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Home / Data & Insights / Data Explorer

Category: Agriculture

Evaluation study on Soil Conservation in Kerala 2017-18

Published Date: 10, Aug 2020

Jurisdiction : Kerala

Scheme : Evaluation of Soil Conservation

View Count : 990

Evaluation study on Soil Conservation in Kerala 2017-18

Evaluation study on Soil Conservation in Kerala 2017-18

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Transcript

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	1 	
 
 
 	
           Government of Kerala 	
 	
 	
 
 
 
 	
 
 	
 	
   Evaluation Study on 	
Soil Conservation in Kerala 2017-18	 	
 
 
 
 	
D	EPARTMENT OF 	E	CONOMICS 	&	 STATISTICS	 	
KERALA 	
2020

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	2 	
 
 
 	
   PREFACE 	
 
 	
 	The  peculiarity  of    rainfall  and  topography  of  the  state,  soil  conservation  assumes 	
importance in our planning to maintain sustainability in soil health by preventing soil erosion 
and  fertility  loss.  Heavy  soil  erosion results  in  the  loss  of  fertility  and  moisture  content  of  the 
earth’s  surface  and  low  rate  of  agricultural  production.  The  State  Government  has  been 	 	
implementing  various  soil  conservation  steps  and  measures  through  the  soil  survey  and  soil 
conservation Department, Local Bodies, etc., for maintaining the fertility and moisture content 
of the surface soil.  
           The Evaluation study of soil conservation schemes has been done by the Directorate of 
Economics  and  Statistics  for  all  districts  except  Wayanad.  This  report  relates  to  the  survey 
results  of  13  schemes  completed  by  the  soil  survey  and    Soil  Conservation  Department.    The 
field  survey  was  conducted  during  the  agricultural  year  2017-2018  by  the  Statistical 
Investigators  under  the  supervision  of  the  Research  Officer  and  Deputy  Director  in  the 
District Offices.  The schemes implemented and completed prior to three years from period of 
survey  are  taken  up  for  study  so  that  full  benefit  of  the  scheme  could  be  evaluated  and 
assessed.    This  evaluation  study  results  may  be  much  of  use  to  Administrators,  Statisticians, 
Research Scholars, Agricultural Geologists and others interested in the subject. 
  I  acknowledge my  thanks  to  the staff  of  Soil  Survey  and  Soil  Conservation  Department 
and  Local  Bodies  for  their  valuable  suggestion  and  whole  hearted  co-operation  for  the 
successful conduct of the survey in the state. 
 
                                                                                                                             Sd/- 	
                               P.V.BABU 	
Thiruvananthapuram,	                      DIRECTOR 	
10.08	.2020

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	3 	
 
 
 
                 	
OFFICERS IN EVALUATION SECTION	 	
 	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deputy Director  Smt. SOBHANA PILLAI L 
Research Officer 	Sri. KURIAKOSE P  K 	
Research Assistant  Smt. SHAMJU  B  K 
Statistical Assistant Grade I 	
 
Smt. BINDU LAKSHMY K 
 	
Statistical Assistant Grade I 	
 
Smt.  JISHA  C  G 	
Statistical Assistant Grade I 	Smt.  INDU R  P

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	4 	
 	
CONTENTS 	
 	Chapter – 1 	Pages 	
1.1  Introduction  8 
1.2  Objectives and Methodology  8 
1.3  Selection of Scheme & beneficiaries  9 
1.4  District Wise Schemes  10 	
  Table 1.1  Statement showing list of selected schemes  14 
  Graph 1.1 	District wise Implemented Area  in Hectors	  15 	
  Graph 1.2 	District wise No.of Beneficiaries	  15 	
 	 Table 1.2 Statement showing stratum wise distribution of selected 
beneficiaries 	16 	
  Graph -1.3   District wise - Stratum wise selected beneficiaries  16 
 	Table- 1.3  Statement showing stratum wise distribution of selected 
Control Plots 	17 	
 	Graph -1.4 Statement showing stratum wise distribution of selected 
Control Plots  	18 	
1.5  Problems of soil erosion  19 
1.6  Responsibility for prevention of erosion  20 
1.7  Methods of soil conservation programme  20 
1.8  Land use particulars of the state  21 	
 	Chapter –2	 	 	
2.1  Impact of soil conservation programme on land use and crop pattern  22 	
  Table- 2.1 District wise details of area, cost and number of beneficiaries 	23 	
  Graph -2.1 District wise area of selected scheme 	24

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	5 	
2.2  Cost Benefit Analysis in the Soil Conservation Programme  24 	
  Graph -2.2  District Wise details of Cost in Rs.  25 
 	
Table- 2.2  District wise details of number of beneficiaries in General, SC & 
ST separating APL & BPL in  scheme area and number of farmers in 
control plot 	
26 	
  Table- 2.3  Details of water resources in scheme area  27 
 	Table- 2.4  Water level in wells during April/May of beneficiaries in scheme 
area. 	28 	
 	Table- 2.5  Scarcity of well water in scheme area &in control plot during 
survey period 	29 	
2.3  Land use particulars of Beneficiary plots  30 	
  Table- 2.6  Land use particulars of beneficiary plot  31 
 	Graph -2.3  Percentage  of Current fallow over total area before SC work 
and after SC work 	32 	
 	Graph -2.4  Percentage of cultivated over total area before SC work & after 
SC work 	32 	
  Table- 2.7  Land use particulars of Control plots  33 
  Graph -2.5  Percentage of area cultivated over total area in control plots  33 
  Graph -2.6  Percentage of area cultivated  34 
  Graph -2.7  Percentage of current fallow  34 	
2.4 	Crop pattern 	35 	
2.5 	Contour farming 	35 	
 	Table- 2.8 Crop Pattern (Area wise) 	37 	
 	
Graph -2.8  Percentage of area of perennial crops before SC work and after 
SC work 	38 	
 	
