 
and Oil Palm (NMOOP)	 	
Integrated Scheme on Oil 
Seeds, Oil Palm and Maize 	 	
  	
2401	-00	-114	-98 (03)	 	  	18.01	 	  	18	 	100	 	
2401	-00	-789	-95 (03) SCP	 	  	4 	  	4 	100	 	
2401	-00	-796	-94 (03) TSP	 	  	2 	  	2 	100	 	
6 	National Mission on Sustainable 
Agriculture (NMSA)	 	
Soil Health Management	 	2401	-00	-104	-79 (01)	 	  	0.01	 	  	0 	0 	
On farm Water 
Management	 	
2401	-00	-104	-79 (02) General	 	  	337.51	 	  	337.5	 	100	 	
2401	-00	-789	-98 (03) SCP	 	  	37.5	 	  	37.5	 	100	 	
Rainfed area development	 	
  
  	
2401	-00	-104	-79 (03) General	 	  	380	 	  	190	 	50	 	
2401	-00	-789	-98 (01) SCP	 	  	80	 	  	40	 	50	 	
2401	-00	-796	-97 (01) TSP	 	  	40	 	  	20	 	50	 	
Climate change and 
sustainable agriculture 
monitoring, modelling and 
networking (CCSAMMN)	 	
2401	-00	-104	-79 (03) General	 	  	0 	  	0 	0 	
2401	-00	-789	-98 (01) SCP	 	  	0 	  	0 	0 	
2401	-00	-796	-97 (01) TSP	 	  	0 	  	0 	0 	
 	 	TOTAL	 	  	0 	4797.57	 	0 	2700.71	 	56

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	264	 	
 
CSS	- Scheme wise	 head wise Total Outlay and Expenditure for 10 years from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 	
State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	  	
1 	2 	3 	67 	68 	69 	70 	71 	72 	73 	
1 	
Production and 	distribution of 	
hybrid coconut seedlings (50% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-96	 	208	 	208	 	210.26	 	210.26	 	166.6	 	166.57	 	79	 	
2 	
Establishment of regional 
nurseries (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-42	 	180	 	180	 	252.05	 	252.05	 	218.76	 	218.74	 	87	 	
3 	
Control of bud root disease in 
Kozhikkode	 district (50% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-43	 	1.7	 	1.7	 	1.7	 	1.7	 	1.7	 	1.7	 	100	 	
4 	
Integrated scheme of oil seeds, 
pulses, oil palms and maize 
(ISOPOM) (75%	 CSS)	 	2401	-00	-112	-97	 	55	 	165	 	75.74	 	227.22	 	49.73	 	149.2	 	66	 	
5 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%CSS)	- Rice development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (01)	 	1016.85	 	9151.65	 	966.85	 	8701.65	 	699.33	 	6293.84	 	72	 	
6 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Pepper development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (02)	 	200	 	1800	 	200.28	 	1802.47	 	47.53	 	427.79	 	24	 	
7 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Other spices (ginger 	
& 	turmeric)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (03)	 	100	 	900	 	100	 	900	 	0.42	 	3.55	 	0 	
8 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Cashew 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (04)	 	50	 	450	 	50	 	450	 	37.35	 	336.15	 	75	 	
9 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Vegetable 	
development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (05)	 	5 	45	 	5 	45	 	0.37	 	3.33	 	7

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	265	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 10 to 19, Total for 10 years	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	67 	68 	69 	70 	71 	72 	73 	
10	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Fruit 	development	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (06)	 	20	 	180	 	20	 	180	 	0.29	 	2.61	 	1 	
11	 	
Macro manageme	nt schemes 	
(90%	 CSS)	- Agricultural	 	
extension and training	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (07)	 	8 	72	 	8 	72	 	0.18	 	1.62	 	2 	
12	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Women in 	
agriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (08)	 	75.28	 	677.54	 	75.28	 	677.54	 	55.88	 	502.88	 	74	 	
13	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Small farm 	
mechanisation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (12)	 	164.58	 	1035	 	186.08	 	1674.72	 	156.67	 	1410.08	 	84	 	
14	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Watershed 	
development (NWDPRA)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (13)	 	629.15	 	5662.35	 	663.85	 	5974.65	 	524.2	 	4718.06	 	79	 	
15	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Information 	
technology	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (14)	 	41.2	 	370.8	 	46.62	 	419.58	 	19.45	 	175.01	 	42	 	
16	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Agricultural 	
marketing	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (15)	 	33	 	297	 	33	 	297	 	7.15	 	64.35	 	22	 	
17	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Floriculture	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (17)	 	21	 	189	 	21	 	189	 	0.67	 	6.03	 	3 	
18	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Medicinal and 	
aromatic plants	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (18)	 	5 	45	 	5 	45	 	0 	0 	0 	
19	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Concurrent 	
monitoring and evaluation	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (19)	 	1.5	 	13.5	 	1.5	 	13.5	 	0 	0 	0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	266	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 20 to 28, Total for 10 years	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	67 	68 	69 	70 	71 	72 	73 	
20	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Contro	l of yellowing 	
in Arecanut (75% 	CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (20)	 	200	 	819	 	80	 	939	 	0 	218.98	 	21	 	
21	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- One time ACA for the 	
uplift of Urban/ Rural farmers 
through the devpt of 
floriculture/ medicinal plants 
and intercrops/ mixed crops	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (21)	 	0 	0 	50	 	450	 	48.86	 	439.74	 	98	 	
22	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Support to State 	
extension 	programme for 	
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (22)	 	80	 	720	 	60	 	540	 	18.55	 	166.99	 	31	 	
23	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Balanced and 	
integrated use of fertilizers	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (23)	 	56.8	 	511.2	 	51.8	 	466.2	 	48.04	 	432.33	 	93	 	
24	 	
Macro management schemes 
(90%	 CSS)	- Integrated cereal 	
devpt programme in coarse 
cereal based 	cropping	 system	 	2401	-00	-800	-61 (24)	 	20.15	 	181.35	 	20.15	 	181.35	 	4.52	 	40.7	 	22	 	
25	 	Micro irrigation (90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-45	 	90	 	810	 	127	 	1134	 	62.06	 	268.56	 	26	 	
26	 	
Women in agriculture (100% 
CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-73	 	0 	15	 	0 	15	 	0 	4.97	 	33	 	
27	 	
Establishment of bio control 
labs (100% CSS)	 	
2401	-00	-107	-80	 	0 	80	 	0 	35	 	0 	0 	0 	
2401	-00	-800	-38	 	0 	15	 	0 	10	 	0 	0 	0 	
28	 	Agrisnet 	(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-82	 	0 	1000	 	0 	1000	 	0 	20.55	 	2

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	267	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 29 to	 37	, Total for 10 years	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	67 	68 	69 	70 	71 	72 	73 	
29	 	
Other 90% CSS	- Support to State 	
extension programme for 
extension reforms	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (01)	 	250	 	0 	250	 	0 	211.17	 	0 	84	 	
30	 	Other 90% CSS	- Micro irrigation	 	2401	-00	-800	-35 (02)	 	213	 	0 	352.2	 	0 	271.01	 	0 	77	 	
31	 	
NeGP	- Agriculture (by SDG) 	
(90% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-22	 	27.74	 	249.68	 	27.74	 	249.68	 	27.71	 	249.38	 	100	 	
32	 	Seed infrastructure (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-85	 	0 	150	 	0 	140.62	 	0 	10.62	 	8 	
33	 	
National project on organic 
farming (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-105	-84	 	0 	330	 	0 	330	 	0 	113.23	 	34	 	
34	 	
National project on biogas 
development (100% CSS)	 	
  	
2810	-00	-105	-99	 	0 	1370	 	0 	1483	 	0 	1160.17	 	78	 	
2810	-01	-101	-99	 	0 	640	 	0 	520	 	0 	539.89	 	104	 	
35	 	
Promotion and strengthening of 
agricultural mechanisation 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-85	 	0 	100	 	0 	92.72	 	0 	55.62	 	60	 	
36	 	
CDB scheme for integrated 
farming in coconut holdings 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-108	-54	 	0 	16326.55	 	0 	14699.77	 	0 	5080.86	 	35	 	
37	 	
Human Resources 	Development 	
in Horticulture (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-53	 	0 	3 	0 	3 	0 	1 	33

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	268	 	
 
CSS	- Schemes 38 to 44	, Total for 10 years	 	
Sl 
No	 	Name of scheme	 	Head of Acct	 	
Total for 10 years	 	
BE	 	RE	 	Accounts	 	% 
  	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	State	 	Central	 	
1 	2 	3 	67 	68 	69 	70 	71 	72 	73 	
38	 	
Seed replacement scheme 
under special package 
programme (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-81	 	0 	192	 	0 	192	 	0 	191.91	 	100	 	
39	 	
Farmers counseling centres 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-44	 	0 	100	 	0 	100	 	0 	49.86	 	50	 	
40	 	
Establishment of pesticide 
testing lab (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-800	-39	 	0 	18.97	 	0 	11.38	 	0 	0 	0 	
41	 	
Development and 
strengthening of infrastructure 
facilities for production and 
distribution of quality seeds 
(100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-103	-80	 	0 	110	 	0 	716	 	0 	606	 	85	 	
42	 	
Post harvest technology and 
management (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-109	-77	 	0 	29.05	 	0 	29.05	 	0 	14.08	 	48	 	
43	 	
Sub mission on agricultural 
mechanisation (100% CSS)	 	2401	-00	-113	-81	 	0 	1500	 	0 	1250	 	0 	56.85	 	5 	
44	 	Horticulture Mission (100% CS	S) 	2401	-00	-119	-88	 	0 	0 	0 	991.25	 	0 	437.53	 	44	 	
  	TOTAL	 	  	3752.95	 	46714.34	 	3941.1	 	47712.36	 	2678.2	 	24641.33	 	53	 	
 	New Schemes in 2014	-15	 	 	0 	0 	0 	4797.57	 	0 	2700.71	 	56	 	
 	Grand Total for 10 years	 	 	3752.95	 	46714.34	 	3941.1	 	52509.93	 	2678.2	 	27342.04	 	53

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	269	 	
 
3. Land use pattern i	n Kerala from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
Area in Hectares	 	
Year	 	
Total 
geogra 
phical 
area	 	
Forest 
land	 	
Land put 
to non	-	
agricul 
tural use	 	
Barren & 
uncultiv
able land	 	
Cultivable 	
waste	 	
Fallow 
other 
than 
current 
fallow	 	
Current 
fallow	 	
Other 
uncultiv
able land	 	
Net area 
sown	 	
Gross 
cropped 
area	 	
2005	-06	 	3886287	 	1081509	 	370322	 	26457	 	66133	 	45171	 	70166	 	94046	 	2132483	 	2985727	 	
2006	-07	 	3886287	 	1081509	 	358684	 	26125	 	90288	 	47144	 	81651	 	99455	 	2101431	 	2917541	 	
2007	-08	 	3886287	 	1081509	 	371558	 	25527	 	92764	 	45214	 	82953	 	97733	 	2089029	 	2761094	 	
2008	-09	 	3886287	 	1081509	 	376155	 	24931	 	96193	 	45955	 	67759	 	104830	 	2088955	 	2694943	 	
2009	-10	 	3886287	 	1081509	 	371906	 	22046	 	98014	 	45374	 	76945	 	111778	 	2078715	 	2668678	 	
2010	-11	 	3886287	 	1081509	 	384174	 	19573	 	91665	 	51943	 	76028	 	109888	 	2071507	 	2647461	 	
2011	-12	 	3886287	 	1081509	 	399924	 	17552	 	95437	 	57670	 	77056	 	117007	 	2040132	 	2661757	 	
2012	-13	 	3886287	 	1081509	 	402577	 	16354	 	96596	 	55835	 	76744	 	108563	 	2048109	 	2591734	 	
2013	-14	 	3886287	 	1081509	 	405826	 	13655	 	97069	 	57346	 	70976	 	108912	 	2050994	 	2616670	 	
2014	-15	 	3886287	 	1081509	 	419828	 	12952	 	100676	 	54741	 	65329	 	109071	 	2042881	 	2624624

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	270	 	
 
4. Share of area under 	each land use category from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
Year	 	
Total 
geogra 
phical 
area	 	
Forest 
land	 	
Land put 
to non	-	
agricul 
tural use	 	
Barren & 
uncultivab	
le land	 	
Cultivable 	
waste	 	
Fallow 	
other than 
current 
fallow	 	
Current 
fallow	 	
Other 
uncultiva
ble land	 	
Net area 
sown	 	
2005	-06	 	100	 	27.8	 	9.5	 	0.7	 	1.7	 	1.2	 	1.8	 	2.4	 	54.9	 	
2006	-07	 	100	 	27.8	 	9.2	 	0.7	 	2.3	 	1.2	 	2.1	 	2.6	 	54.1	 	
2007	-08	 	100	 	27.8	 	9.6	 	0.7	 	2.4	 	1.2	 	2.1	 	2.5	 	53.8	 	
2008	-09	 	100	 	27.8	 	9.7	 	0.6	 	2.5	 	1.2	 	1.7	 	2.7	 	53.8	 	
2009	-10	 	100	 	27.8	 	9.6	 	0.6	 	2.5	 	1.2	 	2.0	 	2.9	 	53.5	 	
2010	-11	 	100	 	27.8	 	9.9	 	0.5	 	2.4	 	1.3	 	2.0	 	2.8	 	53.3	 	
2011	-12	 	100	 	27.8	 	10.3	 	0.5	 	2.5	 	1.5	 	2.0	 	3.0	 	52.5	 	
2012	-13	 	100	 	27.8	 	10.4	 	0.4	 	2.5	 	1.4	 	2.0	 	2.8	 	52.7	 	
2013	-14	 	100	 	27.8	 	10.4	 	0.4	 	2.5	 	1.5	 	1.8	 	2.8	 	52.8	 	
2014	-15	 	100	 	27.8	 	10.8	 	0.3	 	2.6	 	1.4	 	1.7	 	2.8	 	52.6

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	271	 	
 
5. Land use pattern	- rate of change 	in area over the previous year from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
Year	 	
Total 
geogra 
phical 
area	 	
Forest 
land	 	
Land put 
to non	-	
agricul 
tural use	 	
Barren & 
uncultiva
ble land	 	
Cultivable 	
waste	 	
Fallow 
other 
than 
current 
fallow	 	
Current 
fallow	 	
Other 
uncultiva
ble land	 	
Net 
area 
sown	 	
Gross 
cropped 
area	 	
2005	-06	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	4.1	 	-8.4	 	-5.6	 	10.4	 	2.2	 	9.7	 	-1.0	 	-0.4	 	
2006	-07	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	-3.1	 	-1.3	 	36.5	 	4.4	 	16.4	 	5.8	 	-1.5	 	-2.3	 	
2007	-08	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	3.6	 	-2.3	 	2.7	 	-4.1	 	1.6	 	-1.7	 	-0.6	 	-5.4	 	
2008	-09	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	1.2	 	-2.3	 	3.7	 	1.6	 	-18.3	 	7.3	 	0.0	 	-2.4	 	
2009	-10	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	-1.1	 	-11.6	 	1.9	 	-1.3	 	13.6	 	6.6	 	-0.5	 	-1.0	 	
2010	-11	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	3.3	 	-11.2	 	-6.5	 	14.5	 	-1.2	 	-1.7	 	-0.3	 	-0.8	 	
2011	-12	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	4.1	 	-10.3	 	4.1	 	11.0	 	1.4	 	6.5	 	-1.5	 	0.5	 	
2012	-13	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.7	 	-6.8	 	1.2	 	-3.2	 	-0.4	 	-7.2	 	0.4	 	-2.6	 	
2013	-14	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.8	 	-16.5	 	0.5	 	2.7	 	-7.5	 	0.3	 	0.1	 	1.0	 	
2014	-15	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	3.5	 	-5.1	 	3.7	 	-4.5	 	-8.0	 	0.1	 	-0.4	 	0.3

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	272	 	
 	
6.	 Area under 	major agricultural 	crops	 in Kerala	 from 2005	-06 to 201	4-15 	
Area in Hectares	 	
Year	 	2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Paddy 
Autumn	 	98256	 	83859	 	77533	 	79381	 	77249	 	70498	 	68135	 	63232	 	51922	 	63981	 	
Paddy 
Winter	 	155629	 	143724	 	105958	 	105122	 	107485	 	91556	 	92735	 	86751	 	100824	 	88990	 	
Paddy 
Summer	 	21857	 	35946	 	45447	 	49762	 	49279	 	51133	 	47290	 	47294	 	46865	 	45188	 	
Paddy Total	 	275742	 	263529	 	228938	 	234265	 	234013	 	213187	 	208160	 	197277	 	199611	 	198159	 	
Jowar	 	2450	 	1827	 	3083	 	2306	 	2547	 	2208	 	280	 	148	 	150	 	173	 	
Ragi	 	414	 	516	 	266	 	608	 	293	 	263	 	248	 	113	 	82	 	79	 	
Sugarcane	 	1222	 	1161	 	2991	 	3392	 	2972	 	2845	 	2604	 	1742	 	2210	 	1517	 	
Jack	 	94902	 	88358	 	85322	 	79288	 	78148	 	75189	 	90333	 	89702	 	9022	5 	92203	 	
Mango	 	87965	 	76709	 	69482	 	66754	 	63751	 	62200	 	75559	 	74462	 	77158	 	77301	 	
Banana	 	61400	 	59143	 	59341	 	54739	 	51275	 	58671	 	59069	 	61011	 	62261	 	61936	 	
Plantain	 	55222	 	53096	 	51367	 	50126	 	47802	 	49129	 	48747	 	48859	 	54512	 	56761	 	
Pineapple	 	12775	 	12486	 	11262	 	10407	 	9827	 	10216	 	8932	 	8540	 	8002	 	8080	 	
Papaya	 	18895	 	17693	 	17835	 	18080	 	16840	 	16156	 	16464	 	16197	 	16640	 	17999	 	
Other fruits	 	10586	 	9468	 	10031	 	9903	 	10834	 	11130	 	12026	 	10938	 	10921	 	11721	 	
Total fresh 
fruits	 	
341745	 	316953	 	304640	 	289297	 	278477	 	282691	 	311130	 	309709	 	319749	 	326001	 	
Cashew 
(dry fruit)	 	
78285	 	70463	 	58381	 	53007	 	48972	 	43848	 	54052	 	52086	 	49105	 	45436	 	
Total fruits	 	420030	 	387416	 	363021	 	342304	 	327449	 	326539	 	365182	 	361795	 	368854	 	371437	 	
Green 
Chilly	 	1231	 	1415	 	1398	 	1601	 	1501	 	1393	 	1322	 	1337	 	1336	 	1584