Graph -2.9  Percentage of area of seasonal crops before SC work and after 
SC work 
 	
39

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	6 	
   	
Table- 2.9  Area under selected perennial crops 	
 
41 	
2.6  Seasonal  Crops in Treated Area  45 	
  Table- 2.10  Area under selected seasonal crops  46 
  Table- 2.11  Crop wise yield and value of perennial crops in scheme area  51 
  Table- 2.12  Crop wise yield and value of seasonal crops in scheme area  62 
  Table- 2.13  Quantity and value of selected perennial and seasonal crops   69 
  Table- 2.14  Total income, expenditure and net income of scheme area  71 
  Graph -2.10 Net income before SC work and after SC work  72 
  Table- 2.15  Total income, expenditure and net income of control plots  73 
 	Graph -2.11 Income & Expenditure in Control Plots  74 	
 	Graph -2.12  Net Income of Control Plot in Rupees  74 	
  Table- 2.16  Income per acre before and after soil conservation 	
programme 	
75 	
  Graph -2.13  Area in Acre before SC work and After SC work  76 
  Graph -2.14  Net income per Rupees before SC work and After SC work  76 	
 	Graph -2.15  Net income per acre Before SC work and After SC work 	77 	
  Table- 2.17  Income per acre in the Control Plots  77 
  Graph -2.16  District Wise Area in Acres for Control Plots  78 
  Graph -2.17  District Wise Net Income per Acre in Control Plots  78 	
     2.7 	Cost Benefit Analysis of the Soil Conservation Programmes  79 	
 	a.	 	Extension of area under cultivation  80 	
 	b.	 	Increase in production  80 	
 	c.	 	Diversification of cropping pattern  80

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
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Chapter 3 	
 	
3.1  General Observations  81 	
  Table- 3.1 Opinion of cultivators about effectiveness of bunds, Fertility of 	
the soil and Moisture retention of Scheme Area 	
82 	
  Table- 3.2 Conditions of Bund  82 
  Table-3.3 Opinion of Cultivators in Scheme Area  83 
  Table- 3.4  Opinion of Cultivators about Awareness of Soil and Water 	
Conservation Schemes 	
83 	
  Table- 3.5  Potentiality of Land in Scheme Area  84 
  Table- 3.6  Potentiality of Land in Control Plots  84 
  Table- 3.7 Occupational Profile – Scheme Area  85 
  Table- 3.8 Occupational Profile (Control Plots)  85 
  Table- 3.9 Non Agricultural income of Beneficiaries in Scheme Area and 	
Farmers in Control Plot 	
89 	
3.2  Occupational Profile  86 
3.3  Summary of Findings  86 
3.4  Income and Expenditure  87 	
  Table- 3.10 Cropping Intensity in Scheme Area  88 	
3.5  Cropping Intensity  89 	
  Graph 3.1   Total Gross Area Cropped  Before SC Work  & After SC 	
Work   	
89 	
  Conclusion  90

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	8 	
 	
 	
CHAPTER – I 	
1.1  Introduction  	
Fertile  soil  leads  to  better  harvest  which  helps  to  meet  our  most  basic  needs. 	
Those living in countries with healthy soil are properly nourished. So the conservation 
of soil is one of the important matter in a country.	 	
Soil conservation includes not only control over erosion but all those measures 	
like  correction  of  soil  defects,  proper  crop  rotations,  and  irrigations  etc.  which  aim  at 
maintaining the productivity of the soil at high level. In this sense, soil conservation is 
closely  allied  to  improvement  of  land  use  in  general.  Considering  the  importance  of 
soil  conservation  our  plan  provisions  enhanced  for  optimizing  the  use  of  land 
resources. An  evaluation study  in  this  front  can  be  helpful  for  developing  much  more 
suitable conservation measures. 
1.2  Objectives and methodology   
 
The main objectives of the evaluation study are:  	
1.	 To assess the benefit of the programme particularly in relation to the cultivation 
of seasonal and perennial crops. 	
2.	 To  throw  light  on  various  aspects  like  cost  benefit  analysis,  production  
potential etc. 	
3.	 To  estimate  the  extent  of  additional  area  brought  under  cultivation  consequent 
on the implementation of the  programme.

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	9 	
4.	 To  study  the  effects  of  the  work  carried  out  by  the  Soil  Conservation 
Department in this direction. 
For  this,  schemes  were  selected  which  were  executed  three  years  prior  to  the 	
survey  i.e.  during  2014-15  in  the  State  by  the  Soil  Survey  and  Soil  Conservation 
Department. The study covered all the districts of the State except Wayanad .   The list 
of  beneficiaries  under  each  scheme  is  collected  from  the  implementing  Department. 
The holdings are stratified into four  stratums. 
Holdings with less than 1 acre 	-  Stratum I 	
Holdings with 1 acre or more but less than 3 acres  -  Stratum II 
Holdings with 3 acre or more but less than 5 acres  -  Stratum III 
Holdings with 5 acres and above  -  Stratum IV 
1.3  Selection of Scheme & beneficiaries  
        First  of  all,  one  scheme  is  selected  which  were  executed  three  years  prior  to  the 
survey;    i.e,  during  the  year  2014-15;  In  the  absence  of  such  schemes  which  can  be 
selected prior to the year concerned. The list of schemes is collected from the District 
Soil  Conservation  Office  and  from  which  one  is  selected  using  simple    random  
sampling  method. 
      All beneficiaries are selected for detailed survey. For comparison 20% of the total 
beneficiaries  are  also  selected  from  the  outside  the  project  area,  where  the  soil 
conservation works are not carried out under any scheme.

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
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1.4 DISTRICT WISE SCHEMES 
 
1. Thiruvananthapuram 
Aroor watershed RIDF XIV. 	
It  was  commenced  in  2010  and  completed  in  2014,  located  in  Kilimanoor  	
Panchayat,  Kilimanoor  Block  and  Chirayinkeezhu  Taluk.  The  aim  of  the scheme  was 
the  improvement  of  environmental,  ecological  and  economic  development  status  of 
the  people  by  implementing  scientific  and  planned    watershed    measures.  The  total 
implemented  area  of  the  project  is  354.82  Ha.  Number  of  Beneficiaries  compared  to 
other  watershed  schemes,  it  has    more  number  of  beneficiaries,  ie  562;  so  as  the 
corresponding increase in the number of control plots, i.e. 112 in numbers. 
2.Kollam 
Vadakodu Watershed-RIDF-17 	
Total  area  of  the    Vadakodu  watershed  project  is  236.8  Ha  of  land  and  the 	
treated  area  is  160.290    with  184  beneficiaries.  The  scheme  started  in  2012  and 
completed  in  2015.  The  stipulated  area  located  in  Elamadu  and  Ummannoor  
Panchayat  in Vettikkavala  Block,  Kottarakkara  Taluk,  Kollam Dist.  
3.Pathanamthitta 
Vettor watershed. 	
 It  is  implemented  in  Kozhencheri  Taluk  of  Pathanamthitta    District  and  the 	
scheme  consists  of  480  Ha    and  the  implemented  area  is  136.120  Ha.    with  314 
beneficiaries  started  in  2009  with  an  aim  of  procurement  of  farmers  who  hired  in  the 
northern  side  of  the  Irumpathod  which  reach  in  Achankovilar  after  flowing  11330  m 
and  ends in 2014 .  The  main cultivation  in this region are Paddy, Tapioca, Plantain,

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	11	 	
Betal  leaves,  Arecanut,  Pepper,  Rubber  and  Coconut.  The  goal  of  the  scheme  was  to 
save from the agriculture loss due to flood and drought. 
4.Alappuzha 
Muttattimala watershed. 	
Muttattimala    watershed  scheme  was  stated  in  2010  and    completed  in  2015  . 	
Major    parts  of  the  Mulakuzha    Grama  Panchayat  in    Chengannur  Taluk,  Alappuzha 
district  is  included  in  the  scheme  which  consist  of  408  beneficiaries  in  318.44  Ha. 
Unscientific  way  of    farming  and  the  lack  of  activity    to  control  soil  erosions  lead  to 
the scarcity of water  even though these  regions are level zed with 300 cm rainfall. So 
the  Agriculture    production    and    productivity    are  in  low  range.  After  this  scheme 
implementation the changes in all fields can be seen. 
5.Kottayam 
Choorakkadu water shed-1 	
Choorakkadu  water  shed  scheme  stated  in  2011    the  treated  area  stipulated  as 	
301.410  Ha  of  land;  located  in  Koruthod      Grama  Panchayat  in  Kanjirapally    Block 
Kanjirapally Taluk,  Kottayam  district. 190 Beneficiaries are included in the scheme . 
6.Idukki 
Azhangad Meloram RIDF- XIX   	
The  Azhangad  Meloram    watershed  implemented    in  Kokkayar    Grama 	
Panchayath, Azhutha Block Peerumedu Taluk, Idukki District. The area of the project 
is    597.06  Ha  of  land  and  the  treated  area  is  499.14  with  the   total  beneficiaries    220,  
which is started in 2014 and completed in 2015 .

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	12	 	
7.Eranakulam 
Panapparathodu Watershed project 	
Pannaparathodu    watershed  scheme  in  Manjalloor    Grama  Panchayat  in  	
Moovattupuzha  Taluk,  Eranakulam    district.  Panaparathodu  watershed  scheme  was 
implemented  during    2010  to  2015  comprising  of  172    beneficiaries  with  an  area  of 
140.380 Ha of land. 
8.Thrissur 
Plachithodu water shed 	
The  geographical  area  of    Plachithod    watershed  is  2200  Ha.  The  scheme  area 	
is stipulated for the implementation of the project in 355.670 Ha  and which comprises 
of  113  beneficiaries.  It  is  started  in  2012  with  an  aim  to  control  drought  and  soil 
erosion and completed in 2015. 
9.Palakkad 
Vazhukkaparathode flood management. 	
It  is  a  project    based  on  flood  management  implemented    in  Parali  village, 	
Parali    Panchayat,  Palakkad    Block,  Palakkad    District  comprising  of    245  
beneficiaries  covered 182.81 Ha of land. The project had taken 3 yrs to complete  till 
2015. 
10. Malappuram 
Chekkunnu Watershed RIDF XIII.  	
This  scheme  started  in  2010  and  completed  in  2014  and  which  is  located  in 	
Uranghathira  Grama  Panchayat  ,  Areacode    Block  ,  Eranad    Taluk,    Malapurram

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	13	 	
District.    It  is  comprised  of  the  total  treated  area  is  336.62  Ha    involves  224 
beneficiaries. 
11.Kozhikkode 
Mavullachalil Watershed Scheme. 	
 This scheme is implemented in Valayam and Vanimel   Grama Panchayath in 	
Thuneri Block, Vadakara Taluk, Kozhikde District. The treated area is 67.31  Ha of 
lands  comprising of 77 beneficiaries. Different activities were involved in the scheme 
to conserve the soil and safe guarding the water sources. 
12.Kannur  
Madappurathodu watershed RIDF-17 	
Madappurathodu    watershed  scheme  was  stared  in  2012  and  completed  during 	
2014-15  comprising  of  125  beneficiaries  in  167.33  Ha  of  land.  It  is  located  in 
Vellarvally Tholampra village in Peravoor Block in Kannur district. 
13.Kasargod 
Muttomkadavu water scheme 	
Muttankadavu  water  shed  is  situated  in  Balal,  West  Eleri  and  	
East Eleri Grama Panchayat in Vellarikundu Taluk,  Kasargod  District.  The Scheme 
area  treated  is  545.35    Ha  and    274  beneficiaries.    The  tenure  of  the  project  was  4 
years  starts  from    2011  and  completed  in  2015.    The  project  achieved  100%  of 
physical as well as financial progress.