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	273	 	
 
Area under crops…	 	
Area in Hectares	 	
Year	 	2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Pepper	 	237998	 	216709	 	175679	 	153711	 	171489	 	172182	 	85335	 	84707	 	84065	 	85431	 	
Ginger	 	12226	 	11082	 	8865	 	7421	 	5408	 	6088	 	6908	 	4505	 	4538	 	4800	 	
Turmeric	 	3384	 	3917	 	3155	 	2782	 	2438	 	2391	 	2970	 	2628	 	2430	 	2470	 	
Cardamom	 	41367	 	41362	 	39763	 	41588	 	41593	 	41242	 	41600	 	41600	 	39730	 	39730	 	
Arecanut	 	108590	 	102078	 	99787	 	97492	 	99188	 	99384	 	104548	 	101775	 	100008	 	96686	 	
Tamarind	 	18747	 	16876	 	13821	 	12889	 	12708	 	11924	 	14879	 	13572	 	13172	 	11240	 	
Clove	 	937	 	1102	 	1252	 	1101	 	1206	 	1123	 	934	 	912	 	1018	 	1073	 	
Nutmeg	 	10984	 	13494	 	14921	 	16187	 	15931	 	17545	 	18161	 	18462	 	19627	 	20627	 	
Garlic	 	65	 	221	 	350	 	320	 	336	 	165	 	155	 	72	 	146	 	75	 	
Tapioca	 	90539	 	87128	 	83990	 	87241	 	74925	 	72284	 	74498	 	69586	 	67589	 	75493	 	
Sweet 
Potato	 	711	 	505	 	499	 	386	 	399	 	312	 	247	 	282	 	330	 	361	 	
Drumstick	 	21138	 	19680	 	17698	 	17067	 	16917	 	16127	 	16452	 	15465	 	163	56	 	17013	 	
Groundnut	 	3299	 	2813	 	2911	 	1733	 	1340	 	1503	 	1712	 	784	 	710	 	480	 	
Sesamum	 	600	 	732	 	533	 	576	 	608	 	519	 	197	 	260	 	265	 	262	 	
Coconut	 	897833	 	872943	 	818812	 	787769	 	778618	 	770473	 	820867	 	798162	 	808647	 	793856	 	
Cotton	 	2655	 	1300	 	1295	 	1152	 	1018	 	501	 	400	 	343	 	177	 	170	 	
Betel Leaves	 	780	 	613	 	509	 	468	 	447	 	468	 	349	 	335	 	357	 	327	 	
Tea	 	35043	 	35365	 	36131	 	36557	 	36845	 	36965	 	37028	 	30205	 	35010	 	30205	 	
Coffee	 	84644	 	84571	 	84115	 	84696	 	84796	 	84931	 	85359	 	85359	 	85359	 	85359	 	
Rubber	 	494400	 	502240	 	512045	 	517475	 	525408	 	534230	 	539565	 	539565	 	548225	 	549955	 	
Cocoa	 	9570	 	10708	 	14404	 	15261	 	12113	 	12488	 	12764	 	13013	 	13257	 	13183

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	274	 	
 	
7.	 Rate of change in area under crops in Kerala 	over the previous year 	from 2005	-06 to	 2014	-15 	
Year	 	2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Paddy 
Autumn	 	-6.7	 	-14.7	 	-7.5	 	2.4	 	-2.7	 	-8.7	 	-3.4	 	-7.2	 	-17.9	 	23.2	 	
Paddy Winter	 	4.5	 	-7.6	 	-26.3	 	-0.8	 	2.2	 	-14.8	 	1.3	 	-6.5	 	16.2	 	-11.7	 	
Paddy 
Summer	 	-38.8	 	64.5	 	26.4	 	9.5	 	-1.0	 	3.8	 	-7.5	 	0.0	 	-0.9	 	-3.6	 	
Paddy Total	 	-4.9	 	-4.4	 	-13.1	 	2.3	 	-0.1	 	-8.9	 	-2.4	 	-5.2	 	1.2	 	-0.7	 	
Jowar	 	-4.5	 	-25.4	 	68.7	 	-25.2	 	10.5	 	-13.3	 	-87.3	 	-47.1	 	1.4	 	15.3	 	
Ragi	 	-70.1	 	24.6	 	-48.4	 	128.6	 	-51.8	 	-10.2	 	-5.7	 	-54.4	 	-27.4	 	-3.7	 	
Sugarcane	 	-36.4	 	-5.0	 	157.6	 	13.4	 	-12.4	 	-4.3	 	-8.5	 	-33.1	 	26.9	 	-31.4	 	
Jack	 	-2.7	 	-6.9	 	-3.4	 	-7.1	 	-1.4	 	-3.8	 	20.1	 	-0.7	 	0.6	 	2.2	 	
Mango	 	-2.9	 	-12.8	 	-9.4	 	-3.9	 	-4.5	 	-2.4	 	21.5	 	-1.5	 	3.6	 	0.2	 	
Banana	 	4.3	 	-3.7	 	0.3	 	-7.8	 	-6.3	 	14.4	 	0.7	 	3.3	 	2.0	 	-0.5	 	
Plantain	 	1.1	 	-3.8	 	-3.3	 	-2.4	 	-4.6	 	2.8	 	-0.8	 	0.2	 	11.6	 	4.1	 	
Pineapple	 	0.7	 	-2.3	 	-9.8	 	-7.6	 	-5.6	 	4.0	 	-12.6	 	-4.4	 	-6.3	 	1.0	 	
Papaya	 	-2.1	 	-6.4	 	0.8	 	1.4	 	-6.9	 	-4.1	 	1.9	 	-1.6	 	2.7	 	8.2	 	
Other fruits	 	-4.2	 	-10.6	 	5.9	 	-1.3	 	9.4	 	2.7	 	8.1	 	-9.0	 	-0.2	 	7.3	 	
Total fresh 
fruits	 	-0.9	 	-7.3	 	-3.9	 	-5.0	 	-3.7	 	1.5	 	10.1	 	-0.5	 	3.2	 	2.0	 	
Cashew (dry 
fruit)	 	-4.0	 	-10.0	 	-17.1	 	-9.2	 	-7.6	 	-10.5	 	23.3	 	-3.6	 	-5.7	 	-7.5	 	
Total fruits	 	-1.5	 	-7.8	 	-6.3	 	-5.7	 	-4.3	 	-0.3	 	11.8	 	-0.9	 	2.0	 	0.7	 	
Green Chilly	 	49.6	 	14.9	 	-1.2	 	14.5	 	-6.2	 	-7.2	 	-5.1	 	1.1	 	-0.1	 	18.6	 	
Pepper	 	0.1	 	-8.9	 	-18.9	 	-12.5	 	11.6	 	0.4	 	-50.4	 	-0.7	 	-0.8	 	1.6	 	
Ginger	 	22.4	 	-9.4	 	-20.0	 	-16.3	 	-27.1	 	12.6	 	13.5	 	-34.8	 	0.7	 	5.8

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	275	 	
 
 
Rate of change in area under crops…	 	
Year	 	2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Turmeric	 	17.5	 	15.8	 	-19.5	 	-11.8	 	-12.4	 	-1.9	 	24.2	 	-11.5	 	-7.5	 	1.6	 	
Cardamom	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	-3.9	 	4.6	 	0.0	 	-0.8	 	0.9	 	0.0	 	-4.5	 	0.0	 	
Arecanut	 	0.9	 	-6.0	 	-2.2	 	-2.3	 	1.7	 	0.2	 	5.2	 	-2.7	 	-1.7	 	-3.3	 	
Tamarind	 	-4.2	 	-10.0	 	-18.1	 	-6.7	 	-1.4	 	-6.2	 	24.8	 	-8.8	 	-2.9	 	-14.7	 	
Clove	 	11.4	 	17.6	 	13.6	 	-12.1	 	9.5	 	-6.9	 	-16.8	 	-2.4	 	11.6	 	5.4	 	
Nutmeg	 	1.9	 	22.9	 	10.6	 	8.5	 	-1.6	 	10.1	 	3.5	 	1.7	 	6.3	 	5.1	 	
Garlic	 	-78.8	 	240.0	 	58.4	 	-8.6	 	5.0	 	-50.9	 	-6.1	 	-53.5	 	102.8	 	-48.6	 	
Tapioca	 	2.3	 	-3.8	 	-3.6	 	3.9	 	-14.1	 	-3.5	 	3.1	 	-6.6	 	-2.9	 	11.7	 	
Sweet Potato	 	-15.0	 	-29.0	 	-1.2	 	-22.6	 	3.4	 	-21.8	 	-20.8	 	14.2	 	17.0	 	9.4	 	
Drumstick	 	-4.1	 	-6.9	 	-10.1	 	-3.6	 	-0.9	 	-4.7	 	2.0	 	-6.0	 	6.4	 	3.4	 	
Groundnut	 	145.1	 	-14.7	 	3.5	 	-40.5	 	-22.7	 	12.2	 	13.9	 	-54.2	 	-9.4	 	-32.4	 	
Sesamum	 	-32.0	 	22.0	 	-27.2	 	8.1	 	5.6	 	-14.6	 	-62.0	 	32.0	 	1.9	 	-1.1	 	
Coconut	 	-0.2	 	-2.8	 	-6.2	 	-3.8	 	-1.2	 	-1.0	 	6.5	 	-2.8	 	1.3	 	-1.8	 	
Cotton	 	80.4	 	-51.0	 	-0.4	 	-11.0	 	-11.6	 	-50.8	 	-20.2	 	-14.3	 	-48.4	 	-4.0	 	
Betel Leaves	 	-12.5	 	-21.4	 	-17.0	 	-8.1	 	-4.5	 	4.7	 	-25.4	 	-4.0	 	6.6	 	-8.4	 	
Tea	 	0.0	 	0.9	 	2.2	 	1.2	 	0.8	 	0.3	 	0.2	 	-18.4	 	15.9	 	-13.7	 	
Coffee	 	0.0	 	-0.1	 	-0.5	 	0.7	 	0.1	 	0.2	 	0.5	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
Rubber	 	2.9	 	1.6	 	2.0	 	1.1	 	1.5	 	1.7	 	1.0	 	0.0	 	1.6	 	0.3	 	
Cocoa	 	2.5	 	11.9	 	34.5	 	5.9	 	-20.6	 	3.1	 	2.2	 	2.0	 	1.9	 	-0.6

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	276	 	
 	
8.	 Share of gross cropped area 	by 	each crop from the year 2005	-06 to 201	4-15 	
Year	 	2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Paddy 
Autumn	 	3.3	 	2.9	 	2.8	 	2.9	 	2.9	 	2.7	 	2.6	 	2.4	 	2.0	 	2.4	 	
Paddy Winter	 	5.2	 	4.9	 	3.8	 	3.9	 	4.0	 	3.5	 	3.5	 	3.3	 	3.9	 	3.4	 	
Paddy 
Summer	 	0.7	 	1.2	 	1.6	 	1.8	 	1.8	 	1.9	 	1.8	 	1.8	 	1.8	 	1.7	 	
Paddy Total	 	9.2	 	9.0	 	8.3	 	8.7	 	8.8	 	8.1	 	7.8	 	7.6	 	7.6	 	7.5	 	
Jowar	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
Ragi	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
Sugarcane	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	
Jack	 	3.2	 	3.0	 	3.1	 	2.9	 	2.9	 	2.8	 	3.4	 	3.5	 	3.4	 	3.5	 	
Mango	 	2.9	 	2.6	 	2.5	 	2.5	 	2.4	 	2.3	 	2.8	 	2.9	 	2.9	 	2.9	 	
Banana	 	2.1	 	2.0	 	2.1	 	2.0	 	1.9	 	2.2	 	2.2	 	2.4	 	2.4	 	2.4	 	
Plantain	 	1.8	 	1.8	 	1.9	 	1.9	 	1.8	 	1.9	 	1.8	 	1.9	 	2.1	 	2.2	 	
Pineapple	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	
Papaya	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.7	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.7	 	
Other fruits	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.5	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	
Total fresh 
fruits	 	11.4	 	10.9	 	11.0	 	10.7	 	10.4	 	10.7	 	11.7	 	11.9	 	12.2	 	12.4	 	
Cashew (dry 
fruit)	 	2.6	 	2.4	 	2.1	 	2.0	 	1.8	 	1.7	 	2.0	 	2.0	 	1.9	 	1.7	 	
Total fruits	 	14.1	 	13.3	 	13.1	 	12.7	 	12.3	 	12.3	 	13.7	 	14.0	 	14.1	 	14.2	 	
Green Chilly	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.0	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	
Pepper	 	8.0	 	7.4	 	6.4	 	5.7	 	6.4	 	6.5	 	3.2	 	3.3	 	3.2	 	3.3	 	
Ginger	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	0.3	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	0.2

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	277	 	
 
Share of gross cropped area by each crop …	 	
Year	 	2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Turmeric	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	
Cardamom	 	1.4	 	1.4	 	1.4	 	1.5	 	1.6	 	1.6	 	1.6	 	1.6	 	1.5	 	1.5	 	
Arecanut	 	3.6	 	3.5	 	3.6	 	3.6	 	3.7	 	3.8	 	3.9	 	3.9	 	3.8	 	3.7	 	
Tamarind	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.6	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.4	 	
Clove	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
Nutmeg	 	0.4	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.7	 	0.7	 	0.7	 	0.8	 	0.8	 	
Garlic	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
Tapioca	 	3.0	 	3.0	 	3.0	 	3.2	 	2.8	 	2.7	 	2.8	 	2.7	 	2.6	 	2.9	 	
Sweet Potato	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
Drumstick	 	0.7	 	0.7	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	
Groundnut	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
Sesamum	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
Coconut	 	30.1	 	29.9	 	29.7	 	29.2	 	29.2	 	29.1	 	30.8	 	30.8	 	30.9	 	30.2	 	
Cotton	 	0.1	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
Betel Leaves	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
Tea	 	1.2	 	1.2	 	1.3	 	1.4	 	1.4	 	1.4	 	1.4	 	1.2	 	1.3	 	1.2	 	
Coffee	 	2.8	 	2.9	 	3.0	 	3.1	 	3.2	 	3.2	 	3.2	 	3.3	 	3.3	 	3.3	 	
Rubber	 	16.6	 	17.2	 	18.5	 	19.2	 	19.7	 	20.2	 	20.3	 	20.8	 	21.0	 	21.0	 	
Cocoa	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	0.5	 	0.6	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.5

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	278	 	
 	
9.	 Index Numbers of area under 	crops i	n Kerala from 2007	-08 to 2014	-15	 	
Base Year TE 2007	-08=100 (Average area of each crop for 	the 	Triennium Ending 2007	-08 = 100)	 	
Year	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Paddy Autumn	 	89.6	 	91.7	 	89.3	 	81.5	 	78.7	 	73.1	 	60.0	 	73.9	 	
Paddy Winter	 	78.4	 	77.8	 	79.6	 	67.8	 	68.6	 	64.2	 	74.6	 	65.9	 	
Paddy Summer	 	132.0	 	144.6	 	143.2	 	148.6	 	137.4	 	137.4	 	136.2	 	131.3	 	
Paddy Total	 	89.4	 	91.5	 	91.4	 	83.3	 	81.3	 	77.0	 	78.0	 	77.4	 	
Jowar	 	125.7	 	94.0	 	103.8	 	90.0	 	11.4	 	6.0	 	6.1	 	7.1	 	
Ragi	 	66.7	 	152.5	 	73.5	 	66.0	 	62.2	 	28.3	 	20.6	 	19.8	 	
Sugarcane	 	167.0	 	189.4	 	165.9	 	158.8	 	145.4	 	97.2	 	123.4	 	84.7	 	
Jack	 	95.3	 	88.6	 	87.3	 	84.0	 	100.9	 	100.2	 	100.8	 	103.0	 	
Mango	 	89.0	 	85.5	 	81.7	 	79.7	 	96.8	 	95.4	 	98.9	 	99.0	 	
Banana	 	99.0	 	91.3	 	85.5	 	97.8	 	98.5	 	101.8	 	103.8	 	103.3	 	
Plantain	 	96.5	 	94.2	 	89.8	 	92.3	 	91.6	 	91.8	 	102.4	 	106.6	 	
Pineapple	 	92.5	 	85.5	 	80.7	 	83.9	 	73.4	 	70.1	 	65.7	 	66.4	 	
Papaya	 	98.3	 	99.7	 	92.8	 	89.1	 	90.8	 	89.3	 	91.7	 	99.2	 	
Other fruits	 	100.0	 	98.8	 	108.0	 	111.0	 	119.9	 	109.1	 	108.9	 	116.9	 	
Cashew (dry fruit)	 	84.6	 	76.8	 	70.9	 	63.5	 	78.3	 	75.4	 	71.1	 	65.8	 	
Green Chilly	 	103.7	 	118.8	 	111.4	 	103.3	 	98.1	 	99.2	 	99.1	 	117.5	 	
Pepper	 	83.6	 	73.2	 	81.6	 	81.9	 	40.6	 	40.3	 	40.0	 	40.7	 	
Ginger	 	82.7	 	69.2	 	50.4	 	56.8	 	64.4	 	42.0	 	42.3	 	44.8	 	
Turmeric	 	90.5	 	79.8	 	70.0	 	68.6	 	85.2	 	75.4	 	69.7	 	70.9	 	
Cardamom	 	97.4	 	101.9	 	101.9	 	101.0	 	101.9	 	101.9	 	97.3	 	97.3

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	279	 	
 
Index Numbers of 	area under crops …	 	
Year	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Arecanut	 	96.4	 	94.2	 	95.8	 	96.0	 	101.0	 	98.3	 	96.6	 	93.4	 	
Tamarind	 	83.9	 	78.2	 	77.1	 	72.3	 	90.3	 	82.3	 	79.9	 	68.2	 	
Clove	 	114.1	 	100.4	 	109.9	 	102.4	 	85.1	 	83.1	 	92.8	 	97.8	 	
Nutmeg	 	113.6	 	123.3	 	121.3	 	133.6	 	138.3	 	140.6	 	149.4	 	157.1	 	
Garlic	 	165.1	 	150.9	 	158.5	 	77.8	 	73.1	 	34.0	 	68.9	 	35.4	 	
Tapioca	 	96.3	 	100.0	 	85.9	 	82.9	 	85.4	 	79.8	 	77.5	 	86.6	 	
Sweet Potato	 	87.3	 	67.5	 	69.8	 	54.6	 	43.2	 	49.3	 	57.7	 	63.1	 	
Drumstick	 	90.7	 	87.5	 	86.7	 	82.7	 	84.3	 	79.3	 	84.4	 	87.2	 	
Groundnut	 	96.8	 	57.6	 	44.6	 	50.0	 	56.9	 	26.1	 	23.6	 	16.0	 	
Sesamum	 	85.7	 	92.7	 	97.8	 	83.5	 	31.7	 	41.8	 	42.6	 	42.1	 	
Coconut	 	94.9	 	91.3	 	90.2	 	89.3	 	95.1	 	92.5	 	93.7	 	92.0	 	
Cotton	 	74.0	 	65.8	 	58.2	 	28.6	 	22.9	 	19.6	 	10.1	 	9.7	 	
Betel Leaves	 	80.3	 	73.8	 	70.5	 	73.8	 	55.0	 	52.8	 	56.3	 	51.6	 	
Tea	 	101.7	 	102.9	 	103.8	 	104.1	 	104.3	 	85.1	 	98.6	 	85.1	 	
Coffee	 	99.6	 	100.3	 	100.4	 	100.6	 	101.1	 	101.1	 	101.1	 	101.1	 	
Rubber	 	101.8	 	102.9	 	104.5	 	106.2	 	107.3	 	107.3	 	109.0	 	109.4	 	
Cocoa	 	124.6	 	132.0	 	104.8	 	108.0	 	110.4	 	112.6	 	114.7	 	114.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	280	 	
 	