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	14	 	
Table-1.1  	List of selected schemes 	 	
Sl 
No 	
District Name  Name of Selected Scheme 	
Total 
Area 	
No of 
benefici	
aries 	
No of 
control 
plots 	
1 	
Thiruvanantha 
puram 	
Aroor Watershed RIDF-14 	354.82 	562 	112 	
2 	Kollam  Vadakodu Watershed RIDF XVII  160.29  184  36 	
3 	Pathanamthitta	 	
Vettoor Watershed project RIDF-
XIV 	
136.12 	314 	63 	
4 	Alappuzha  Muttattimala Watershed scheme  318.44  408  81 	
5 	Kottayam 	Choorakkadu Watershed-1 	301.41 	190 	38 	
6 	Idukki 	
Azhangad-Meloram Watershed 
RIDF XIX 	
499.14  220  44 	
7 	Ernakulam 	
Panapparathodu Watershed 
project 	
140.38 	172 	35 	
8 	Trissur  Plachithode Watershed XVII  355.67  113  23 	
9 	Palakkad 	
Vazhukkapparathode flood 
management. 	
182.81 	245 	49 	
10 	Malappuram  ChekkunnuWatershed RIDF XIII  336.62  224  49 	
11 	Kozhikode 	Mavullachalil RIDF 	67.31 	77 	16 	
12 	Kannur 	
Madappurathodu Watershed 
RIDF XVII 	
167.33  125  25 	
13 	Kasargod 	
Muttomkadavu Watershed 
scheme 	
545.35 	274 	55 	
  Total    3565.69	 	3108  626

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	15	 	
 
Graph 1.1 Districtwise Implemented Area  in Hectors 	
 	
 	
Graph 1.2  Districtwise No.of Beneficiaries

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	16	 
 	
Table-1.2   Statement showing stratum wise distribution of selected beneficiaries 	
(area in acres) 	
 	
Sl 
no 	
Distric	
ts 	
No of 
schemes 
selected 	
Stratum 1  Stratum 2  Stratum 3  Stratum 4  Total 	
No: 	Area 	No: 	Area 	No: 	A rea 	No: 	Area 	No: 	Area 	
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13 
1 	Thiruvanantha	 	
puram 	
1 	458	 	191.910	 	99	 	146.800	 	5 	16.110	 	 	0.000	 	562	 	354.820	 	
2  Kollam  1  121  61.740  60  87.220  3  11.330    0.000  184  160.290 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	1 	210 	35.380 	89 	69.960 	13 	21. 790 	2 	8.990 	314 	136.120 	
4  Alappuzha  1  297  107.550  102  161.480  4  13.700  5  35.710  408  318.440 
5 	Kottayam 	1 	58 	33.280 	117 	198.135 	10 	37.165 	5 	32.830 	190 	301.410 	
6 	Idukki	 	1 	52	 	34.191	 	122	 	214.259	 	26	 	96.650	 	20	 	154.040	 	220	 	499.139	 	
7 	Ernakulam 	1 	128 	65.400 	40 	61.900 	4 	13.080 	 	0.000 	172 	140.380 	
8  Thrissur  1  50  22.830  45  80.790  16  58.220  2  193.830  113  355.670 
9 	Palakkad 	1 	191 	95.070 	50 	74.150 	4 	13.590 	 	0.000 	245 	182.810 	
10  Malappuram  1  87  41.760  98  155.590  35  117.550  4  21.720  224  336.620 
11 	Kozhikode 	1 	49 	23.770 	25 	33.990 	3 	9.550 	 	0.000 	77 	67.310 	
12  Kannur  1  53  27.900  63  94.590  7  27.800  2  17.040  125  167.330 
13 	Kasargod 	1 	80 	43.350 	123 	199.310 	57 	214.080 	14 	88.610 	274 	545.350 	
Total	 	13	 	1834	 	784.131	 	1033	 	1578.174	 	187	 	650.615	 	54	 	552.770	 	31	08	 	3565.690	 	
 
Graph 1.3  District wise - Stratum wise selected beneficiaries

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	17	 	
 
Table- 1.3   Statement showing stratum wise distribution of selected Control Plots	 	
Sl 
no 	Districts 	
No of 
schemes 
selected 	
Stratum 1  Stratum 2  Stratum 3  Stratum 4  Total 
No: 	Area 	No:	 	Area 	No:	 	Area 	No:	 	Area 	No:	 	Area 	
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	1 	111 	25.930 	1 	0.200 	 	0.000 	 	0.000 	112 	26.13 	
2  Kollam  1  15  5.200  19  27.37  2  6.610    0.000  36  39.18 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	1 	54 	21.2 	9 	7.66 	 	0.000 	 	0.000 	63 	28.86 	
4  Alappuzha  1  73  20.64  8  10.67    0.000    0.000  81  31.31 
5 	Kottayam 	1 	12 	4.747 	23 	35.763 	2 	7.320 	1 	5.180 	38 	53.01 	
6  Idukki  1  25  11.84  14  22.310  3  9.000  2  13.000	 	44  56.15 	
7 	Ernakulam 	1 	29 	14.620 	6 	7.270 	 	0.000 	 	0.000 	35 	21.89 	
8  Thrissur  1  18  5.330  5  6.950    0.000    0.000  23  12.28 
9 	Palakkad 	1 	35 	18.070 	11 	17.270 	3 	7.730 	 	0.000 	49 	43.07 	
10  Malappuram  1  20  4.875  20  37.375  7  20.5  2  13.000	 	49  75.75 	
11 	Kozhikode 	1 	10 	3.740 	5 	8.670 	1 	3.060 	 	0.000 	16 	15.47 	
12  Kannur  1  10  6.490  12  17.55  2  6.800  1  5.500  25  36.34 
13 	Kasargod 	1 	23 	8.550 	19 	27.440 	10 	38.66 	3 	17.750	 	55 	92.4 	
Total  13  435  151.232	 	152  226.498	 	30  99.68  9  54.430	 	626  531.84

Evaluation Study on Soil Conservation in Kerala   2017-18	 	
Department  of Economics and Statistics	 	
 	18	 	
Graph -1.4  Statement showing stratum wise distribution of selected Control Plots

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 19 	
 	
  The  total  number  of  beneficiaries  comes  to  3108.    About  59%  of  the 	
beneficiaries  are  having  holding  less  than  one  acre,  33.24%  are  having  holdings  one  acre  or 
more but less than 3 acres, 6.02% are having holding 3 acre or more but less than 5 acres and 
1.74% of the beneficiaries are having holdings of more than 5 acres.  In order to compare the 
benefits  of  the  implementation  of  Soil  Conservation  Programmes,  control  plots  (20%  of  the 
total  of  beneficiaries)  were  also  selected.    Its  distribution  is  69.49%,  24.28%,  4.79%  and 
1.44% respectively under Stratum I, II, III  and  IV. 	
Following  schedules  were  used  for  collecting  the  details  from  beneficiary  plots 	
and control plots. 
Schedule I  -  List of selected beneficiaries 
Schedule II  -  Detailed study of the selected beneficiaries 
Schedule III  -  List of control plots 
Schedule IV 
Table A                                    	
-  Detailed enumeration of the control plots 	
Basic facts about the area & the people in General 	
1.5  Problems of Soil Erosion 	
Soil  erosion  means  the  disappearance  of  the  topsoil  by  the  action  of  wind  and 	
water.    Ultimately  soil  erosion  leads  the  desertification  of  land.    Degradation  of  natural 
resources has  led  to many indirect damages, such as increasing extent of wasteland, soil 
erosion,  land  sliding,  etc.  all  these  cumulatively  or  independently  affected  agricultural 
area  or  reduce  agricultural  productivity.    Unlike  other  parts  of  the  country,  Kerala  has 
some unique land form related aspects such as over 90% of the geographical area is either 
in  midland  or  high  land  category.    The  average  rate  of  soil  erosion  in  the  country,  to  the

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 20 	
 
tune of 16.3tons ha/yr – has been alarming and has to be checked.  In hilly areas, the rate 
is much higher, i.e. about 30 to 50 t/ha/yr/, considering that about 5cm to 10 cm of the top 
soil (ranging from 0.05m to 0.1m  depth) is being lost every year due to lead management 
practices.  It has been estimated 9-5 lakh hectares of cultivated land in the State is having 
soil erosion problems. 
1.6   Responsibility for prevention of erosion  
 
  Land  which  is  one  of  the  precious  gifts  of  the  nature  embodies  soil,  water  and 
associated  flora  and  fauna  involving  the  total  ecosystem.    The  topography  of  the  land 
plays  the  most  important  role  in  soil  erosion.    Kerala  is  a  narrow  strip  of  land  (width 
varies  from      15  Km  to  120  Km)  situated  on  the  Western  Slopes  of  the  Western  Ghats 
(the  Sahyadri).    The  very  steep  slopes  facilitate  quick  run  off  of  the  rainfall  resulting  in 
low  time of  concentration poor ground water  recharge.  This high  velocity of  the surface 
flow  causes  soil  displacement  and  movement.    The  surface  soil  gets  washed  away  along 
with  the  running  water.        The  major  portion  of  the  state  is  laterite  and  as  such  is  more 
prone  to  erosion.    The  different  forms  of  soil  erosion  cause  huge  damage  to  Kerala’s 
economy  every  year  and  reported  casualties      every  year  due  to  landslides  in  monsoon 
season. 
1.7      Methods of Soil Conservation Programme 
   
  Soil  Conservation  practices  are  mainly  grouped  into  two  categories  viz. 
Agronomical  and  Engineering  measures.  Agronomic  measures  are  comparatively  less 
costly such  as  contour  ploughing  /  optimal  fertilizing, organic farming,  etc.   Engineering

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 21 	
 
measures  include  contour  bunding  ,  land  leveling,  construction  of  check  dams  and  water 
harvesting  structure,  etc.  At  present  various  watershed  programmes  are  being 
implemented  in  the  state  for  effective  preservation  and  management  of  the  natural 
resources. 
1.8     Land Use Particulars of the State 
 	
  There has been a significant change in the land use of the state over the years.  On 	
many  occasions  the  change  is  adversely  affecting  the  environment  by  way  of  intensified 
soil  erosion,  water  logging,  conversion  of  paddy  lands,  etc.  are  some  of  the  examples.  
Cultivation  of  very  steep  lands  without  adopting  scientific  conservation  practices  lead  to 
heavy  soil erosion.  Use of chemicals on a large scale for  agricultural productions  leaves 
dangerous quantities of the residues in the soil and the water sources.

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 22 	
 	
Chapter – II 	
2.1  Impact of  Soil  Conservation  Programme on Land Use and Crop Pattern  
 	