10.	 	Pro	duction of important agricultural	 crops	 in Kerala	 from 2005	-06 to 201	4-15	 	
Unit: in Tonnes, coconut: in Million nuts, Cotton: no. of bales of 170 Kg each	 	
Year	 	2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Rice 
Autumn	 	212520	 	191241	 	168108	 	192770	 	192050	 	170262	 	171662	 	161083	 	141234	 	161477	 	
Rice 
Winter	 	357734	 	346763	 	251103	 	249101	 	272284	 	215011	 	248114	 	212607	 	285614	 	254450	 	
Rice 
Summer	 	59733	 	103571	 	109277	 	148370	 	134005	 	137465	 	149217	 	134609	 	137477	 	146165	 	
Rice Total	 	629987	 	641575	 	528488	 	590241	 	598339	 	522738	 	568993	 	508299	 	564325	 	562092	 	
Sweet 
Potato	 	9013	 	6405	 	6343	 	4827	 	4575	 	4887	 	4159	 	4780	 	5451	 	5123	 	
Tapioca	 	2568284	 	2518999	 	2556455	 	2712114	 	2525384	 	2408962	 	2547399	 	2458515	 	2479070	 	2943919	 	
Coconut	 	6326	 	6054	 	5641	 	5802	 	5667	 	5287	 	5941	 	5799	 	5921	 	5947	 	
Arecanut	 	119309	 	109968	 	114690	 	125654	 	116763	 	99909	 	121623	 	118233	 	100018	 	125926	 	
Tamarind	 	28777	 	26188	 	21345	 	20164	 	19627	 	31794	 	26991	 	18492	 	44680	 	37300	 	
Sesamum	 	210	 	294	 	171	 	309	 	206	 	228	 	76	 	98	 	88	 	89	 	
Jowar 	 	1248	 	929	 	1573	 	1177	 	1305	 	1128	 	219	 	116	 	119	 	128	 	
Ragi	 	335	 	417	 	216	 	492	 	236	 	212	 	262	 	123	 	85	 	78	 	
Sugarcane	 	9165	 	6582	 	15915	 	27548	 	28497	 	27184	 	26304	 	16572	 	22152	 	14853	 	
Green 
Chilly	 	1192	 	1364	 	1340	 	1553	 	1302	 	1348	 	1283	 	1287	 	1283	 	1491	 	
Drumstick	 	18875	 	18435	 	17390	 	16658	 	15855	 	15838	 	16257	 	14877	 	15757	 	15976	 	
Groundnut	 	2441	 	2081	 	2154	 	1282	 	992	 	1867	 	2152	 	976	 	868	 	692	 	
Cotton	 	3452	 	1690	 	1680	 	1498	 	1324	 	731	 	640	 	572	 	284	 	279

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	281	 	
 
Production of crops	…	 	
Unit: in Tonnes, Jack: in Million nuts	 	
Year	 	2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Tea	 	56384	 	53659	 	51754	 	51726	 	57810	 	57291	 	57904	 	62963	 	63480	 	65174	 	
Coffee	 	60175	 	59475	 	48650	 	57200	 	59250	 	65650	 	68175	 	68175	 	66645	 	67700	 	
Rubber	 	739225	 	780405	 	753135	 	783485	 	745510	 	770580	 	798940	 	800050	 	648220	 	507700	 	
Cardamom*	 	9765	 	8545	 	7031	 	8550	 	7800	 	7935	 	10222	 	11350	 	12910	 	16000	 	
Cocoa	 	5362	 	5783	 	9447	 	8778	 	6198	 	8673	 	14317	 	13362	 	12323	 	14186	 	
Betel Leaves	 	137392	 	45337	 	26242	 	22171	 	21833	 	20426	 	21029	 	23966	 	12554	 	12009	 	
Clove	 	61	 	73	 	82	 	73	 	84	 	90	 	69	 	68	 	77	 	77	 	
Nutmeg	 	2746	 	11361	 	11217	 	11249	 	11269	 	11911	 	12059	 	12528	 	13212	 	14193	 	
Garlic	 	1105	 	3757	 	5950	 	5440	 	5712	 	1508	 	1417	 	658	 	1314	 	625	 	
Black 
Pepper	 	87605	 	64264	 	41952	 	33991	 	42459	 	45267	 	37501	 	46298	 	29408	 	40690	 	
Cured 
Ginger	 	56288	 	42496	 	31726	 	30809	 	28603	 	33197	 	37125	 	22064	 	21521	 	22989	 	
Cured 
Turmeric	 	8237	 	9980	 	7434	 	6364	 	6066	 	6198	 	7946	 	6904	 	6253	 	6820	 	
Mango	 	511131	 	445423	 	408143	 	392916	 	373168	 	380859	 	460424	 	441033	 	457067	 	434129	 	
Jack	 	350	 	333	 	309	 	290	 	281	 	301	 	272	 	300	 	294	 	293	 	
Banana	 	491823	 	463766	 	439803	 	435979	 	406242	 	483667	 	514054	 	515607	 	531299	 	545431	 	
Plantain	 	445333	 	435636	 	391896	 	399633	 	338546	 	353772	 	330634	 	351315	 	362395	 	468320	 	
Pineapple	 	109325	 	102449	 	82782	 	87882	 	80777	 	85526	 	82336	 	72857	 	75562	 	77731	 	
Papaya	 	85481	 	80491	 	80008	 	80494	 	109007	 	100772	 	96925	 	101207	 	103420	 	107200	 	
Raw Cashew	 	68262	 	61680	 	52402	 	42334	 	35818	 	34752	 	36743	 	37919	 	33375	 	29715	 	
 
Source:	 Department of Economics & 	Statistics, Kerala;	 * Spices Board, India

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	282	 	
 	
11.	 Rate of change in production of crops in Kerala over the previ	ous year from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
Year	 	2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Rice 	Autumn	 	-12.1	 	-10.0	 	-12.1	 	14.7	 	-0.4	 	-11.3	 	0.8	 	-6.2	 	-12.3	 	14.3	 	
Rice Winter	 	6.6	 	-3.1	 	-27.6	 	-0.8	 	9.3	 	-21.0	 	15.4	 	-14.3	 	34.3	 	-10.9	 	
Rice Summer	 	-33.4	 	73.4	 	5.5	 	35.8	 	-9.7	 	2.6	 	8.5	 	-9.8	 	2.1	 	6.3	 	
Rice Total	 	-5.6	 	1.8	 	-17.6	 	11.7	 	1.4	 	-12.6	 	8.8	 	-10.7	 	11.0	 	-0.4	 	
Sweet 	Potato	 	-10.0	 	-28.9	 	-1.0	 	-23.9	 	-5.2	 	6.8	 	-14.9	 	14.9	 	14.0	 	-6.0	 	
Tapioca	 	7.0	 	-1.9	 	1.5	 	6.1	 	-6.9	 	-4.6	 	5.7	 	-3.5	 	0.8	 	18.8	 	
Coconut	 	5.4	 	-4.3	 	-6.8	 	2.9	 	-2.3	 	-6.7	 	12.4	 	-2.4	 	2.1	 	0.4	 	
Arecanut	 	8.1	 	-7.8	 	4.3	 	9.6	 	-7.1	 	-14.4	 	21.7	 	-2.8	 	-15.4	 	25.9	 	
Tamarind	 	-3.9	 	-9.0	 	-18.5	 	-5.5	 	-2.7	 	62.0	 	-15.1	 	-31.5	 	141.6	 	-16.5	 	
Sesamum	 	-19.2	 	40.0	 	-41.8	 	80.7	 	-33.3	 	10.7	 	-66.7	 	28.9	 	-10.2	 	1.1	 	
Jowar 	 	-4.7	 	-25.6	 	69.3	 	-25.2	 	10.9	 	-13.6	 	-80.6	 	-47.0	 	2.6	 	7.6	 	
Ragi	 	-70.1	 	24.5	 	-48.2	 	127.8	 	-52.0	 	-10.2	 	23.6	 	-53.1	 	-30.9	 	-8.2	 	
Sugarcane	 	-40.6	 	-28.2	 	141.8	 	73.1	 	3.4	 	-4.6	 	-3.2	 	-37.0	 	33.7	 	-32.9	 	
Green Chilly	 	53.8	 	14.4	 	-1.8	 	15.9	 	-16.2	 	3.5	 	-4.8	 	0.3	 	-0.3	 	16.2	 	
Drumstick	 	-21.2	 	-2.3	 	-5.7	 	-4.2	 	-4.8	 	-0.1	 	2.6	 	-8.5	 	5.9	 	1.4	 	
Groundnut	 	145.1	 	-14.7	 	3.5	 	-40.5	 	-22.6	 	88.2	 	15.3	 	-54.6	 	-11.1	 	-20.3	 	
Cotton	 	45.7	 	-51.0	 	-0.6	 	-10.8	 	-11.6	 	-44.8	 	-12.4	 	-10.6	 	-50.3	 	-1.8	 	
Tea	 	13.9	 	-4.8	 	-3.6	 	-0.1	 	11.8	 	-0.9	 	1.1	 	8.7	 	0.0	 	3.6	 	
Coffee	 	10.8	 	-1.2	 	-18.2	 	17.6	 	3.6	 	10.8	 	3.8	 	0.0	 	-2.2	 	1.6	 	
Rubber	 	7.0	 	5.6	 	-3.5	 	4.0	 	-4.8	 	3.4	 	3.7	 	0.1	 	-19.0	 	-21.7	 	
Cardamom	 	13.3	 	-12.5	 	-17.7	 	21.6	 	-8.8	 	1.7	 	28.8	 	11.0	 	13.7	 	23.9

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	283	 	
 
 
Rate of change in production of crops …	 	
Year	 	2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Cocoa	 	5.9	 	7.9	 	63.4	 	-7.1	 	-29.4	 	39.9	 	65.1	 	-6.7	 	-7.8	 	15.1	 	
Betel Leaves	 	-12.8	 	-67.0	 	-42.1	 	-15.5	 	-1.5	 	-6.4	 	3.0	 	14.0	 	-47.6	 	-4.3	 	
Clove	 	15.1	 	19.7	 	12.3	 	-11.0	 	15.1	 	7.1	 	-23.3	 	-1.4	 	13.2	 	0.0	 	
Nutmeg	 	1.7	 	313.7	 	-1.3	 	0.3	 	0.2	 	5.7	 	1.2	 	3.9	 	5.5	 	7.4	 	
Garlic	 	-78.8	 	240.0	 	58.4	 	-8.6	 	5.0	 	-73.6	 	-6.0	 	-53.6	 	99.7	 	-52.4	 	
Black Pepper	 	16.8	 	-26.6	 	-34.7	 	-19.0	 	24.9	 	6.6	 	-17.2	 	23.5	 	-36.5	 	38.4	 	
Cured Ginger	 	24.2	 	-24.5	 	-25.3	 	-2.9	 	-7.2	 	16.1	 	11.8	 	-40.6	 	-2.5	 	6.8	 	
Cured Turmeric	 	31.9	 	21.2	 	-25.5	 	-14.4	 	-4.7	 	2.2	 	28.2	 	-13.1	 	-9.4	 	9.1	 	
Mango	 	-2.7	 	-12.9	 	-8.4	 	-3.7	 	-5.0	 	2.1	 	20.9	 	-4.2	 	3.6	 	-5.0	 	
Jack	 	0.6	 	-4.9	 	-7.2	 	-6.1	 	-3.1	 	7.1	 	-9.6	 	10.3	 	-2.0	 	-0.3	 	
Banana	 	3.5	 	-5.7	 	-5.2	 	-0.9	 	-6.8	 	19.1	 	6.3	 	0.3	 	3.0	 	2.7	 	
Plantain	 	7.0	 	-2.2	 	-10.0	 	2.0	 	-15.3	 	4.5	 	-6.5	 	6.3	 	3.2	 	29.2	 	
Pineapple	 	7.3	 	-6.3	 	-19.2	 	6.2	 	-8.1	 	5.9	 	-3.7	 	-11.5	 	3.7	 	2.9	 	
Papaya	 	-2.4	 	-5.8	 	-0.6	 	0.6	 	35.4	 	-7.6	 	-3.8	 	4.4	 	2.2	 	3.7	 	
Raw Cashew	 	12.7	 	-9.6	 	-15.0	 	-19.2	 	-15.4	 	-3.0	 	5.7	 	3.2	 	-12.0	 	-11.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	284	 	
 	
12.	 	Index Numbers of 	production of	 crops i	n Kerala from 2007	-08 to 2014	-15	 	
Base Y	ear TE 2007	-08=100 (Average production	 of each crop for 	the 	Triennium Ending 2007	-08 = 100)	 	
Year	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Rice Autumn	 	88.2	 	101.1	 	100.7	 	89.3	 	90.1	 	84.5	 	74.1	 	84.7	 	
Rice Winter	 	78.8	 	78.2	 	85.5	 	67.5	 	77.9	 	66.7	 	89.7	 	79.9	 	
Rice Summer	 	120.3	 	163.3	 	147.5	 	151.3	 	164.2	 	148.1	 	151.3	 	160.9	 	
Rice Total	 	88.1	 	98.4	 	99.7	 	87.1	 	94.8	 	84.7	 	94.1	 	93.7	 	
Sweet Potato	 	87.4	 	66.5	 	63.1	 	67.4	 	57.3	 	65.9	 	75.1	 	70.6	 	
Tapioca	 	100.3	 	106.4	 	99.1	 	94.5	 	100.0	 	96.5	 	97.3	 	115.5	 	
Coconut	 	93.9	 	96.6	 	94.3	 	88.0	 	98.9	 	96.5	 	98.6	 	99.0	 	
Arecanut	 	100.0	 	109.6	 	101.8	 	87.1	 	106.1	 	103.1	 	87.2	 	109.8	 	
Tamarind	 	83.9	 	79.3	 	77.2	 	125.0	 	106.1	 	72.7	 	175.7	 	146.6	 	
Sesamum	 	76.0	 	137.3	 	91.6	 	101.3	 	33.8	 	43.6	 	39.1	 	39.6	 	
Jowar 	 	125.8	 	94.2	 	104.4	 	90.2	 	17.5	 	9.3	 	9.5	 	10.2	 	
Ragi	 	66.9	 	152.5	 	73.1	 	65.7	 	81.2	 	38.1	 	26.3	 	24.2	 	
Sugarcane	 	150.8	 	261.0	 	270.0	 	257.6	 	249.2	 	157.0	 	209.9	 	140.7	 	
Green Chilly	 	103.2	 	119.6	 	100.3	 	103.8	 	98.8	 	99.1	 	98.8	 	114.8	 	
Drumstick	 	95.4	 	91.4	 	87.0	 	86.9	 	89.2	 	81.6	 	86.4	 	87.6	 	
Groundnut	 	96.8	 	57.6	 	44.6	 	83.9	 	96.7	 	43.9	 	39.0	 	31.1	 	
Cotton	 	73.9	 	65.9	 	58.2	 	32.1	 	28.1	 	25.2	 	12.5	 	12.3	 	
Tea	 	96.0	 	95.9	 	107.2	 	106.2	 	107.4	 	116.7	 	116.7	 	120.8	 	
Coffee	 	86.7	 	102.0	 	105.6	 	117.0	 	121.5	 	121.5	 	118.8	 	120.7	 	
Rubber	 	99.4	 	103.4	 	98.4	 	101.7	 	105.5	 	105.6	 	85.6	 	67.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	285	 	
 
Index Numbers of production of crops …	 	
Year	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Cardamom	 	83.2	 	101.2	 	92.3	 	93.9	 	121.0	 	134.4	 	152.8	 	189.4	 	
Cocoa	 	137.6	 	127.9	 	90.3	 	126.4	 	208.6	 	194.7	 	179.5	 	206.7	 	
Betel 	Leaves	 	37.7	 	31.8	 	31.3	 	29.3	 	30.2	 	34.4	 	18.0	 	17.2	 	
Clove	 	113.9	 	101.4	 	116.7	 	125.0	 	95.8	 	94.4	 	106.9	 	106.9	 	
Nutmeg	 	132.9	 	133.3	 	133.5	 	141.1	 	142.9	 	148.4	 	156.5	 	168.1	 	
Garlic	 	165.1	 	150.9	 	158.5	 	41.8	 	39.3	 	18.3	 	36.5	 	17.3	 	
Black Pepper	 	64.9	 	52.6	 	65.7	 	70.1	 	58.0	 	71.7	 	45.5	 	63.0	 	
Cured Ginger	 	72.9	 	70.8	 	65.7	 	76.3	 	85.3	 	50.7	 	49.5	 	52.8	 	
Cured Turmeric	 	86.9	 	74.4	 	70.9	 	72.5	 	92.9	 	80.7	 	73.1	 	79.8	 	
Mango	 	89.7	 	86.4	 	82.0	 	83.7	 	101.2	 	97.0	 	100.5	 	95.4	 	
Jack	 	93.4	 	87.7	 	85.0	 	91.0	 	82.3	 	90.7	 	88.9	 	88.6	 	
Banana	 	94.6	 	93.7	 	87.3	 	104.0	 	110.5	 	110.9	 	114.2	 	117.3	 	
Plantain	 	92.4	 	94.2	 	79.8	 	83.4	 	77.9	 	82.8	 	85.4	 	110.4	 	
Pineapple	 	84.3	 	89.5	 	82.3	 	87.1	 	83.9	 	74.2	 	77.0	 	79.2	 	
Papaya	 	97.6	 	98.2	 	132.9	 	122.9	 	118.2	 	123.4	 	126.1	 	130.7	 	
Raw Cashew	 	86.2	 	69.6	 	58.9	 	57.2	 	60.5	 	62.4	 	54.9	 	48.9	 	
 
Note: 	For more details on methodology of Index Numbers of agricultural production, report on agricultural statistics 	
published by Govt of India may be referred.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	286	 	
 
13. 	Productivity of pri	ncipal crops in Kerala from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15 	
Unit: Kg per Hectare, for Co	conut & Jack fruit: No. of nuts per Hectare	 	
Year	 	2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Rice Autumn	 	2163	 	2281	 	2168	 	2428	 	2486	 	2415	 	2519	 	2547	 	2720	 	2524	 	
Rice Winter	 	2299	 	2413	 	2370	 	2370	 	2533	 	2348	 	2676	 	2451	 	2833	 	2859	 	
Rice Summer	 	2733	 	2881	 	2404	 	2982	 	2719	 	2688	 	3155	 	2846	 	2933	 	3235	 	
Rice Total	 	2285	 	2435	 	2308	 	2520	 	2557	 	2452	 	2733	 	2577	 	2827	 	2837	 	
Coconut	 	7046	 	6935	 	6889	 	7365	 	7278	 	6862	 	7237	 	7265	 	7322	 	7491	 	
Tapioca	 	28367	 	28911	 	30438	 	31088	 	33737	 	33326	 	34419	 	35331	 	36679	 	38996	 	
Banana	 	8010	 	7841	 	7411	 	7965	 	7923	 	8244	 	8703	 	8451	 	8533	 	8806	 	
Plantain	 	8064	 	8205	 	7629	 	7973	 	7082	 	7201	 	6783	 	7190	 	6648	 	8251	 	
Jack	 	3688	 	3769	 	3622	 	3658	 	3583	 	4003	 	3011	 	3344	 	3259	 	3178	 	
Cocoa	 	560	 	540	 	656	 	575	 	512	 	695	 	1122	 	1027	 	930	 	1076	 	
Pepper	 	368	 	297	 	239	 	221	 	248	 	263	 	445	 	547	 	350	 	476	 	
Arecanut	 	1099	 	1077	 	1149	 	1289	 	1177	 	1001	 	1163	 	1162	 	1000	 	1302	 	
Cashew	 	872	 	875	 	898	 	799	 	731	 	793	 	680	 	728	 	680	 	654	 	
Sesamum	 	350	 	402	 	321	 	536	 	339	 	439	 	386	 	377	 	332	 	341	 	
 
Source: Department of Economics & Statistics

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	287	 	
 
14	. Rate of change of productivity	 of crops over the previ	ous year from 2005	-06 to 2014	-15	 	
Year	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Rice Autumn	 	-5.8	 	5.4	 	-4.9	 	12.0	 	2.4	 	-2.9	 	4.3	 	1.1	 	6.8	 	-7.2	 	
Rice Winter	 	2.0	 	5.0	 	-1.8	 	0.0	 	6.9	 	-7.3	 	13.9	 	-8.4	 	15.6	 	0.9	 	
Rice Summer	 	8.8	 	5.4	 	-16.5	 	24.0	 	-8.8	 	-1.1	 	17.4	 	-9.8	 	3.1	 	10.3	 	
Rice Total	 	-0.7	 	6.6	 	-5.2	 	9.1	 	1.5	 	-4.1	 	11.5	 	-5.7	 	9.7	 	0.3	 	
Coconut	 	5.6	 	-1.6	 	-0.7	 	6.9	 	-1.2	 	-5.7	 	5.5	 	0.4	 	0.8	 	2.3	 	
Tapioca	 	4.6	 	1.9	 	5.3	 	2.1	 	8.5	 	-1.2	 	3.3	 	2.6	 	3.8	 	6.3	 	
Banana	 	-0.8	 	-2.1	 	-5.5	 	7.5	 	-0.5	 	4.1	 	5.6	 	-2.9	 	1.0	 	3.2	 	
Plantain	 	5.8	 	1.7	 	-7.0	 	4.5	 	-11.2	 	1.7	 	-5.8	 	6.0	 	-7.5	 	24.1	 	
Jack	 	3.4	 	2.2	 	-3.9	 	1.0	 	-2.1	 	11.7	 	-24.8	 	11.1	 	-2.5	 	-2.5	 	
Cocoa	 	3.3	 	-3.6	 	21.5	 	-12.3	 	-11.0	 	35.7	 	61.4	 	-8.5	 	-9.4	 	15.7	 	
Pepper	 	16.5	 	-19.3	 	-19.5	 	-7.5	 	12.2	 	6.0	 	69.2	 	22.9	 	-36.0	 	36.0	 	
Arecanut	 	7.1	 	-2.0	 	6.7	 	12.2	 	-8.7	 	-15.0	 	16.2	 	-0.1	 	-13.9	 	30.2	 	
Cashew	 	17.4	 	0.3	 	2.6	 	-11.0	 	-8.5	 	8.5	 	-14.2	 	7.1	 	-6.6	 	-3.8	 	
Sesamum	 	19.0	 	14.9	 	-20.1	 	67.0	 	-36.8	 	29.5	 	-12.1	 	-2.3	 	-11.9	 	2.7

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	288	 	
 
15. Index Numbers of 	productivity	 of crops i	n Kerala from 2007	-08 to 	2014	-15	 	
Base Year TE 2007	-08=100 (Average 	productivity	 of each crop for 	the 	Triennium Ending 2007	-08 = 100)	 	
Year	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Rice Autumn	 	98.4	 	110.2	 	112.8	 	109.6	 	114.3	 	115.6	 	123.4	 	114.5	 	
Rice Winter	 	100.4	 	100.4	 	107.3	 	99.5	 	113.4	 	103.8	 	120.0	 	121.1	 	
Rice Summer	 	90.0	 	111.5	 	101.7	 	100.6	 	118.1	 	106.5	 	109.7	 	121.0	 	
Rice Total	 	98.5	 	107.6	 	109.1	 	104.7	 	116.7	 	110.0	 	120.7	 	121.1	 	
Coconut	 	99.0	 	105.9	 	104.6	 	98.6	 	104.0	 	104.4	 	105.3	 	107.7	 	
Tapioca	 	104.1	 	106.3	 	115.4	 	114.0	 	117.7	 	120.8	 	125.4	 	133.4	 	
Banana	 	95.6	 	102.7	 	102.2	 	106.3	 	112.2	 	109.0	 	110.0	 	113.6	 	
Plantain	 	95.8	 	100.1	 	88.9	 	90.4	 	85.1	 	90.3	 	83.5	 	103.6	 	
Jack	 	98.1	 	99.1	 	97.0	 	108.4	 	81.5	 	90.5	 	88.2	 	86.1	 	
Cocoa	 	112.1	 	98.2	 	87.5	 	118.7	 	191.7	 	175.5	 	158.9	 	183.8	 	
Pepper	 	79.3	 	73.3	 	82.3	 	87.3	 	147.7	 	181.5	 	116.2	 	158.0	 	
Arecanut	 	103.7	 	116.3	 	106.2	 	90.3	 	104.9	 	104.8	 	90.2	 	117.5	 	
Cashew	 	101.9	 	90.6	 	82.9	 	89.9	 	77.1	 	82.6	 	77.1	 	74.2	 	
Sesamum	 	89.7	 	149.9	 	94.8	 	122.7	 	107.9	 	105.4	 	92.8	 	95.3

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	289	 	
 
16. Area, production and productivity of coconut in Kerala and India 	from 1955	-56 to 2013	-14	 	
Area: in ‘000 Hectares, Production: in Million nuts, Productivity: in Nuts per Hectare	 	
Year	 	
Area ('000 Hectares)	 	Production (Million nuts)	 	Productivity	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	%  share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	
1955	-56	 	44	7.952	 	650	 	68.9	 	3099	 	4226	 	73.3	 	6919	 	6502	 	
1956	-57	 	459.733	 	660	 	69.7	 	3132	 	4383	 	71.5	 	6813	 	6641	 	
1957	-58	 	463.282	 	670	 	69.1	 	3199	 	4455	 	71.8	 	6904	 	6649	 	
1958	-59	 	475.690	 	690	 	68.9	 	3248	 	4589	 	70.8	 	6830	 	6651	 	
1959	-60	 	492.550	 	720	 	68.4	 	3365	 	4734	 	71.1	 	6832	 	6575	 	
1960	-61	 	500.769	 	720	 	69.6	 	3220	 	4639	 	69.4	 	6430	 	6443	 	
1961	-62	 	504.829	 	720	 	70.1	 	3247	 	4478	 	72.5	 	6432	 	6219	 	
1962	-63	 	539.270	 	800	 	67.4	 	3305	 	5017	 	65.9	 	6129	 	6271	 	
1963	-64	 	544.896	 	800	 	68.1	 	3262	 	4725	 	69.0	 	5986	 	5906	 	
1964	-65	 	558.991	 	850	 	65.8	 	3278	 	5043	 	65.0	 	5864	 	5933	 	
1965	-66	 	586.313	 	880	 	66.6	 	3293	 	5035	 	65.4	 	5616	 	5722	 	
1966	-67	 	609.600	 	890	 	68.5	 	3425	 	5192	 	66.0	 	5618	 	5834	 	
1967	-68	 	638.700	 	920	 	69.4	 	3593	 	5321	 	67.5	 	5625	 	5784	 	
1968	-69	 	686.100	 	990	 	69.3	 	3834	 	5546	 	69.1	 	5588	 	5602	 	
1969	-70	 	707.800	 	1030	 	68.7	 	3956	 	5859	 	67.5	 	5589	 	5688	 	
1970	-71	 	719.100	 	1050	 	68.5	 	3981	 	6075	 	65.5	 	5536	 	5786	 	
1971	-72	 	730.300	 	1090	 	67.0	 	4054	 	6124	 	66.2	 	5551	 	5618	 	
1972	-73	 	745.400	 	1100	 	67.8	 	3921	 	5997	 	65.4	 	5260	 	5452	 	
1973	-74	 	744.300	 	1100	 	67.7	 	3703	 	5851	 	63.3	 	4975	 	5319

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	290	 	
 
Area, production and productivity of coconut…	 	
Year	 	
Area ('000 	Hectares)	 	Production (Million nuts)	 	Productivity	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	%  share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	
1974	-75	 	748.200	 	1120	 	66.8	 	3719	 	6030	 	61.7	 	4971	 	5384	 	
1975	-76	 	693.000	 	1070	 	64.8	 	3439	 	5829	 	59.0	 	4962	 	5448	 	
1976	-77	 	694.985	 	1080	 	64.4	 	3343	 	5765	 	58.1	 	4817	 	5338	 	
1977	-78	 	699.119	 	1060	 	66.0	 	3367	 	5413	 	62.2	 	4816	 	5107	 	
1978	-79	 	660.628	 	1060	 	62.3	 	3211	 	5730	 	56.0	 	4861	 	5406	 	
1979	-80	 	662.657	 	1080	 	61.4	 	3032	 	5636	 	53.8	 	4576	 	5219	 	
1980	-81	 	651.370	 	1080	 	60.3	 	3008	 	5720	 	52.6	 	4618	 	5296	 	
1981	-82	 	666.618	 	1090	 	61.2	 	3006	 	5573	 	53.9	 	4509	 	5113	 	
1982	-83	 	674.378	 	1150	 	58.6	 	3184	 	6356	 	50.1	 	4721	 	5527	 	
1983	-84	 	682.281	 	1170	 	58.3	 	2602	 	5808	 	44.8	 	3814	 	4964	 	
1984	-85	 	687.483	 	1180	 	58.3	 	3453	 	6913	 	49.9	 	5023	 	5858	 	
1985	-86	 	704.682	 	1230	 	57.3	 	3377	 	6770	 	49.9	 	4792	 	5504	 	
1986	-87	 	706.107	 	1230	 	57.4	 	3173	 	6377	 	49.8	 	4494	 	5185	 	
1987	-88	 	775.365	 	1350	 	57.4	 	3346	 	7270	 	46.0	 	4315	 	5385	 	
1988	-89	 	816.880	 	1430	 	57.1	 	4215	 	8541	 	49.4	 	5160	 	5973	 	
1989	-90	 	832.174	 	1470	 	56.6	 	4358	 	9359	 	46.6	 	5237	 	6367	 	
1990	-91	 	870.022	 	1480	 	58.8	 	4232	 	9730	 	43.5	 	4864	 	6574	 	
1991	-92	 	863.061	 	1530	 	56.4	 	4641	 	10050	 	46.2	 	5377	 	6569	 	
1992	-93	 	877.012	 	1540	 	56.9	 	5124	 	11241	 	45.6	 	5843	 	7299	 	
1993	-94	 	882.293	 	1640	 	53.8	 	5192	 	11975	 	43.4	 	5885	 	7302	 	
1994	-95	 	910.960	 	1710	 	53.3	 	5336	 	13300	 	40.1	 	5858	 	7778

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	291	 	
 
Area, production and productivity of coconut…	 	
Year	 	Area ('000 	Hectares)	 	Production (Million nuts)	 	Productivity	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	%  share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	
1995	-96	 	914.370	 	1830	 	50.0	 	5155	 	12952	 	39.8	 	5638	 	7078	 	
1996	-97	 	902.104	 	1890	 	47.7	 	5276	 	13061	 	40.4	 	5849	 	6911	 	
1997	-98	 	884.344	 	1860	 	47.5	 	5209	 	12717	 	41.0	 	5890	 	6837	 	
1998	-99	 	882.288	 	1750	 	50.4	 	5132	 	12536	 	40.9	 	5817	 	7163	 	
1999	-00	 	925.035	 	1770	 	52.3	 	5680	 	12129	 	46.8	 	6140	 	6853	 	
2000	-01	 	925.783	 	1840	 	50.3	 	5536	 	12597	 	43.9	 	5980	 	6846	 	
2001	-02	 	905.718	 	1930	 	46.9	 	5479	 	12963	 	42.3	 	6049	 	6717	 	
2002	-03	 	899.198	 	1920	 	46.8	 	5709	 	12535	 	45.5	 	6349	 	6529	 	
2003	-04	 	898.498	 	1930	 	46.6	 	5876	 	12178	 	48.3	 	6540	 	6310	 	
2004	-05	 	899.267	 	1940	 	46.4	 	6001	 	12833	 	46.8	 	6673	 	6615	 	
2005	-06	 	897.833	 	1950	 	46.0	 	6326	 	14811	 	42.7	 	7046	 	7595	 	
2006	-07	 	872.943	 	1940	 	45.0	 	6054	 	15840	 	38.2	 	6935	 	8165	 	
2007	-08	 	818.812	 	1903	 	43.0	 	5641	 	14744	 	38.3	 	6889	 	7760	 	
2008	-09	 	787.769	 	1895	 	41.6	 	5802	 	10148	 	57.2	 	7365	 	5333	 	
2009	-10	 	778.61	8 	1900	 	41.0	 	5667	 	10824	 	52.4	 	7278	 	5712	 	
2010	-11	 	770.473	 	1900	 	40.6	 	5287	 	15753	 	33.6	 	6862	 	8291	 	
2011	-12	 	820.867	 	2070	 	39.7	 	5941	 	20924	 	28.4	 	7237	 	10108	 	
2012	-13	 	798.162	 	2140	 	37.3	 	5799	 	22684	 	25.6	 	7265	 	10600	 	
2013	-14	 	808.647	 	2140	 	37.8	 	5921	 	22088	 	26.8	 	7322	 	10321	 	
 
Sources: Economic Review, KSPB; Agricultural Statistics, Department of Economics & Statistics	, Kerala	 and 	Agricultural 	
Statistics 2014, 	Department of 	Agriculture & Cooperation, M/o Agriculture	 & Cooperation	, Govt of India

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	292	 	
 
17	. Area, production and productivity of paddy/ rice in Kerala and India from 1955	-56 to 2013	-14	 	
Year	 	
Area ('0000 Hectares)	 	Production ('0000 MT)	 	Productivity (in Kg/Ha)	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	%  share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	
1955	-56	 	75.93	68	 	3152	 	2.41	 	86.90	 	2756	 	3.15	 	1144	 	874	 	
1956	-57	 	76.2039	 	3228	 	2.42	 	87.32	 	2904	 	3.62	 	1345	 	900	 	
1957	-58	 	76.6774	 	3230	 	2.37	 	91.00	 	2553	 	3.56	 	1187	 	790	 	
1958	-59	 	76.8435	 	3317	 	2.32	 	93.94	 	3085	 	3.05	 	1222	 	930	 	
1959	-60	 	76.89	76 	3382	 	2.27	 	102.16	 	3168	 	3.22	 	1329	 	937	 	
1960	-61	 	77.8926	 	3413	 	2.28	 	105.07	 	3458	 	3.04	 	1349	 	1013	 	
1961	-62	 	75.2704	 	3469	 	2.17	 	98.82	 	3566	 	2.77	 	1313	 	1028	 	
1962	-63	 	80.2676	 	3569	 	2.25	 	107.59	 	3321	 	3.24	 	1340	 	931	 	
1963	-64	 	80.5083	 	3581	 	2.25	 	112.81	 	3700	 	3.05	 	1401	 	1033	 	
1964	-65	 	80.1121	 	3646	 	2.20	 	112.14	 	3931	 	2.85	 	1400	 	1078	 	
1965	-66	 	80.2329	 	3547	 	2.26	 	99.74	 	3059	 	3.26	 	1243	 	862	 	
1966	-67	 	79.9438	 	3525	 	2.27	 	108.40	 	3044	 	3.56	 	1356	 	863	 	
1967	-68	 	80.9544	 	3644	 	2.22	 	112.40	 	3761	 	2.99	 	1388	 	1032	 	
1968	-69	 	87.3871	 	3697	 	2.36	 	125.10	 	3976	 	3.15	 	1432	 	1076	 	
1969	-70	 	87.4059	 	3768	 	2.32	 	122.64	 	4043	 	3.03	 	1403	 	1073	 	
1970	-71	 	87.4830	 	3759	 	2.33	 	129.80	 	4222	 	3.07	 	1484	 	1123	 	
1971	-72	 	87.5157	 	3776	 	2.32	 	135.20	 	4307	 	3.14	 	1545	 	1141	 	
1972	-73	 	87.3704	 	3669	 	2.38	 	137.60	 	3924	 	3.51	 	1575	 	1070	 	
1973	-74	 	87.4675	 	3829	 	2.28	 	125.71	 	4405	 	2.85	 	1437	 	1151