    Before  1994-95,  soil  conservation  programme  was  executed  by  Department  of 
Agriculture/Soil  and  Water  conservation,  etc.    There  was  increased  employment  to  rural 
people  due  to soil  and  water  conservation works  and  this  improved  income  of  people  and 
reduced  migration  of  labour  from  these  places  to  outside.    Soil  and  water  conservation 
structures in arable and non-arable lands reduced soil erosion, soil loss, run-off water, etc. 
and  increased  rainwater  infiltration,  ground  water  table,  surface  storage,  cropping 
intensity,  productivity  of  crops,  etc.    As  long as  works  were  carried  out  based  on  funding 
by Government and subsides provided for supporting income generating enterprises, there 
was positive impact. 	
After  1994-95,  there  was  a  proposal  from  the  Government  that  people  should 	
contribute  5-10%  or  more  towards  soil  and  water  conservation  works.    Farmers 
contributed  in  some  of  the  watersheds  based  on  the  direct  benefits  derived  from  such 
activities; 	
Soil  can  be  well  maintained  through  bunding  (mechanical  and  mechanical-cum-	
vegetative  barriers),  deep  ploughing,  levelling,  smoothening,  etc.    Bunding  was  accepted 
by  farmers  to  strengthen  existing  bunds  without  any  obstruction  in  their  plot      Moisture 
conservation on measures increased yield magically. 	
Farmers  in different parts  reported  that  the  fact that  the sustainability  of  agriculture is 	
only  possible  by  soil  and  water  conservation  measures.    They  also  reported  that  soil 
erosion can be minimized and irrigation potentials can be improved through soil and water

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 23 	
 	
conservation measures.  In addition, vegetation covering the soil  is  a  must  for minimizing 
soil loss even further. 	
Table  2.1  gives  number  of  beneficiaries  selected  in  each  district  and  cost  of  the 	
selected schemes. Also gives total area covered. 	
Table-2.1  District wise details of area, cost and number of beneficiaries 	
 	
Sl No: 	
 	
District 	
 	
Area(Acres)	 	
 	
Cost(Rs) 	
Number of 
beneficiaries 	
Total 	Selected 	
1 	2  3  4  5  6 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	889.000 	5471667.00 	562 	562 	
2 	Kollam  1197.950  7300000.00  184  184 	
3 	Pathanamthitta 	480.000 	6494746.00 	314 	314 	
4 	Alappuzha  158.080  8900000.00  408  408 	
5 	Kottayam 	456.950 	7315590.00 	190 	190 	
6 	Idukki  2285.720  15169000.00  220  220 	
7 	Ernakulam 	637.260 	2030000.00 	172 	172 	
8 	Thrissur  1956.000  7299985.00  113  113 	
9 	Palakkad 	197.600 	4523320.00 	245 	245 	
10 	Malappuram  1359.000  8873721.00  224  224 	
11 	Kozhikode 	1183.000 	7424000.00 	77 	77 	
12 	Kannur  1002.820  10110000.00  125  125 	
13 	Kasargod 	2322.000 	12331556.00 	274 	274 	
Total  14125.38  103243585  3108  3108

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 24 	
 
Graph -2.1  District wise Area of selected Scheme 	
 	
 
2.2 Cost Benefit Analysis in the soil Conservation Programme 
 
 	Cost benefit analysis is a method that can be used to evaluate the effects of goods 	
produced by agriculture on the total welfare of the society. The effects are made to values the 
cost and benefits due to different policy measures in monetary terms .Improving agricultural 
productivity across the sectors  are important in order to improve the income of the farmers. 
The better productivity through the efficient utilization of resources reduce the cost and 
realize the fair prices for the outputs . In this study it investigates cost and benefits associated 
with adaptation   approaches employed by farmers with various systems and methods 
expressing in monetary terms and identify the most effective and economic option based on 
general information and responses of farmers.

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 25 	
 
Graph -2.2  District wise details of Cost in Rupees 	
Thiruvananthapuram	
, 5471667	
Kollam, 7300000	
Pathanamthitta,	
6494746	
Alappuzha, 8900000	
Kottayam, 7315590	
Idukki, 15169000	
Ernakulam,	
2030000	
Thrissur, 7299985	
Palakkad, 4523320	
Malappuram,	
8873721	
Kozhikode, 7424000	
Kannur, 10110000	
Kasargod, 12331556

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 26 	
 	
Table-2.2 District wise details of number of beneficiaries in General, SC & ST Separating  APL & BPL in scheme area and number of farmers in control plot 	
 	
        	scheme area  control plots 	
Sl 
No 	
 	
District 	
upper/middle 
lower layer 	
General 	SC 	ST 	Total 	General 	SC 	ST 	Total 	
APL  BPL  APL  BPL  APL  BPL  APL  BPL  APL  BPL  APL  BPL  APL  BPL  APL  BPL 	
1 	Thiruvanantha 	
puram 	
 (1) 	177 	2 	0 	5 	0 	0 	177 	7 	29 	6 	0 	3 	0 	0 	29 	9 	
 (2)  220  2  0  0  0  0  220  2  30  7  0  0  0  0  30  7 
 (3) 	151 	4 	0 	1 	0 	0 	151 	5 	32 	5 	0 	0 	0 	0 	32 	5 	
2  Kollam 	
 (1)  22  87  6  16  0  0  28  103  5  13  2  5  0  0  7  18 
 (2) 	7 	30 	2 	6 	0 	0 	9 	36 	2 	5 	0 	1 	0 	0 	2 	6 	
 (3)  3  4  0  1  0  0  3  5  1  1  0  1  0  0  1  2 	
3 	Pathanamthitta 	
 (1) 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
 (2)  163  117  4  30  0  0  167  147  32  26  0  5  0  0  32  31 
 (3) 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
4  Alappuzha 	
 (1)  18  6  2  7  0  0  20  13  16  2  0  0  0  0  16  2 
 (2) 	212 	74 	12 	28 	0 	0 	224 	102 	37 	6 	0 	8 	0 	0 	37 	14 	
 (3)  35  11  1  2  0  0  36  13  10  2  0  0  0  0  10  2 	
5 	Kottayam 	
 (1) 	79 	29 	0 	0 	0 	82 	79 	111 	18 	8 	0 	0 	0 	12 	18 	20 	
 (2)  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 (3) 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
6  Idukki 	
 (1)  74  40  6  5  0  7  80  52  17  2  1  0  0  0  18  2 
 (2) 	36 	43 	0 	7 	0 	2 	36 	52 	10 	10 	0 	3 	1 	0 	11 	13 	
 (3)  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 	
7 	Ernakulam 	
 (1) 	25 	9 	0 	9 	0 	5 	25 	23 	5 	1 	0 	2 	0 	1 	5 	4 	
 (2)  29  4  0  1  0  1  29  6  7  0  0  0  0  0  7  0 
 (3) 	65 	15 	0 	6 	0 	3 	65 	24 	14 	2 	0 	3 	0 	0 	14 	5 	
8  Thrissur 	
 (1)  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 (2) 	95 	18 	0 	0 	0 	0 	95 	18 	21 	2 	0 	0 	0 	0 	21 	2 	
 (3)  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 	
9 	Palakkad 	
 (1) 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
 (2)  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 
 (3) 	202 	12 	20 	11 	0 	0 	222 	23 	41 	4 	1 	3 	0 	0 	42 	7 	
10  Malappuram 	
 (1)  129  9  0  0  0  0  129  9  13  10  1  0  1  3  15  13 
 (2) 	44 	24 	0 	1 	0 	0 	44 	25 	9 	6 	0 	0 	1 	2 	10 	8 	
 (3)  12  3  0  0  0  2  12  5  2  1  0  0  0  0  2  1 	
11 	Kozhikode 	
 (1) 	4 	21 	0 	1 	0 	0 	4 	22 	3 	2 	0 	2 	0 	0 	3 	4 	
 (2)  12  10  0  3  0  0  12  13  2  1  0  0  0  0  2  1 
 (3) 	11 	13 	0 	2 	0 	0 	11 	15 	4 	2 	0 	0 	0 	0 	4 	2 	
12  Kannur 	
 (1)  3  25  0  0  0  0  3  25  1  4  0  0  0  1  1  5 
 (2) 	21 	72 	0 	0 	0 	0 	21 	72 	4 	15 	0 	0 	0 	0 	4 	15 	
 (3)  0  4  0  0  0  0  0  4  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0 	
13 	Kasargod 	 (1) 	203 	57 	0 	0 	2 	12 	205 	69 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
 (2)  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  41  13  0  0  0  1  41  14 
 (3) 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 27 	
 	
 	
Table-2.3  Details of Water Resources in Scheme Area 	
 	
District Name  Scheme Name 	Number 
of Ponds	 	
Number of 	
Wells	 	
Thiruvananthapura	
m 	Aroor  Water Shed, RIDF-14 	3 	386 	
Kollam 	Vadakodu watershed  RIDF-17  25  79 	
Pathanamthitta 	Vettoor watershed 	6 	224 	
Alappuzha 	Muttatimala watershed  81  294 	
Kottayam 	Choomakkadu watershed 	0 	96 	
Idukki 	AzhangadMeloram Watershed 	
RIDF XIV 	6  123 	
Ernakulam 	Panapparathodu Watershed Project 	8 	35 	
Thrissur 	Plachithoduneerthadapadhathi  6  108 	
Palakkad 	Vazhakkaparavellapokkanivaranap	
adhathi 	5 	74 	
Malappuram 	Chekkunnu watershed RIDF X111  2  52 	
Kozhikode 	Mavullachalil 	0 	41 	
Kannur 	MadappurathiduWatershed  6  128 	
Kasargod 	Muttoamkadavu watershed project 	13 	135 	
TOTAL    161  1775 
.

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 28 	
 	
 	
Table-2.4  Water level in wells during April/May of beneficiaries in scheme area 	
District 	
Before  After  Control Plot 	
Below 	
1/2 	1/2-1	 	1-2 	Below 	
1/2 	1/2-1	 	1-2 	Below 	
1/2 	1/2-1	 	1-2 	
Thiruvanantha	 	
puram 	317  69  0  309  75  2  31  12  6 	
Kollam 	43 	5 	31 	35 	8 	36 	23 	0 	5 	
Pathanamthitta  78  140  6  71  145  8  14  31  3 
Alappuzha 	192 	56 	46 	191 	58 	45 	42 	14 	2 	
Kottayam  47  37  12  44  38  14  12  4  5 
Idukki 	62 	45 	16 	60 	46 	17 	27 	3 	1 	
Ernakulam  10  14  11  7  17  11  14  2  5 
Thrissur 	87 	18 	3 	83 	21 	4 	12 	5 	0 	
Palakkad  32  32  10  30  33  11  6  21  3 
Malappuram 	23 	14 	15 	6 	18 	28 	21 	5 	2 	
Kozhikode  18  12  11  14  14  13  5  6  2 
Kannur 	64 	43 	21 	61 	44 	23 	13 	1 	1 	
Kasargod  87  23  25  85  28  22  19  15  6 
 
 	Table 2.4   Illustrates the water level in wells that have increased remarkably after the 	
soil  conservation  Scheme.    Before  the  implementation  of  the  schemes  of  the  water  level  in 
the  wells  in  Thiruvananthapuram,  69  wells  are  in  the  level  of  0.5  to  1m  and  after  the  Soil 
Conservation work improvement can be seen; ie. 75 wells shows the same level as 0.5 to 1m.  
Remarkable changes can be seen in all districts is below 0.5, 0.5 to 1m and 1 to 2 meters.