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	293	 	
 
Area, production and productivity of paddy/ rice… 	 	
Year	 	
Area ('0000 Hectares)	 	Production ('0000 MT)	 	Productivity (in Kg/Ha)	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	%  share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	
1974	-75	 	88.1466	 	3789	 	2.3	3 	133.39	 	3958	 	3.37	 	1513	 	1045	 	
1975	-76	 	87.6022	 	3948	 	2.22	 	132.94	 	4874	 	2.73	 	1518	 	1235	 	
1976	-77	 	85.4374	 	3851	 	2.22	 	125.40	 	4192	 	2.99	 	1468	 	1089	 	
1977	-78	 	84.0374	 	4028	 	2.09	 	129.46	 	5267	 	2.46	 	1541	 	1308	 	
1978	-79	 	79.9238	 	4048	 	1.97	 	127.27	 	5377	 	2.37	 	1592	 	1328	 	
1979	-80	 	79.3266	 	3942	 	2.01	 	129.97	 	4233	 	3.07	 	1638	 	1074	 	
1980	-81	 	80.1699	 	4015	 	2.00	 	127.19	 	5363	 	2.37	 	1587	 	1336	 	
1981	-82	 	80.6871	 	4071	 	1.98	 	133.9	4 	5325	 	2.52	 	1661	 	1308	 	
1982	-83	 	77.849	0 	3826	 	2.03	 	130.62	 	4712	 	2.77	 	1678	 	1231	 	
1983	-84	 	74.0086	 	4124	 	1.79	 	120.79	 	6010	 	2.01	 	1632	 	1457	 	
1984	-85	 	73.0379	 	4116	 	1.77	 	125.59	 	5834	 	2.15	 	1720	 	1417	 	
1985	-86	 	67.8281	 	4114	 	1.65	 	117.31	 	6383	 	1.84	 	1729	 	15	52	 	
1986	-87	 	66.3803	 	4117	 	1.61	 	113.38	 	6056	 	1.87	 	1708	 	1471	 	
1987	-88	 	60.4082	 	3881	 	1.56	 	103.26	 	5686	 	1.82	 	1709	 	1465	 	
1988	-89	 	57.7557	 	4173	 	1.38	 	101.26	 	7049	 	1.44	 	1753	 	1689	 	
1989	-90	 	58.3388	 	4217	 	1.38	 	114.12	 	7357	 	1.55	 	1956	 	1745	 	
1990	-91	 	55.9450	 	4269	 	1.31	 	108.66	 	7429	 	1.46	 	1942	 	1740	 	
1991	-92	 	54.1327	 	4265	 	1.27	 	106.04	 	7468	 	1.42	 	1959	 	1751	 	
1992	-93	 	53.7608	 	4178	 	1.29	 	108.49	 	7286	 	1.49	 	2018	 	1744	 	
1993	-94	 	50.7832	 	4254	 	1.19	 	100.39	 	8030	 	1.25	 	1977	 	1888	 	
1994	-95	 	50.3290	 	4281	 	1.18	 	97.51	 	8181	 	1.19	 	1937	 	1911

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	294	 	
 
 
Area, production and productivity of paddy/ rice…	 	
Year	 	
Area ('0000 Hectares)	 	Production ('0000 MT)	 	Productivity (in Kg/Ha)	 	
Kerala	 	India	 	%  share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	% share	 	Kerala	 	India	 	
1995	-96	 	47.1150	 	4284	 	1.10	 	95.30	 	7698	 	1.24	 	2022	 	1797	 	
1996	-97	 	43.0826	 	4343	 	0.99	 	87.14	 	8173	 	1.07	 	2023	 	1882	 	
1997	-98	 	38.7122	 	4345	 	0.89	 	76.46	 	8254	 	0.93	 	1975	 	1900	 	
1998	-99	 	35.2631	 	4480	 	0.79	 	72.67	 	8608	 	0.84	 	2061	 	1921	 	
1999	-00	 	34.9774	 	4516	 	0.77	 	77.07	 	8968	 	0.86	 	2203	 	1986	 	
2000	-01	 	34.7455	 	4471	 	0.78	 	75.13	 	8498	 	0.88	 	2162	 	1901	 	
2001	-02	 	32.2368	 	4490	 	0.72	 	70.35	 	9334	 	0.75	 	2182	 	2079	 	
2002	-03	 	31.0521	 	4118	 	0.75	 	68.8	9 	7182	 	0.96	 	2218	 	1744	 	
2003	-04	 	28.7340	 	4259	 	0.67	 	57.00	 	8853	 	0.64	 	1984	 	2078	 	
2004	-05	 	28.9974	 	4191	 	0.69	 	66.71	 	8313	 	0.80	 	2295	 	1984	 	
2005	-06	 	27.5742	 	4366	 	0.63	 	63.00	 	9179	 	0.69	 	2285	 	2102	 	
2006	-07	 	26.3529	 	4381	 	0.60	 	64.16	 	9336	 	0.69	 	2435	 	2131	 	
2007	-08	 	22.8938	 	4391	 	0.52	 	52.85	 	3669	 	1.44	 	2308	 	2202	 	
2008	-09	 	23.4265	 	4554	 	0.51	 	59.02	 	9918	 	0.60	 	2520	 	2178	 	
2009	-10	 	23.4013	 	4192	 	0.56	 	59.83	 	8909	 	0.67	 	2557	 	2125	 	
2010	-11	 	21.3187	 	4286	 	0.50	 	52.27	 	9598	 	0.54	 	2452	 	2239	 	
2011	-12	 	20.8160	 	4401	 	0.47	 	56.90	 	10530	 	0.54	 	2733	 	2393	 	
2012	-13	 	19.7277	 	4275	 	0.46	 	50.83	 	10524	 	0.48	 	2577	 	2462	 	
2013	-14	 	19.9611	 	4395	 	0.45	 	56.43	 	10654	 	0.53	 	2827	 	2424	 	
 
Sources: Economic Review, KSPB; Agricultural Statistics, Department of Economics & Statistics	, Kerala	 and 	Agricultural 	
Statistics 2014, 	Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, M/o Agriculture	 & Cooperation	, Govt of India

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	295	 	
 
18	. Cost of cultivation of Autumn Paddy 	(in Rs. per hectare) 	from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	9542	 	9782	 	10716	 	10265	 	13179	 	12719	 	16833	 	18605	 	18336	 	30689	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	379	 	353	 	294	 	217	 	311	 	304	 	286	 	87	 	153	 	56	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	2161	 	2185	 	2281	 	2534	 	3282	 	4471	 	5601	 	3898	 	5934	 	6505	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	1125	 	974	 	1004	 	1170	 	1206	 	1492	 	1170	 	1548	 	2120	 	2201	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	2900	 	2946	 	2948	 	3028	 	2840	 	2939	 	2991	 	3622	 	3973	 	5895	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	347	 	324	 	172	 	239	 	498	 	461	 	546	 	398	 	190	 	286	 	
7 	Land tax and 
irrigation cess	 	60	 	73	 	85	 	42	 	205	 	168	 	145	 	111	 	127	 	125	 	
8 	
Repair & 
maintenance charges 
of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
330	 	251	 	668	 	600	 	411	 	558	 	843	 	1212	 	839	 	287	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	878	 	888	 	928	 	915	 	1172	 	1287	 	1478	 	1495	 	1667	 	2511	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	1113	 	1195	 	1142	 	841	 	2119	 	3348	 	2126	 	1737	 	2629	 	4587	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed 
capital	 	1024	 	743	 	1909	 	3014	 	2426	 	1636	 	1777	 	1008	 	1092	 	1431	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	1204	 	1199	 	1580	 	1159	 	2213	 	2528	 	2861	 	3685	 	2871	 	4771	 	
  	Total	 	21063	 	20913	 	23727	 	24024	 	29862	 	31911	 	36657	 	37406	 	39931	 	59344	 	
 
Source: Department of Economics & Statistics

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	296	 	
 
19. Cost of cultivation of Winter Paddy (in Rs. per hectare) from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	9663	 	9967	 	12183	 	12517	 	13883	 	16629	 	20202	 	18382	 	20700	 	25246	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	384	 	407	 	326	 	305	 	248	 	165	 	238	 	136	 	100	 	180	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	2292	 	2185	 	2823	 	3528	 	4397	 	4938	 	7115	 	5094	 	6467	 	7452	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	1239	 	1087	 	1176	 	1161	 	1441	 	1529	 	2044	 	1664	 	1913	 	2262	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	2629	 	2823	 	3202	 	2989	 	3265	 	3891	 	4581	 	4885	 	6226	 	6483	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	561	 	239	 	269	 	363	 	363	 	508	 	456	 	257	 	295	 	479	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	136	 	72	 	105	 	139	 	365	 	148	 	122	 	211	 	148	 	244	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
302	 	340	 	496	 	677	 	615	 	772	 	883	 	1150	 	1928	 	452	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	892	 	890	 	1048	 	1113	 	1329	 	1565	 	1911	 	1673	 	1994	 	2356	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	1072	 	1084	 	977	 	1406	 	2977	 	3633	 	3581	 	3039	 	4184	 	5012	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	729	 	902	 	1464	 	2313	 	1443	 	1686	 	1417	 	1825	 	1033	 	635	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	987	 	1288	 	1578	 	1670	 	1873	 	2823	 	3125	 	3811	 	3804	 	4692	 	
  	 Total cost	 	20886	 	21284	 	25647	 	28181	 	32199	 	38287	 	45675	 	42127	 	48792	 	55493	 	
 
Source: Department of Economics & Statistics

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	297	 	
 
20	. Cost of cultivation of Summer Paddy (in Rs. per hectare) from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	9976	 	9851	 	11443	 	12252	 	13771	 	15579	 	17211	 	22398	 	20378	 	29040	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	414	 	382	 	63	 	174	 	168	 	72	 	141	 	122	 	158	 	25	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	2803	 	2625	 	2831	 	3403	 	4562	 	5553	 	6702	 	4387	 	5383	 	4239	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	1081	 	1091	 	1220	 	1290	 	1471	 	1768	 	2123	 	1882	 	2269	 	2743	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	2618	 	3134	 	2927	 	3467	 	3182	 	3290	 	4094	 	3721	 	5941	 	6766	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	724	 	376	 	771	 	607	 	893	 	959	 	992	 	650	 	285	 	584	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	351	 	204	 	140	 	159	 	362	 	461	 	643	 	359	 	131	 	198	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
410	 	196	 	167	 	337	 	340	 	377	 	515	 	1293	 	1365	 	527	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	1068	 	936	 	1038	 	1150	 	1374	 	1540	 	1752	 	1773	 	1922	 	2379	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	3739	 	1322	 	1513	 	1801	 	3423	 	3584	 	3784	 	2293	 	3670	 	4173	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	723	 	723	 	855	 	1536	 	923	 	1097	 	1291	 	1122	 	1381	 	615	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	1334	 	1597	 	1306	 	1825	 	2183	 	2286	 	2742	 	3185	 	3318	 	6041	 	
  	Total	 	25241	 	22437	 	24274	 	28001	 	32652	 	36566	 	41990	 	43185	 	46201	 	57330	 	
 
Source: Department of Economics & Statistics

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	298	 	
 
21	. Cost of cultivation of Coconut (in Rs. per hectare) from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	10980	 	11069	 	11939	 	12559	 	14647	 	17126	 	19750	 	21305	 	27561	 	29900	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	31	 	30	 	18	 	46	 	70	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
3 	Machine labour	 	444	 	479	 	110	 	347	 	279	 	305	 	253	 	0 	183	 	288	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	132	 	26	 	27	 	67	 	228	 	128	 	289	 	408	 	221	 	437	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	5659	 	5992	 	5240	 	6008	 	6097	 	7796	 	7258	 	6840	 	6879	 	11183	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	44	 	74	 	33	 	207	 	15	 	17	 	96	 	45	 	178	 	85	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	80	 	86	 	88	 	78	 	91	 	104	 	94	 	180	 	131	 	188	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of 	implements, 	
machinery & building	 	
346	 	105	 	556	 	596	 	632	 	843	 	720	 	2976	 	1353	 	540	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	1729	 	1851	 	1830	 	2054	 	2243	 	2678	 	2957	 	3110	 	3719	 	4414	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	1014	 	843	 	934	 	1303	 	1091	 	1409	 	1926	 	2947	 	2165	 	2242	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	1513	 	1458	 	3414	 	4682	 	5577	 	3905	 	4437	 	3493	 	1929	 	2348	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	1647	 	1725	 	1651	 	2212	 	2949	 	3118	 	3536	 	3826	 	4619	 	6605	 	
  	 Total cost	 	23619	 	23738	 	25840	 	30159	 	33919	 	37429	 	41316	 	45130	 	48938	 	58230	 	
 
Source: Department of Economics & 	Statistics

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	299	 	
 
22	. Cost of cultivation of Arecanut (in Rs. per hectare) from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	15265	 	12779	 	14245	 	16230	 	17331	 	19141	 	27965	 	25665	 	24687	 	29923	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
3 	Machine labour	 	1152	 	801	 	574	 	665	 	931	 	623	 	0 	0 	178	 	501	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	24	 	24	 	0 	115	 	49	 	246	 	45	 	283	 	364	 	473	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	8926	 	7724	 	7066	 	9184	 	7891	 	9236	 	9796	 	6676	 	6939	 	8489	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	211	 	91	 	675	 	522	 	665	 	1129	 	477	 	411	 	299	 	414	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	129	 	81	 	76	 	338	 	59	 	96	 	115	 	243	 	218	 	362	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
500	 	390	 	843	 	1411	 	1438	 	1728	 	2209	 	2202	 	2760	 	1344	 	
9 	Interest on 	working 	
capital	 	2661	 	2250	 	2348	 	2753	 	2905	 	3109	 	3928	 	3465	 	3467	 	4201	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	1035	 	1082	 	922	 	811	 	2178	 	711	 	999	 	1615	 	2202	 	2205	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	1734	 	1934	 	6451	 	11106	 	10773	 	8166	 	13584	 	5689	 	3661	 	4935	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	4019	 	2730	 	3547	 	2993	 	5029	 	3693	 	4279	 	5939	 	5019	 	7109	 	
  	 Total cost	 	35656	 	29886	 	36747	 	46128	 	49249	 	47878	 	63397	 	52188	 	49794	 	59956

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	300	 	
 
23. Cost of cultivation of Tapioca (in Rs. per hectare) from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	18696	 	13476	 	17445	 	20516	 	21770	 	23306	 	31293	 	32053	 	31325	 	39458	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	13	 	46	 	1 	0 	63	 	221	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
3 	Machine labour	 	354	 	293	 	600	 	412	 	799	 	1077	 	390	 	0 	415	 	1121	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	1044	 	828	 	1073	 	1282	 	1557	 	1816	 	1757	 	2175	 	2704	 	3202	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	7416	 	6118	 	7226	 	6484	 	6604	 	7132	 	6658	 	8163	 	13911	 	7267	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	107	 	43	 	54	 	627	 	127	 	204	 	135	 	59	 	312	 	65	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	77	 	63	 	50	 	211	 	101	 	59	 	185	 	230	 	169	 	257	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
215	 	137	 	251	 	517	 	908	 	1055	 	1543	 	1230	 	420	 	562	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	3008	 	2267	 	2846	 	3264	 	3402	 	3816	 	4250	 	4495	 	5380	 	5626	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	2453	 	1865	 	2060	 	3320	 	3095	 	4401	 	2263	 	2502	 	5134	 	5145	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	1500	 	1320	 	3544	 	5884	 	5713	 	6132	 	5032	 	3698	 	570	 	724	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	4785	 	3496	 	4735	 	6309	 	6285	 	7543	 	10101	 	10886	 	14634	 	16817	 	
  	 Total cost	 	39668	 	29952	 	39885	 	48826	 	50424	 	56762	 	63607	 	65491	 	74974	 	80244

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	301	 	
 
24	. Cost of cultivation of Banana (in Rs. per hectare) from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	28647	 	31403	 	27330	 	39258	 	28455	 	43579	 	40388	 	48886	 	55830	 	61531	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	5 	22	 	7 	13	 	0 	68	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
3 	Machine labour	 	949	 	702	 	175	 	705	 	1602	 	1416	 	269	 	0 	846	 	228	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	10935	 	11640	 	9367	 	9813	 	9470	 	12067	 	12200	 	13723	 	14646	 	22500	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	25367	 	24201	 	23699	 	24184	 	19173	 	22334	 	24052	 	33086	 	33904	 	23371	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	1118	 	1013	 	946	 	1964	 	1395	 	962	 	703	 	812	 	616	 	671	 	
7 	Land tax and 
irrigation cess	 	970	 	64	 	87	 	141	 	165	 	160	 	267	 	467	 	215	 	316	 	
8 	
Repair & 
maintenance 
charges of 
implements, 
machinery & 
building	 	
327	 	137	 	288	 	1517	 	1123	 	1841	 	1314	 	1777	 	1984	 	1112	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	6702	 	6898	 	7727	 	9784	 	7546	 	9457	 	9393	 	11645	 	11493	 	11684	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	0 	0 	15745	 	21898	 	15367	 	14148	 	16317	 	19926	 	9087	 	8543	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed 
capital	 	1424	 	1527	 	4319	 	11609	 	6031	 	6731	 	6120	 	7784	 	2201	 	1263	 	
12	 	Imputed	 value of 	
household labour	 	13046	 	8842	 	9655	 	10447	 	10806	 	14823	 	17491	 	21096	 	27711	 	24796	 	
  	 Total cost	 	89490	 	86449	 	99345	 	131333	 	101133	 	127586	 	128514	 	159202	 	158533	 	156015

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	302	 	
 
25. Cost of cultivation of Pepper (in Rs. per hectare) from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	10859	 	10787	 	10632	 	12707	 	12858	 	20226	 	22465	 	29514	 	30147	 	40980	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	0 	0 	0 	19	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
3 	Machine labour	 	55	 	156	 	53	 	62	 	48	 	43	 	0 	0 	22	 	45	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	65	 	29	 	45	 	115	 	339	 	409	 	844	 	2061	 	309	 	297	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	3273	 	6422	 	3586	 	4477	 	5163	 	5331	 	6714	 	6045	 	6960	 	6640	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	35	 	50	 	133	 	151	 	163	 	206	 	369	 	727	 	356	 	309	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	68	 	92	 	65	 	95	 	57	 	67	 	113	 	242	 	237	 	267	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
253	 	117	 	540	 	1184	 	1980	 	1695	 	2676	 	2590	 	2557	 	1158	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	1470	 	1788	 	1487	 	1822	 	1973	 	2736	 	3206	 	4117	 	4108	 	5138	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	412	 	433	 	419	 	693	 	1163	 	1148	 	1665	 	2825	 	3285	 	3113	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	1850	 	1640	 	4665	 	13660	 	12673	 	11768	 	12352	 	9581	 	8177	 	1423	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	2098	 	2568	 	4231	 	4222	 	5151	 	6361	 	8553	 	9284	 	10340	 	17147	 	
  	 Total cost	 	20438	 	24082	 	25856	 	39207	 	41568	 	49990	 	58957	 	66986	 	66498	 	76517

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	303	 	
 
26. Cost of cultivation of Ginger (in Rs. per hectare) from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	18954	 	20553	 	21848	 	31393	 	30428	 	41910	 	38333	 	34563	 	36816	 	42844	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	0 	0 	1 	23	 	14	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
3 	Machine labour	 	233	 	591	 	913	 	754	 	2336	 	6120	 	3053	 	1874	 	1596	 	1316	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	13858	 	20275	 	14913	 	16353	 	24440	 	26355	 	28072	 	22074	 	23528	 	28711	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	19375	 	13814	 	12153	 	14497	 	14475	 	25054	 	22747	 	17193	 	12732	 	12902	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	452	 	774	 	1211	 	997	 	835	 	906	 	1105	 	357	 	389	 	392	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	64	 	67	 	54	 	50	 	50	 	43	 	54	 	221	 	204	 	270	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
211	 	160	 	925	 	1378	 	1337	 	1256	 	1537	 	2669	 	3028	 	1138	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	5287	 	5601	 	5338	 	6806	 	7654	 	10750	 	10048	 	8093	 	8150	 	8947	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	0 	0 	2338	 	4042	 	4011	 	7153	 	7174	 	4870	 	6442	 	3307	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	1194	 	1719	 	3542	 	7487	 	6785	 	8226	 	10715	 	5368	 	2144	 	2475	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	1607	 	6561	 	5200	 	7370	 	8633	 	10107	 	12551	 	9046	 	10138	 	10882	 	
  	 Total cost	 	61235	 	70115	 	68436	 	91150	 	100998	 	137880	 	135389	 	106328	 	105167	 	113184

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	304	 	
 
27. Cost of cultivation of Turmeri	c (in Rs. per hectare) from 2004	-05 to 	2013	-14 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	17708	 	17116	 	14632	 	18186	 	18654	 	26884	 	27333	 	35507	 	34023	 	39548	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	0 	12	 	3 	29	 	0 	183	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
3 	Machine labour	 	151	 	483	 	292	 	107	 	102	 	845	 	305	 	0 	581	 	445	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	9159	 	7094	 	6557	 	8307	 	8065	 	12492	 	11392	 	16889	 	15495	 	15189	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	5254	 	8842	 	8375	 	8912	 	7239	 	10348	 	10019	 	10819	 	12626	 	15652	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	24	 	237	 	104	 	115	 	62	 	327	 	222	 	756	 	256	 	343	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	95	 	68	 	65	 	63	 	216	 	558	 	305	 	359	 	175	 	250	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
106	 	116	 	615	 	1236	 	1297	 	1477	 	3497	 	1634	 	2900	 	1574	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	3270	 	3507	 	3063	 	3673	 	3627	 	5275	 	5082	 	6672	 	6705	 	7563	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	411	 	1287	 	668	 	1073	 	2147	 	1673	 	1552	 	2748	 	4064	 	4452	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	1060	 	1269	 	5499	 	9888	 	9658	 	12250	 	8317	 	2271	 	3646	 	2965	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	2353	 	9014	 	8174	 	11177	 	10962	 	12913	 	19252	 	6754	 	9430	 	10173	 	
  	 Total 	cost	 	39591	 	49045	 	48047	 	62766	 	62029	 	85225	 	87276	 	84409	 	89901	 	98154

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	305	 	
 
28. Crop wise total cost of cultivation pe	r hectare from 2004	-05 to 201	3-14 (in Rs.)	 	
  	Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Paddy	- Autumn	 	21063	 	20913	 	23727	 	24024	 	29862	 	31911	 	36657	 	37406	 	39931	 	59344	 	
2 	Paddy	- Winter	 	20886	 	21284	 	25647	 	28181	 	32199	 	38287	 	45675	 	42127	 	48792	 	55493	 	
3 	Paddy	- Summer	 	25241	 	22437	 	24274	 	28001	 	32652	 	36566	 	41990	 	43185	 	46201	 	57330	 	
4 	Coconut	 	23619	 	23738	 	25840	 	30159	 	33919	 	37429	 	41316	 	45130	 	48938	 	58230	 	
5 	Arecanut	 	35656	 	29886	 	36747	 	46128	 	49249	 	47878	 	63397	 	52188	 	49794	 	59956	 	
6 	Tapioca	 	39668	 	29952	 	39885	 	48826	 	50424	 	56762	 	63607	 	65491	 	74974	 	80244	 	
7 	Banana	 	89490	 	86449	 	99345	 	131333	 	101133	 	127586	 	128514	 	159202	 	158533	 	156015	 	
8 	Pepper	 	20438	 	24082	 	25856	 	39207	 	41568	 	49990	 	58957	 	66986	 	66498	 	76517	 	
9 	Ginger	 	61235	 	70115	 	68436	 	91150	 	100998	 	137880	 	135389	 	106328	 	105167	 	113184	 	
10	 	Turmeric	 	39591	 	49045	 	48047	 	62766	 	62029	 	85225	 	87276	 	84409	 	89901	 	98154	 	
 
29. Crop wise rate of change in 	total cost of cultivation per hectare over the previous year	 (percentage)	 	
  	Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Paddy	- Autumn	 	-4.2	 	-0.7	 	13.5	 	1.3	 	24.3	 	6.9	 	14.9	 	2.0	 	6.8	 	48.6	 	
2 	Paddy	- Winter	 	0.3	 	1.9	 	20.5	 	9.9	 	14.3	 	18.9	 	19.3	 	-7.8	 	15.8	 	13.7	 	
3 	Paddy	- Summer	 	15.3	 	-11.1	 	8.2	 	15.4	 	16.6	 	12.0	 	14.8	 	2.8	 	7.0	 	24.1	 	
4 	Coconut	 	2.7	 	0.5	 	8.9	 	16.7	 	12.5	 	10.3	 	10.4	 	9.2	 	8.4	 	19.0	 	
5 	Arecanut	 	31.5	 	-16.2	 	23.0	 	25.5	 	6.8	 	-2.8	 	32.4	 	-17.7	 	-4.6	 	20.4	 	
6 	Tapioca	 	15.1	 	-24.5	 	33.2	 	22.4	 	3.3	 	12.6	 	12.1	 	3.0	 	14.5	 	7.0	 	
7 	Banana	 	5.3	 	-3.4	 	14.9	 	32.2	 	-23.0	 	26.2	 	0.7	 	23.9	 	-0.4	 	-1.6	 	
8 	Pepper	 	-14.4	 	17.8	 	7.4	 	51.6	 	6.0	 	20.3	 	17.9	 	13.6	 	-0.7	 	15.1	 	
9 	Ginger	 	-1.5	 	14.5	 	-2.4	 	33.2	 	10.8	 	36.5	 	-1.8	 	-21.5	 	-1.1	 	7.6	 	
10	 	Turmeric	 	-11.7	 	23.9	 	-2.0	 	30.6	 	-1.2	 	37.4	 	2.4	 	-3.3	 	6.5	 	9.2

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	306	 	
 
30	. Crop wise value of output (products and by	 products) per hectare from 2004	-05 to 201	3-14 (in Rs.)	 	
  	Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Paddy	- Autumn	 	25018	 	24001	 	28752	 	23117	 	38624	 	42262	 	41517	 	46988	 	47825	 	67218	 	
2 	Paddy	- Winter	 	23317	 	26224	 	31530	 	34817	 	43300	 	45680	 	56819	 	52547	 	53661	 	68643	 	
3 	Paddy	- Summer	 	25921	 	25861	 	29756	 	28401	 	40652	 	38937	 	56146	 	51892	 	55789	 	70550	 	
4 	Coconut	 	36456	 	41746	 	41573	 	44438	 	45157	 	52580	 	64447	 	58447	 	58042	 	92304	 	
5 	Arecanut	 	45392	 	65755	 	67481	 	45724	 	56697	 	73058	 	104805	 	68520	 	68755	 	110201	 	
6 	Tapioca	 	53650	 	49377	 	65298	 	68906	 	79984	 	100285	 	137407	 	158096	 	164342	 	219033	 	
7 	Banana	 	117529	 	118229	 	150007	 	214796	 	206181	 	265565	 	273531	 	328464	 	397055	 	384288	 	
8 	Pepper	 	26042	 	32995	 	44389	 	55422	 	56234	 	71711	 	72206	 	144219	 	154488	 	161762	 	
9 	Ginger	 	61356	 	76215	 	92919	 	150958	 	186144	 	251939	 	215483	 	122196	 	139919	 	191234	 	
10	 	Turmeric	 	42242	 	57279	 	51132	 	70350	 	92117	 	112138	 	100837	 	78321	 	89069	 	154764	 	
 
31	. Rate of change 	in	 value of output per hectare from the previous year 	from 2004	-05 to 2013	-14 	
  	Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Paddy	- Autumn	 	-7.4	 	-4.1	 	19.8	 	-19.6	 	67.1	 	9.4	 	-1.8	 	13.2	 	1.8	 	40.5	 	
2 	Paddy	- Winter	 	5.9	 	12.5	 	20.2	 	10.4	 	24.4	 	5.5	 	24.4	 	-7.5	 	2.1	 	27.9	 	
3 	Paddy	- Summer	 	26.3	 	-0.2	 	15.1	 	-4.6	 	43.1	 	-4.2	 	44.2	 	-7.6	 	7.5	 	26.5	 	
4 	Coconut	 	2.6	 	14.5	 	-0.4	 	6.9	 	1.6	 	16.4	 	22.6	 	-9.3	 	-0.7	 	59.0	 	
5 	Arecanut	 	-18.8	 	44.9	 	2.6	 	-32.2	 	24.0	 	28.9	 	43.5	 	-34.6	 	0.3	 	60.3	 	
6 	Tapioca	 	11.8	 	-8.0	 	32.2	 	5.5	 	16.1	 	25.4	 	37.0	 	15.1	 	4.0	 	33.3	 	
7 	Banana	 	2.1	 	0.6	 	26.9	 	43.2	 	-4.0	 	28.8	 	3.0	 	20.1	 	20.9	 	-3.2	 	
8 	Pepper	 	9.6	 	26.7	 	34.5	 	24.9	 	1.5	 	27.5	 	0.7	 	99.7	 	7.1	 	4.7	 	
9 	Ginger	 	22.9	 	24.2	 	21.9	 	62.5	 	23.3	 	35.3	 	-14.5	 	-43.3	 	14.5	 	36.7	 	
10	 	Turmeric	 	-0.7	 	35.6	 	-10.7	 	37.6	 	-11.8	 	80.8	 	-10.1	 	-22.3	 	13.7	 	73.8

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	307	 	
 
32	. Ratio of value of output and total cost expressed as a percentage	 from 2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
[100 means parity in cost and outp	ut value, >100 means profitable, <100 means not profitable]	 	
  	Crop	 	
2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Paddy	- Autumn	 	119	 	115	 	121	 	96	 	129	 	132	 	113	 	126	 	120	 	113	 	
2 	Paddy	- Winter	 	112	 	123	 	123	 	124	 	134	 	119	 	124	 	125	 	110	 	124	 	
3 	Paddy	- Summer	 	103	 	115	 	123	 	101	 	125	 	106	 	134	 	120	 	121	 	123	 	
4 	Coconut	 	154	 	176	 	161	 	147	 	133	 	140	 	156	 	130	 	119	 	159	 	
5 	Arecanut	 	127	 	220	 	184	 	99	 	115	 	153	 	165	 	131	 	138	 	184	 	
6 	Tapioca	 	135	 	165	 	164	 	141	 	159	 	177	 	216	 	241	 	219	 	273	 	
7 	Banana	 	131	 	137	 	151	 	164	 	204	 	208	 	213	 	206	 	250	 	246	 	
8 	Pepper	 	127	 	137	 	172	 	141	 	135	 	143	 	122	 	215	 	232	 	211	 	
9 	Ginger	 	100	 	109	 	136	 	166	 	184	 	183	 	159	 	115	 	133	 	169	 	
10	 	Turmeric	 	107	 	117	 	106	 	112	 	149	 	132	 	116	 	93	 	99	 	158	 	
 
Note: 	The above estimate is considering all the 12 cost components including interest on fixed capital, interest on 	
working capital and im	puted value of household labour, but excluding interest on land 	value.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	308	 	
 
33. Crop wise 	rate of change	 in	 cost of	 hired human labour over the previous year	 from 2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Paddy	- Autumn	 	-8.8	 	2.5	 	9.5	 	-4.2	 	28.4	 	-3.5	 	32.3	 	10.5	 	-1.4	 	67.4	 	
2 	Paddy	- Winter	 	-1.2	 	3.1	 	22.2	 	2.7	 	10.9	 	19.8	 	21.5	 	-9.0	 	12.6	 	22.0	 	
3 	Paddy	- Summer	 	6.6	 	-1.3	 	16.2	 	7.1	 	12.4	 	13.1	 	10.5	 	30.1	 	-9.0	 	42.5	 	
4 	Coconut	 	5.2	 	0.8	 	7.9	 	5.2	 	16.6	 	16.9	 	15.3	 	7.9	 	29.4	 	8.5	 	
5 	Arecanut	 	39.8	 	-16.3	 	11.5	 	13.9	 	6.8	 	10.4	 	46.1	 	-8.2	 	-3.8	 	21.2	 	
6 	Tapioca	 	19.6	 	-27.9	 	29.5	 	17.6	 	6.1	 	7.1	 	34.3	 	2.4	 	-2.3	 	26.0	 	
7 	Banana	 	20.8	 	9.6	 	-13.0	 	43.6	 	-27.5	 	53.2	 	-7.3	 	21.0	 	14.2	 	10.2	 	
8 	Pepper	 	13.7	 	-0.7	 	-1.4	 	19.5	 	1.2	 	57.3	 	11.1	 	31.4	 	2.1	 	35.9	 	
9 	Ginger	 	-2.2	 	8.4	 	6.3	 	43.7	 	-3.1	 	37.7	 	-8.5	 	-9.8	 	6.5	 	16.4	 	
10	 	Turmeric	 	43.3	 	-3.3	 	-14.5	 	24.3	 	2.6	 	44.1	 	1.7	 	29.9	 	-4.2	 	16.2	 	
 
34. Crop wise 	rate of change	 in	 cost of	 machine labour over the previous year	 from 2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Paddy	- Autumn	 	1.5	 	1.1	 	4.4	 	11.1	 	29.5	 	36.2	 	25.3	 	-30.4	 	52.2	 	9.6	 	
2 	Paddy	- Winter	 	6.8	 	-4.7	 	29.2	 	25.0	 	24.6	 	12.3	 	44.1	 	-28.4	 	27.0	 	15.2	 	
3 	Paddy	- Summer	 	23.8	 	-6.4	 	7.8	 	20.2	 	34.1	 	21.7	 	20.7	 	-34.5	 	22.7	 	-21.3	 	
4 	Coconut	 	109.4	 	7.9	 	-77.0	 	215.5	 	-19.6	 	9.3	 	-17.0	 	-100.0	 	  	57.4	 	
5 	Arecanut	 	212.2	 	-30.5	 	-28.3	 	15.9	 	40.0	 	-33.1	 	-100.0	 	  	  	181.5	 	
6 	Tapioca	 	-24.5	 	-17.2	 	104.8	 	-31.3	 	93.9	 	34.8	 	-63.8	 	-100.0	 	  	170.1	 	
7 	Banana	 	105.0	 	-26.0	 	-75.1	 	302.9	 	127.2	 	-11.6	 	-81.0	 	-100.0	 	  	-73.0	 	
8 	Pepper	 	  	183.6	 	-66.0	 	17.0	 	-22.6	 	-10.4	 	-100.0	 	  	  	104.5	 	
9 	Ginger	 	72.6	 	153.6	 	54.5	 	-17.4	 	209.8	 	162.0	 	-50.1	 	-38.6	 	-14.8	 	-17.5	 	
10	 	Turmeric	 	-97.9	 	219.9	 	-39.5	 	-63.4	 	-4.7	 	728.4	 	-63.9	 	-100.0	 	  	-23.4	 	
 
Note: Blank box indicates that the machine labour is zero during the previous year.

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	309	 	
 
35. Crop wise rate of change in 	cost of 	farm yard manure and chemical fertilizer over the previous year	 	
from 2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Paddy	- Autumn	 	-16.6	 	1.6	 	0.1	 	2.7	 	-6.2	 	3.5	 	1.8	 	21.1	 	9.7	 	48.4	 	
2 	Paddy	- Winter	 	4.2	 	7.4	 	13.4	 	-6.7	 	9.2	 	19.2	 	17.7	 	6.6	 	27.5	 	4.1	 	
3 	Paddy	- Summer	 	-4.3	 	19.7	 	-6.6	 	18.4	 	-8.2	 	3.4	 	24.4	 	-9.1	 	59.7	 	13.9	 	
4 	Coconut	 	4.2	 	5.9	 	-12.6	 	14.7	 	1.5	 	27.9	 	-6.9	 	-5.8	 	0.6	 	62.6	 	
5 	Arecanut	 	28.8	 	-13.5	 	-8.5	 	30.0	 	-14.1	 	17.0	 	6.1	 	-31.8	 	3.9	 	22.3	 	
6 	Tapioca	 	29.2	 	-17.5	 	18.1	 	-10.3	 	1.9	 	8.0	 	-6.6	 	22.6	 	70.4	 	-47.8	 	
7 	Banana	 	33.0	 	-4.6	 	-2.1	 	2.0	 	-20.7	 	16.5	 	7.7	 	37.6	 	2.5	 	-31.1	 	
8 	Pepper	 	-12.1	 	96.2	 	-44.2	 	24.8	 	15.3	 	3.3	 	25.9	 	-10.0	 	15.1	 	-4.6	 	
9 	Ginger	 	1.7	 	-28.7	 	-12.0	 	19.3	 	-0.2	 	73.1	 	-9.2	 	-24.4	 	-25.9	 	1.3	 	
10	 	Turmeric	 	-31.7	 	68.3	 	-5.3	 	6.4	 	-18.8	 	42.9	 	-3.2	 	8.0	 	16.7	 	24.0	 	
 
36. Crop wise rate of change in cost of seed/ seedlings over the previous year	 from 2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Crop	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Paddy	- Autumn	 	-2.4	 	-13.4	 	3.1	 	16.5	 	3.1	 	23.7	 	-21.6	 	32.3	 	37.0	 	3.8	 	
2 	Paddy	- Winter	 	3.2	 	-12.3	 	8.2	 	-1.3	 	24.1	 	6.1	 	33.7	 	-18.6	 	15.0	 	18.2	 	
3 	Paddy	- Summer	 	-13.4	 	0.9	 	11.8	 	5.7	 	14.0	 	20.2	 	20.1	 	-11.4	 	20.6	 	20.9	 	
4 	Coconut	 	528.6	 	-80.3	 	3.8	 	148.1	 	240.3	 	-43.9	 	125.8	 	41.2	 	-45.8	 	97.7	 	
5 	Arecanut	 	-35.1	 	0.0	 	-100.0	 	 	-57.4	 	402.0	 	-81.7	 	528.9	 	28.6	 	29.9	 	
6 	Tapioca	 	19.2	 	-20.7	 	29.6	 	19.5	 	21.5	 	16.6	 	-3.2	 	23.8	 	24.3	 	18.4	 	
7 	Banana	 	69.7	 	6.4	 	-19.5	 	4.8	 	-3.5	 	27.4	 	1.1	 	12.5	 	6.7	 	53.6	 	
8 	Pepper	 	-87.1	 	-55.4	 	55.2	 	155.6	 	194.8	 	20.6	 	106.4	 	144.2	 	-85.0	 	-3.9	 	
9 	Ginger	 	11.7	 	46.3	 	-26.4	 	9.7	 	49.5	 	7.8	 	6.5	 	-21.4	 	6.6	 	22.0	 	
10	 	Turmeric	 	32.8	 	-22.5	 	-7.6	 	26.7	 	-2.9	 	54.9	 	-8.8	 	48.3	 	-8.3	 	-2.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	310	 	
 
37. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Autumn Paddy from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	45.3	 	46.8	 	45.2	 	42.7	 	44.1	 	39.9	 	45.9	 	49.7	 	45.9	 	51.7	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	1.8	 	1.7	 	1.2	 	0.9	 	1.0	 	1.0	 	0.8	 	0.2	 	0.4	 	0.1	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	10.3	 	10.4	 	9.6	 	10.5	 	11.0	 	14.0	 	15.3	 	10.4	 	14.9	 	11.0	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	5.3	 	4.7	 	4.2	 	4.9	 	4.0	 	4.7	 	3.2	 	4.1	 	5.3	 	3.7	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	13.8	 	14.1	 	12.4	 	12.6	 	9.5	 	9.2	 	8.2	 	9.7	 	9.9	 	9.9	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	1.6	 	1.5	 	0.7	 	1.0	 	1.7	 	1.4	 	1.5	 	1.1	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	0.2	 	0.7	 	0.5	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	0.2	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
1.6	 	1.2	 	2.8	 	2.5	 	1.4	 	1.7	 	2.3	 	3.2	 	2.1	 	0.5	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	4.2	 	4.2	 	3.9	 	3.8	 	3.9	 	4.0	 	4.0	 	4.0	 	4.2	 	4.2	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	5.3	 	5.7	 	4.8	 	3.5	 	7.1	 	10.5	 	5.8	 	4.6	 	6.6	 	7.7	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	4.9	 	3.6	 	8.0	 	12.5	 	8.1	 	5.1	 	4.8	 	2.7	 	2.7	 	2.4	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	5.7	 	5.7	 	6.7	 	4.8	 	7.4	 	7.9	 	7.8	 	9.9	 	7.2	 	8.0	 	
  	Total	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100	 	100

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	311	 	
 
38	. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Winter Paddy from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	46.3	 	46.8	 	47.5	 	44.4	 	43.1	 	43.4	 	44.2	 	43.6	 	42.4	 	45.5	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	1.8	 	1.9	 	1.3	 	1.1	 	0.8	 	0.4	 	0.5	 	0.3	 	0.2	 	0.3	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	11.0	 	10.3	 	11.0	 	12.5	 	13.7	 	12.9	 	15.6	 	12.1	 	13.3	 	13.4	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	5.9	 	5.1	 	4.6	 	4.1	 	4.5	 	4.0	 	4.5	 	3.9	 	3.9	 	4.1	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	12.6	 	13.3	 	12.5	 	10.6	 	10.1	 	10.2	 	10.0	 	11.6	 	12.8	 	11.7	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	2.7	 	1.1	 	1.0	 	1.3	 	1.1	 	1.3	 	1.0	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	0.9	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	0.7	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	0.5	 	1.1	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	0.5	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
1.4	 	1.6	 	1.9	 	2.4	 	1.9	 	2.0	 	1.9	 	2.7	 	4.0	 	0.8	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	4.3	 	4.2	 	4.1	 	3.9	 	4.1	 	4.1	 	4.2	 	4.0	 	4.1	 	4.2	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	5.1	 	5.1	 	3.8	 	5.0	 	9.2	 	9.5	 	7.8	 	7.2	 	8.6	 	9.0	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	3.5	 	4.2	 	5.7	 	8.2	 	4.5	 	4.4	 	3.1	 	4.3	 	2.1	 	1.1	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household 	labour	 	4.7	 	6.1	 	6.2	 	5.9	 	5.8	 	7.4	 	6.8	 	9.0	 	7.8	 	8.5	 	
  	Total	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	312	 	
 
39. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Summer Paddy from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	39.5	 	43.9	 	47.1	 	43.8	 	42.2	 	42.6	 	41.0	 	51.9	 	44.1	 	50.7	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	1.6	 	1.7	 	0.3	 	0.6	 	0.5	 	0.2	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	0.0	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	11.1	 	11.7	 	11.7	 	12.2	 	14.0	 	15.2	 	16.0	 	10.2	 	11.7	 	7.4	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	4.3	 	4.9	 	5.0	 	4.6	 	4.5	 	4.8	 	5.1	 	4.4	 	4.9	 	4.8	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	10.4	 	14.0	 	12.1	 	12.4	 	9.7	 	9.0	 	9.7	 	8.6	 	12.9	 	11.8	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	2.9	 	1.7	 	3.2	 	2.2	 	2.7	 	2.6	 	2.4	 	1.5	 	0.6	 	1.0	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	1.4	 	0.9	 	0.6	 	0.6	 	1.1	 	1.3	 	1.5	 	0.8	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
1.6	 	0.9	 	0.7	 	1.2	 	1.0	 	1.0	 	1.2	 	3.0	 	3.0	 	0.9	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	4.2	 	4.2	 	4.3	 	4.1	 	4.2	 	4.2	 	4.2	 	4.1	 	4.2	 	4.1	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	14.8	 	5.9	 	6.2	 	6.4	 	10.5	 	9.8	 	9.0	 	5.3	 	7.9	 	7.3	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	2.9	 	3.2	 	3.5	 	5.5	 	2.8	 	3.0	 	3.1	 	2.6	 	3.0	 	1.1	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	5.3	 	7.1	 	5.4	 	6.5	 	6.7	 	6.3	 	6.5	 	7.4	 	7.2	 	10.5	 	
  	Total	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	313	 	
 
40	. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Coconut from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	46.5	 	46.6	 	46.2	 	41.6	 	43.2	 	45.8	 	47.8	 	47.2	 	56.3	 	51.3	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	1.9	 	2.0	 	0.4	 	1.2	 	0.8	 	0.8	 	0.6	 	0.0	 	0.4	 	0.5	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	0.6	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.2	 	0.7	 	0.3	 	0.7	 	0.9	 	0.5	 	0.8	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	24.0	 	25.2	 	20.3	 	19.9	 	18.0	 	20.8	 	17.6	 	15.2	 	14.1	 	19.2	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	0.2	 	0.3	 	0.1	 	0.7	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.4	 	0.1	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	0.2	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
1.5	 	0.4	 	2.2	 	2.0	 	1.9	 	2.3	 	1.7	 	6.6	 	2.8	 	0.9	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	7.3	 	7.8	 	7.1	 	6.8	 	6.6	 	7.2	 	7.2	 	6.9	 	7.6	 	7.6	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	4.3	 	3.6	 	3.6	 	4.3	 	3.2	 	3.8	 	4.7	 	6.5	 	4.4	 	3.9	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	6.4	 	6.1	 	13.2	 	15.5	 	16.4	 	10.4	 	10.7	 	7.7	 	3.9	 	4.0	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	7.0	 	7.3	 	6.4	 	7.3	 	8.7	 	8.3	 	8.6	 	8.5	 	9.4	 	11.3	 	
  	Total	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	314	 	
 
41. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Arecanut from	 2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	42.8	 	42.8	 	38.8	 	35.2	 	35.2	 	40.0	 	44.1	 	49.2	 	49.6	 	49.9	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	3.2	 	2.7	 	1.6	 	1.4	 	1.9	 	1.3	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.4	 	0.8	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.0	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.5	 	0.1	 	0.5	 	0.7	 	0.8	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	25.0	 	25.8	 	19.2	 	19.9	 	16.0	 	19.3	 	15.5	 	12.8	 	13.9	 	14.2	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	0.6	 	0.3	 	1.8	 	1.1	 	1.4	 	2.4	 	0.8	 	0.8	 	0.6	 	0.7	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	0.2	 	0.7	 	0.1	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	0.5	 	0.4	 	0.6	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
1.4	 	1.3	 	2.3	 	3.1	 	2.9	 	3.6	 	3.5	 	4.2	 	5.5	 	2.2	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	7.5	 	7.5	 	6.4	 	6.0	 	5.9	 	6.5	 	6.2	 	6.6	 	7.0	 	7.0	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	2.9	 	3.6	 	2.5	 	1.8	 	4.4	 	1.5	 	1.6	 	3.1	 	4.4	 	3.7	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	4.9	 	6.5	 	17.6	 	24.1	 	21.9	 	17.1	 	21.4	 	10.9	 	7.4	 	8.2	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	11.3	 	9.1	 	9.7	 	6.5	 	10.2	 	7.7	 	6.7	 	11.4	 	10.1	 	11.9	 	
  	Total	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	315	 	
 
42	. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Tapioca from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	47.1	 	45.0	 	43.7	 	42.0	 	43.2	 	41.1	 	49.2	 	48.9	 	41.8	 	49.2	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	0.0	 	0.2	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.1	 	0.4	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	0.9	 	1.0	 	1.5	 	0.8	 	1.6	 	1.9	 	0.6	 	0.0	 	0.6	 	1.4	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	2.6	 	2.8	 	2.7	 	2.6	 	3.1	 	3.2	 	2.8	 	3.3	 	3.6	 	4.0	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	18.7	 	20.4	 	18.1	 	13.3	 	13.1	 	12.6	 	10.5	 	12.5	 	18.6	 	9.1	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	0.3	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	1.3	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.4	 	0.1	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.4	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	0.2	 	0.3	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
0.5	 	0.5	 	0.6	 	1.1	 	1.8	 	1.9	 	2.4	 	1.9	 	0.6	 	0.7	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	7.6	 	7.6	 	7.1	 	6.7	 	6.7	 	6.7	 	6.7	 	6.9	 	7.2	 	7.0	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	6.2	 	6.2	 	5.2	 	6.8	 	6.1	 	7.8	 	3.6	 	3.8	 	6.8	 	6.4	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	3.8	 	4.4	 	8.9	 	12.1	 	11.3	 	10.8	 	7.9	 	5.6	 	0.8	 	0.9	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	12.1	 	11.7	 	11.9	 	12.9	 	12.5	 	13.3	 	15.9	 	16.6	 	19.5	 	21.0	 	
  	Total	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	316	 	
 
43. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Banana from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	32.0	 	36.3	 	27.5	 	29.9	 	28.1	 	34.2	 	31.4	 	30.7	 	35.2	 	39.4	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.1	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	1.1	 	0.8	 	0.2	 	0.5	 	1.6	 	1.1	 	0.2	 	0.0	 	0.5	 	0.1	 	
4 	Seed/ 	seedlings	 	12.2	 	13.5	 	9.4	 	7.5	 	9.4	 	9.5	 	9.5	 	8.6	 	9.2	 	14.4	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	28.3	 	28.0	 	23.9	 	18.4	 	19.0	 	17.5	 	18.7	 	20.8	 	21.4	 	15.0	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	1.2	 	1.2	 	1.0	 	1.5	 	1.4	 	0.8	 	0.5	 	0.5	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	1.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.2	 	0.3	 	0.1	 	0.2	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
0.4	 	0.2	 	0.3	 	1.2	 	1.1	 	1.4	 	1.0	 	1.1	 	1.3	 	0.7	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	7.5	 	8.0	 	7.8	 	7.4	 	7.5	 	7.4	 	7.3	 	7.3	 	7.2	 	7.5	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	15.8	 	16.7	 	15.2	 	11.1	 	12.7	 	12.5	 	5.7	 	5.5	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	1.6	 	1.8	 	4.3	 	8.8	 	6.0	 	5.3	 	4.8	 	4.9	 	1.4	 	0.8	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	14.6	 	10.2	 	9.7	 	8.0	 	10.7	 	11.6	 	13.6	 	13.3	 	17.5	 	15.9	 	
  	Total	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	317	 	
 
44. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Pepper from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	53.1	 	44.8	 	41.1	 	32.4	 	30.9	 	40.5	 	38.1	 	44.1	 	45.3	 	53.6	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	0.3	 	0.6	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.1	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	0.3	 	0.1	 	0.2	 	0.3	 	0.8	 	0.8	 	1.4	 	3.1	 	0.5	 	0.4	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	16.0	 	26.7	 	13.9	 	11.4	 	12.4	 	10.7	 	11.4	 	9.0	 	10.5	 	8.7	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	0.5	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.6	 	1.1	 	0.5	 	0.4	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.2	 	0.4	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
1.2	 	0.5	 	2.1	 	3.0	 	4.8	 	3.4	 	4.5	 	3.9	 	3.8	 	1.5	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	7.2	 	7.4	 	5.8	 	4.6	 	4.7	 	5.5	 	5.4	 	6.1	 	6.2	 	6.7	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	2.0	 	1.8	 	1.6	 	1.8	 	2.8	 	2.3	 	2.8	 	4.2	 	4.9	 	4.1	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	9.1	 	6.8	 	18.0	 	34.8	 	30.5	 	23.5	 	21.0	 	14.3	 	12.3	 	1.9	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	10.3	 	10.7	 	16.4	 	10.8	 	12.4	 	12.7	 	14.5	 	13.9	 	15.5	 	22.4	 	
  	Total	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	318	 	
 
45. Percentage share of each component to total cost of cultivation of Ginger from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14	 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	31.0	 	29.3	 	31.9	 	34.4	 	30.1	 	30.4	 	28.3	 	32.5	 	35.0	 	37.9	 	
2 	Animal labour	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	0.4	 	0.8	 	1.3	 	0.8	 	2.3	 	4.4	 	2.3	 	1.8	 	1.5	 	1.2	 	
4 	Seed/ 	seedlings	 	22.6	 	28.9	 	21.8	 	17.9	 	24.2	 	19.1	 	20.7	 	20.8	 	22.4	 	25.4	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	31.6	 	19.7	 	17.8	 	15.9	 	14.3	 	18.2	 	16.8	 	16.2	 	12.1	 	11.4	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	0.7	 	1.1	 	1.8	 	1.1	 	0.8	 	0.7	 	0.8	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
0.3	 	0.2	 	1.4	 	1.5	 	1.3	 	0.9	 	1.1	 	2.5	 	2.9	 	1.0	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	8.6	 	8.0	 	7.8	 	7.5	 	7.6	 	7.8	 	7.4	 	7.6	 	7.7	 	7.9	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	3.4	 	4.4	 	4.0	 	5.2	 	5.3	 	4.6	 	6.1	 	2.9	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	1.9	 	2.5	 	5.2	 	8.2	 	6.7	 	6.0	 	7.9	 	5.0	 	2.0	 	2.2	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	2.6	 	9.4	 	7.6	 	8.1	 	8.5	 	7.3	 	9.3	 	8.5	 	9.6	 	9.6	 	
  	Total	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	319	 	
 
46. Percentage share of	 each component to total cost of cultivation of Turmeric	 from 2004	-05 to 2013	-14 	
  	Component	 	2004	-	
05	 	
2005	-	
06	 	
2006	-	
07	 	
2007	-	
08	 	
2008	-	
09	 	
2009	-	
10	 	
2010	-	
11	 	
2011	-	
12	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
1 	Hired human labour	 	44.7	 	34.9	 	30.5	 	29.0	 	30.1	 	31.5	 	31.3	 	42.1	 	37.8	 	40.3	 	
2 	Animal 	labour	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.2	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	0.0	 	
3 	Machine labour	 	0.4	 	1.0	 	0.6	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	1.0	 	0.3	 	0.0	 	0.6	 	0.5	 	
4 	Seed/ seedlings	 	23.1	 	14.5	 	13.6	 	13.2	 	13.0	 	14.7	 	13.1	 	20.0	 	17.2	 	15.5	 	
5 	Farm yard manure & 
chemical fertilizers	 	13.3	 	18.0	 	17.4	 	14.2	 	11.7	 	12.1	 	11.5	 	12.8	 	14.0	 	15.9	 	
6 	Plant protection	 	0.1	 	0.5	 	0.2	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.4	 	0.3	 	0.9	 	0.3	 	0.3	 	
7 	Land tax and irrigation 
cess	 	0.2	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.1	 	0.3	 	0.7	 	0.3	 	0.4	 	0.2	 	0.3	 	
8 	
Repair & maintenance 
charges of implements, 
machinery & building	 	
0.3	 	0.2	 	1.3	 	2.0	 	2.1	 	1.7	 	4.0	 	1.9	 	3.2	 	1.6	 	
9 	Interest on working 
capital	 	8.3	 	7.2	 	6.4	 	5.9	 	5.8	 	6.2	 	5.8	 	7.9	 	7.5	 	7.7	 	
10	 	Other expenses	 	1.0	 	2.6	 	1.4	 	1.7	 	3.5	 	2.0	 	1.8	 	3.3	 	4.5	 	4.5	 	
11	 	Interest on fixed capital	 	2.7	 	2.6	 	11.4	 	15.8	 	15.6	 	14.4	 	9.5	 	2.7	 	4.1	 	3.0	 	
12	 	Imputed value of 
household labour	 	5.9	 	18.4	 	17.0	 	17.8	 	17.7	 	15.2	 	22.1	 	8.0	 	10.5	 	10.4	 	
  	Total	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0	 	100.0

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	320	 	
 
47. Yearly average wage rate 	of	 agricultur	al	 labour in Kerala from 2006 to 2015	 	
Figures in Rs.	 	
Wage Type	 	2006	 	2007	 	2008	 	2009	 	2010	 	2011	 	2012	 	2013	 	2014	 	2015*	 	
Paddy Field 
Labour (Men)	 	
Ploughing	 	233	 	266	 	290	 	337	 	370	 	427	 	504	 	587	 	632	 	671	 	
Bunding	 	159	 	177	 	200	 	232	 	273	 	333	 	391	 	465	 	511	 	536	 	
Sowing	 	148	 	159	 	175	 	204	 	244	 	299	 	354	 	427	 	467	 	497	 	
Spraying 
Insecticide	 	167	 	182	 	206	 	238	 	277	 	343	 	396	 	454	 	493	 	519	 	
Harvesting	 	152	 	163	 	186	 	224	 	263	 	320	 	375	 	463	 	512	 	538	 	
Others	 	154	 	171	 	196	 	225	 	270	 	331	 	385	 	466	 	526	 	569	 	
Paddy Field 	
Labour 
(Women)	 	
Weeding	 	102	 	115	 	136	 	159	 	195	 	242	 	279	 	341	 	365	 	381	 	
Transplanting	 	110	 	123	 	142	 	163	 	196	 	241	 	279	 	339	 	371	 	387	 	
Harvesting	 	130	 	145	 	164	 	195	 	227	 	272	 	313	 	362	 	402	 	428	 	
Others	 	121	 	136	 	151	 	169	 	201	 	253	 	299	 	350	 	381	 	399	 	
Other 	
Agriculture 
labour (Men)	 	
Ploughing of 
Garden Land	 	210	 	232	 	260	 	315	 	362	 	415	 	482	 	570	 	625	 	666	 	
Tilling	 of  	
Garden Land 	 	157	 	174	 	202	 	239	 	285	 	349	 	409	 	484	 	537	 	572	 	
Plucking of 
Coconut	 	275	 	314	 	340	 	372	 	419	 	492	 	547	 	612	 	694	 	744	 	
Others	 	159	 	175	 	203	 	236	 	283	 	347	 	409	 	483	 	524	 	562	 	
Other 	
Agriculture 	
labour 
(Women)	 	
Head Load	 	129	 	147	 	167	 	189	 	225	 	274	 	320	 	374	 	419	 	441	 	
Others	 	123	 	140	 	157	 	180	 	218	 	263	 	297	 	355	 	396	 	424	 	
 
* Average of 	agricultural wages up to July 2015

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	321	 	
 
48. Average farm whole	sale price of important commodi	ties in Kerala from 2005	-06 to 2013	-14	 	
[Agricultural year, from July to June]	 	
 	Item	 	 Unit	 	2005	-06	 	2006	-07	 	2007	-08	 	2008	-09	 	2009	-10	 	2010	-11	 	2011	-12	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	
1 	Paddy	 	Qtl	 	612	 	667	 	788	 	921	 	993	 	1178	 	1106	 	1460	 	1613	 	
2 	Pepper(D)	 	Qtl	 	5980	 	10731	 	12902	 	11476	 	13482	 	21047	 	31920	 	36257	 	49634	 	
3 	Ginger(D)	 	Qtl	 	6613	 	4158	 	5685	 	7732	 	10022	 	13009	 	6992	 	8973	 	14005	 	
4 	Ginger	 	Qtl	 	1271	 	1123	 	2055	 	3308	 	3364	 	3167	 	2043	 	4587	 	8056	 	
5 	Turmeric(D)	 	Qtl	 	3587	 	3009	 	2432	 	3669	 	7781	 	12960	 	6957	 	5953	 	6918	 	
6 	Banana	 	Qtl	 	1248	 	1334	 	1468	 	1565	 	1952	 	2104	 	2503	 	2946	 	3459	 	
7 	Plantain	 	Qtl	 	644	 	709	 	718	 	782	 	1609	 	1755	 	1874	 	2301	 	2742	 	
8 	Cashew	 	Qtl	 	2899	 	2464	 	3001	 	3686	 	3872	 	6104	 	5600	 	5019	 	6426	 	
9 	Tapioca	 	Qtl	 	433	 	470	 	520	 	556	 	588	 	972	 	895	 	931	 	1717	 	
10	 	
Mango 
(Raw)	 	Qtl	 	823	 	1001	 	1323	 	985	 	  	  	  	  	  	
11	 	Nutmeg	 	Kg	 	  	  	  	122	 	174	 	274	 	346	 	321	 	310	 	
12	 	
Coconut 
(WH)	 	100	 	495	 	473	 	486	 	544	 	463	 	762	 	775	 	613	 	1113	 	
13	 	Arecanut	 	100	 	44	 	52	 	52	 	49	 	46	 	55	 	79	 	82	 	99	 	
15	 	Sesamum	 	Kg	 	  	  	  	42	 	52	 	40	 	50	 	  	  	
16	 	Cloves	 	Kg	 	  	  	  	300	 	293	 	372	 	797	 	712	 	895	 	
 
Source: Department of Economics & Statistics, Kerala

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	322	 	
 
49. Population of cultivators in Kerala as per 2011 census	 	
Sl 
No	 	District	 	
Main Cultivators	 	Marginal cultivators	 	Total cultivators	 	
Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	26756	 	22804	 	3952	 	12081	 	7703	 	4378	 	38837	 	30507	 	8330	 	
2 	Kollam	 	41467	 	37441	 	4026	 	15226	 	12035	 	3191	 	56693	 	49476	 	7217	 	
3 	Pathanamthitta	 	31590	 	28683	 	2907	 	9824	 	7814	 	2010	 	41414	 	36497	 	4917	 	
4 	Alappuzha	 	17805	 	15333	 	2472	 	7432	 	5346	 	2086	 	25237	 	20679	 	4558	 	
5 	Kottayam	 	42620	 	38673	 	3947	 	7371	 	5079	 	2292	 	49991	 	43752	 	6239	 	
6 	Idukki 	 	85723	 	69676	 	16047	 	15194	 	7133	 	8061	 	100917	 	76809	 	24108	 	
7 	Ernakulam	 	41977	 	36158	 	5819	 	8446	 	5275	 	3171	 	50423	 	41433	 	8990	 	
8 	Thrissur	 	34791	 	28697	 	6094	 	6995	 	3920	 	3075	 	41786	 	32617	 	9169	 	
9 	Palakkad	 	59194	 	47813	 	11381	 	8611	 	4996	 	3615	 	67805	 	52809	 	14996	 	
10	 	Malappuram	 	45710	 	42693	 	3017	 	11857	 	8829	 	3028	 	57567	 	51522	 	6045	 	
11	 	Kozhikode	 	19905	 	17388	 	2517	 	6638	 	4401	 	2237	 	26543	 	21789	 	4754	 	
12	 	Wayanad	 	46410	 	38861	 	7549	 	6349	 	3471	 	2878	 	52759	 	42332	 	10427	 	
13	 	Kannur	 	30415	 	25055	 	5360	 	6134	 	3405	 	2729	 	36549	 	28460	 	8089	 	
14	 	Kasaragod	 	20569	 	16271	 	4298	 	3163	 	1953	 	1210	 	23732	 	18224	 	5508	 	
  	KERALA	 	544932	 	465546	 	79386	 	125321	 	81360	 	43961	 	670253	 	546906	 	123347

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	323	 	
 
50	. Population 	of agricultural labourers in Kerala as per 2011 census	 	
Sl 
No	 	District	 	
Main Agricultural 	
labourers	 	
Marginal	 Agricultural 	
labourers	 	
Total Agricultural labourers	 	
 	
Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	55785	 	46146	 	9639	 	38685	 	25411	 	13274	 	94470	 	71557	 	22913	 	
2 	Kollam	 	56640	 	47716	 	8924	 	35553	 	27085	 	8468	 	92193	 	74801	 	17392	 	
3 	Pathanamthitta	 	35216	 	29909	 	5307	 	20239	 	14321	 	5918	 	55455	 	44230	 	11225	 	
4 	Alappuzha	 	39491	 	26826	 	12665	 	32215	 	16091	 	16124	 	71706	 	42917	 	28789	 	
5 	Kottayam	 	44783	 	35287	 	9496	 	18269	 	10511	 	7758	 	63052	 	45798	 	17254	 	
6 	Idukki 	 	112391	 	65852	 	46539	 	33307	 	14214	 	19093	 	145698	 	80066	 	65632	 	
7 	Ernakulam	 	49419	 	34256	 	15163	 	21972	 	11649	 	10323	 	71391	 	45905	 	25486	 	
8 	Thrissur	 	54538	 	35788	 	18750	 	19403	 	9534	 	9869	 	73941	 	45322	 	28619	 	
9 	Palakkad	 	195394	 	104522	 	90872	 	54555	 	24829	 	29726	 	249949	 	129351	 	120598	 	
10	 	Malappuram	 	81841	 	69919	 	11922	 	35564	 	26232	 	9332	 	117405	 	96151	 	21254	 	
11	 	Kozhikode	 	37555	 	31343	 	6212	 	26643	 	15925	 	10718	 	64198	 	47268	 	16930	 	
12	 	Wayanad	 	69133	 	44833	 	24300	 	32497	 	15760	 	16737	 	101630	 	60593	 	41037	 	
13	 	Kannur	 	59228	 	37371	 	21857	 	23760	 	10989	 	12771	 	82988	 	48360	 	34628	 	
14	 	Kasaragod	 	27722	 	19324	 	8398	 	11052	 	6352	 	4700	 	38774	 	25676	 	13098	 	
  	KERALA	 	919136	 	629092	 	290044	 	403714	 	228903	 	174811	 	1322850	 	857995	 	464855

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	324	 	
 
51. District wise percentage of cultivators and agricultural labourers in rural area to total 	population of 	
cultivators	/ agricultural labourers in Kerala	 as per 2011 census 	 	
 	District	 	
Main Cultivators	 	Marginal cultivators	 	
Main Agricultural 	
labourers	 	
Marginal	 Agricultural 	
labourers	 	
T 	M	 	F 	T 	M	 	F 	T 	M	 	F 	T 	M	 	F 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	82.2	 	82.2	 	82.5	 	75.4	 	77.2	 	72.4	 	72.3	 	71.7	 	75.3	 	71.8	 	69.9	 	75.6	 	
2 	Kollam	 	88.9	 	89.1	 	87.4	 	85.7	 	86.0	 	84.6	 	80.3	 	80.1	 	81.3	 	79.9	 	79.3	 	81.8	 	
3 	Pathanamthitta	 	97.0	 	96.8	 	98.3	 	96.5	 	96.3	 	97.5	 	95.2	 	95.0	 	96.3	 	96.2	 	95.8	 	97.2	 	
4 	Alappuzha	 	83.0	 	83.7	 	78.2	 	78.9	 	79.7	 	76.8	 	75.5	 	74.5	 	77.4	 	75.1	 	74.6	 	75.5	 	
5 	Kottayam	 	93.0	 	92.9	 	93.6	 	91.4	 	91.3	 	91.6	 	86.7	 	86.5	 	87.7	 	86.3	 	85.4	 	87.4	 	
6 	Idukki 	 	99.3	 	99.3	 	99.7	 	99.6	 	99.4	 	99.8	 	99.1	 	98.8	 	99.6	 	99.3	 	98.9	 	99.6	 	
7 	Ernakulam	 	83.3	 	83.2	 	83.6	 	78.0	 	78.5	 	77.2	 	73.3	 	71.5	 	77.2	 	72.9	 	71.1	 	74.9	 	
8 	Thrissur	 	65.2	 	64.9	 	66.8	 	61.4	 	60.7	 	62.3	 	59.0	 	57.2	 	62.4	 	56.8	 	56.1	 	57.6	 	
9 	Palakkad	 	94.2	 	94.0	 	94.9	 	91.8	 	91.8	 	91.7	 	92.4	 	92.3	 	92.5	 	90.3	 	90.4	 	90.2	 	
10	 	Malappuram	 	74.6	 	73.7	 	86.3	 	79.7	 	77.9	 	84.9	 	74.6	 	72.9	 	84.3	 	74.7	 	73.1	 	79.2	 	
11	 	Kozhikode	 	75.9	 	75.6	 	77.8	 	66.3	 	66.1	 	66.7	 	58.3	 	57.6	 	61.5	 	55.4	 	55.3	 	55.4	 	
12	 	Wayanad	 	99.6	 	99.5	 	99.9	 	99.7	 	99.7	 	99.6	 	98.7	 	98.7	 	98.8	 	99.2	 	99.0	 	99.3	 	
13	 	Kannur	 	84.4	 	85.7	 	78.4	 	71.5	 	75.0	 	67.2	 	67.4	 	67.7	 	66.9	 	63.9	 	66.6	 	61.5	 	
14	 	Kasaragod	 	88.1	 	87.8	 	88.9	 	84.2	 	84.4	 	83.7	 	76.9	 	77.7	 	74.9	 	78.5	 	79.0	 	77.9	 	
  	KERALA	 	88.4	 	88.2	 	89.6	 	84.1	 	84.0	 	84.2	 	82.8	 	81.1	 	86.3	 	79.9	 	78.6	 	81.4

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	325	 	
 
52. District wise percentage of cultivators and agricultural labourers to total population	 as per 2011 census	 	
  
Sl No	 	District	 	
Total cultivators	 	Total Agricultural labourers	 	
Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	Total	 	Male	 	Female	 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	1.2	 	1.9	 	0.5	 	2.9	 	4.5	 	1.3	 	
2 	Kollam	 	2.2	 	4.0	 	0.5	 	3.5	 	6.0	 	1.3	 	
3 	Pathanamthitta	 	3.5	 	6.5	 	0.8	 	4.6	 	7.9	 	1.8	 	
4 	Alappuzha	 	1.2	 	2.0	 	0.4	 	3.4	 	4.2	 	2.6	 	
5 	Kottayam	 	2.5	 	4.5	 	0.6	 	3.2	 	4.7	 	1.7	 	
6 	Idukki 	 	9.1	 	13.9	 	4.3	 	13.1	 	14.5	 	11.8	 	
7 	Ernakulam	 	1.5	 	2.6	 	0.5	 	2.2	 	2.8	 	1.5	 	
8 	Thrissur	 	1.3	 	2.2	 	0.6	 	2.4	 	3.1	 	1.7	 	
9 	Palakkad	 	2.4	 	3.9	 	1.0	 	8.9	 	9.5	 	8.3	 	
10	 	Malappuram	 	1.4	 	2.6	 	0.3	 	2.9	 	4.9	 	1.0	 	
11	 	Kozhikode	 	0.9	 	1.5	 	0.3	 	2.1	 	3.2	 	1.0	 	
12	 	Wayanad	 	6.5	 	10.5	 	2.5	 	12.4	 	15.1	 	9.9	 	
13	 	Kannur	 	1.4	 	2.4	 	0.6	 	3.3	 	4.1	 	2.6	 	
14	 	Kasaragod	 	1.8	 	2.9	 	0.8	 	3.0	 	4.1	 	1.9	 	
  	KERALA	 	2.0	 	3.4	 	0.7	 	4.0	 	5.4	 	2.7

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	326	 	
 
53. Demand and consumption of pesticides in Kerala from 2012	-13 to 2014	-15	 	
Unit in Tonnes	 	
Item	 	2012	-13	 	2013	-14	 	2014	-15	 	
Demand	 	Consumption	 	Demand	 	Consumption	 	Demand	 	Consumption	 	
Insecticides	 	117.76	 	260.83	 	175.09	 	555.01	 	488.73	 	326.96	 	
Fungicides	 	448.22	 	411.13	 	370.02	 	477.19	 	429.46	 	401.05	 	
Weedicides	 	24.54	 	22.46	 	20.21	 	140.36	 	126.32	 	165.10	 	
Rodenticides and 
fumigants	 	0.16	 	0.53	 	0.47	 	1.07	 	0.97	 	1.42	 	
Plant growth regulators	 	0.61	 	16.98	 	15.28	 	114.50	 	103.05	 	15.74	 	
Others	 	0.00	 	0.07	 	0.06	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	
Total	 	591.29	 	712.00	 	581.13	 	1288.13	 	1148.53	 	910.27	 	
 
54. Crop wise consumption of pesticides in Kerala from 2012	-13 to 2014	-15 	(in MT)	 	
Crop	 	
Chemical pesticides	 	Bio pesticides	 	Total	 	
% of bio pesticide to 	
total	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
2012	-	
13	 	
2013	-	
14	 	
2014	-	
15	 	
Cereals 
(Paddy)	 	215.00	 	285.09	 	106.54	 	44.00	 	147.08	 	168.09	 	259.00	 	432.17	 	274.63	 	16.99	 	34.03	 	61.21	 	
vegetables	 	43.00	 	104.12	 	101.77	 	95.00	 	79.59	 	159.01	 	138.00	 	183.71	 	260.78	 	68.84	 	43.32	 	60.97	 	
Spices	 	328.00	 	2.29	 	344.53	 	90.00	 	2.60	 	159.69	 	418.00	 	4.89	 	504.22	 	21.53	 	53.17	 	31.67	 	
Coconut	 	24.00	 	190.76	 	155.00	 	9.00	 	60.80	 	30.00	 	33.00	 	251.56	 	185.00	 	27.27	 	24.17	 	16.22	 	
Arecanut	 	30.00	 	21.26	 	9.34	 	0.00	 	1.85	 	5.65	 	30.00	 	23.11	 	14.99	 	0.00	 	8.01	 	37.69	 	
Banana	 	34.00	 	68.25	 	137.21	 	9.00	 	122.79	 	66.50	 	43.00	 	191.04	 	203.71	 	20.93	 	64.27	 	32.64	 	
Total	 	674.00	 	671.77	 	854.39	 	247.00	 	414.71	 	588.94	 	921.00	 	1086.48	 	1443.33	 	26.82	 	38.17	 	40.80

An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	Page 	327	 	
 
REFERNCES	 	
1.	 	Annual Plan (Budget document), various years from 2004	-05 to 2015	-16, 	
published by Finance Department, Kerala	 	
2.	 	10	th Five Year Plan Accounts 2004	-2007, published by Finance Department, 	
Kerala	 	
3.	 	11	th Five Year Plan Accounts 2007	-2012, published by Finance Department, 	
Kerala	 	
4.	 	GDP of Kerala and India 2004	-05 to 2013	-14, published by Department of 	
Economics & Statistics	 	
5.	 	Agricu	ltural Statistics, various issues, published by Department of Economics & 	
Statistics	 	
6.	 	Reports on Cost of Cultivation of Important Crops in Kerala, published by 
Department of Economics & Statistics	 	
7.	 	National Sample Survey Reports, published by NSSO, Govt of I	ndia	 	
8.	 	Economic Review, various issues, published by State Planning Board, Kerala	 	
9.	 	Household consumer expenditure across socio economic groups 2011	-12, 	NSS 	
68	th Round, 	National Sample Survey Office, Govt of India	 	
10.	 	Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditu	re in India 2011	-12, NSS 68	th 	
Round, NSSO, Govt of India	 	
11.	 	Key Indicators of 	Situations of 	Agricultural households in India, 	NSS 70	th 	
Round, 2013	, NSSO, Govt of India	 	
12.	 	Household consumption of 	various 	goods and services in Kerala, NSS 66	th 	
Round, 2009	-10, published by Department of Economics & Statistics, Kerala	 	
13.	 	Annual Report 2014	-15, M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of India	 	
14.	 	Agricultural Statistics 2013	 and 2014	, M/o Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt of 	
India	 	
15.	 	GDP of Kerala and India from 	2004	-05 to 2013	-14, Department of Economics & 	
Statistics	, Kerala	 	
16.	 	Website of Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation 
www.mospi.nic.in	 	
17.	 	Website of Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperation 	www.agricoop.nic.in	 	
18.	 	Annual Report 2013	-14, Tea Board, India	 	
19.	 	Website of Coffee Board, India 	www.indiacoffee.org	  	
20.	 	Website of Tea Board, India 	www.teaboard.gov.in

Page	 328	  	       	  An Analytical Study on Agriculture in Kerala	 	
 
ABBREVIATIONS	 	
 
Acct	 	Accounts	 	
BE	 	Budget Estimate	 	
CSS	 	Centrally Sponsored Scheme	 	
DES	 	Department of Economics & Statistics	 	
GDP	 	Gross Domestic Product	 	
GSDP	 	Gross State Domestic Product	 	
Ha	 	Hectare	 	
Kg	 	Kilogramme	 	
M/o	 	Ministry of	 	
MPCE	 	Monthly Percapita Consumption Expenditure	 	
MT	 	Metric Tonne	 	
NDP	 	Net State Domestic Product	 	
NSS	 	National Sample Survey	 	
NSSO	 	National Sample Survey Organisation	 	
RE	 	Revised Estimate	 	
TE	 	Term Ending	 	
URP	 	Uniform Reference period
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