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 29 	
 
Table-2.5 Scarcity of well water in scheme area & in control plot during survey period 	
 	
  	
District 	Before  After  Control Plot 	
0-1 	
month 	
1-2 	
month 	>2 	0-1 	
month 	
1-2 	
month 	>2 	0-1 	1-2 	>2 	
Thiruvanantha	 	
puram	 	277  33  76  313  17  56  91  8  13 	
Kollam 	51 	13 	15 	59 	8 	12 	29 	4 	3 	
Pathanamthitta 	14  25  185  68  84  72  6  3  54 	
Alappuzha 	96 	52 	146 	184 	63 	47 	69 	11 	2 	
Kottayam 	26  19  51  37  18  41  35  3  0 	
Idukki 	28 	42 	53 	44 	36 	43 	8 	2 	34 	
Ernakulam 	6  3  26  10  4  21  28  0  7 	
Thrissur 	4 	16 	88 	20 	27 	61 	9 	8 	6 	
Palakkad 	10  13  51  13  21  40  44  4  1 	
Malappuram 	9 	15 	28 	14 	18 	20 	43 	0 	6 	
Kozhikode 	12  15  14  12  18  11  11  2  0 	
Kannur 	9 	16 	103 	17 	19 	92 	19 	0 	6 	
Kasargod 	23  17  95  32  22  81  51  3  0 	
 
The  table    2.5  describes  the  scarcity  of  well  water    in  scheme  area  and  in  control  plots. 	
Changes  can  be seen  in    duration  of  months of  water  scarcity  in  most  of  the  Districts.    Even 
though drastic change cannot be rectified lent remarkable change can be mentioned.

Department  of Economics and Statistics 	  Page 30 	
 	
 	
2.3  Land use particulars of Beneficiary Plots 
 	
Table  2.6  shows  the  land  use  of  particulars  of  beneficiary  plots.    In  the  case  of  area  of 	
cultivation,  nominal  change  can  be  seen  in  most  of  all  districts.    Pathanathitta,  Palakkad, 
Kannur  and  Kasaragod  shows  no  change;  Thiruvananthapuram,  Kollam,  Idukki  and 
Malapuram    show  more  area  of  cultivation  after  Soil  Conservation  works  and  Alappuzha, 
Kottayam,  Ernakulam  and  Thrissur  show  less  area  after  Soil  Conservation  works.    Among 
these five districts increase in the area of cultivation is only marginal. 	
Current  fallow  remains  same  in  Pathanamthitta  (01.01),  Palakkad  (Nil),    Kozhikkode 	
(Nil)  and  Kannur  (0.01)  .  A  drastic  change  can  be  seen  in  Thiruvananthapuram  and 
Malappuram  districts. The  current  fallow  hike  is  noted  in Kottayam  and  Ernakulam  District. 
While  considering  the  other  use  of  land  five  districts  namely    Pathanamthitta,  Palakkad, 
Malappuram,  Kannur  and  Kasaragod  keep  the  same  figure  without  of  any  change.    Slight 
variation shows in other districts.

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 31 
 	
Table2.6  Land use particulars of Beneficiary Plots 	
Sl No  Districts 	
Area Cultivated  Current fallow  Other use  Area not Cultivated  Total 	
Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  % 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	
1 	
Thiruvanantha 	
puram 	
350.12  98.71  352.15  99.25  2.33  0.66  0.53  0.15  2.15  0.58  1.92  0.54  0.22  0.06  0.22  0.06  354.82  100  354.82  100 	
2 	Kollam 	150.58 	93.94 	151.06 	94.24 	1.83 	1.14 	1.01 	0.63 	7.11 	4.44 	7.45 	4.65 	0.77 	0.48 	0.77 	0.48 	160.29 	100 	160.29 	100 	
3  Pathanamthitta 	135.17  99.3  135.17  99.3  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.1  0.07  0.1  0.07  0.84  0.62  0.84  0.62  136.12  100  136.12  100 	
4 	Alappuzha 	255.66 	80.29 	255.17 	80.13 	20.44 	6.42 	20.4 	6.41 	35.03 	11 	35.56 	11.17 	7.31 	2.3 	7.31 	2.3 	318.44 	100 	318.44 	100 	
5  Kottayam 	274.859  91.19  273.959  90.89  4  1.33  5.4  1.79  13.868  4.6  13.288  4.41  8.682  2.88  8.762  2.91  301.41  100  301.41  100 	
6 	Idukki 	370.718 	74.27 	383.085 	76.75 	0.33 	0.07 	1.013 	0.2 	59.948 	12.01 	57.503 	11.52 	68.143 	13.65 	57.538 	11.53 	499.139 	100 	499.139 	100 	
7  Ernakulam 	128.69  91.67  128.49  91.53  1.86  1.32  2.14  1.52  6.81  4.85  6.73  4.79  3.02  2.15  3.02  2.15  140.38  100  140.38  100 	
8 	Thrissur 	344.47 	96.85 	338.63 	95.21 	1 	0.28 	3.55 	1 	10.2 	2.87 	13.49 	3.79 	0 	0 	0 	0 	355.67 	100 	355.67 	100 	
9  Palakkad 	182.63  99.9  182.63  99.9  0  0  0  0  0.18  0.1  0.18  0.1  0  0  0  0  182.81  100  182.81  100 	
10 	Malappuram 	321.91 	95.63 	323.76 	96.18 	5.38 	1.6 	3.53 	1.05 	7.54 	2.24 	7.54 	2.24 	1.79 	0.53 	1.79 	0.53 	336.62 	100 	336.62 	100 	
11  Kozhikode 	65.3  97.01  65.29  97  0  0  0  0  1.79  2.66  1.8  2.67  0.22  0.33  0.22  0.33  67.31  100  67.31  100 	
12 	Kannur 	155.78 	93.1 	155.78 	93.1 	0.1 	0.06 	0.1 	0.06 	5.07 	3.03 	5.07 	3.03 	6.38 	3.81 	6.38 	3.81 	167.33 	100 	167.33 	100 	
13  Kasargod 	512.74  94.02  512.74  94.02  19.63  3.6  19.63  3.6  7.34  1.35  7.34  1.35  5.64  1.03  5.64  1.03  545.35  100  545.35  100 	
Total 	3248.627 	91.110 	3257.914 	91.370 	56.910 	1.600 	57.313 	1.610 	157.136 	4.400 	157.971 	4.430 	103.015 	2.890 	92.490 	2.590 	3565.689 	100 	3565.689 	100

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 32 
 
Graph 2.3  Percentage of Current fallow over total area before SC work and after SC work 	
 	
 
 
Graph 2.4  Percentage  of area cultivated over total area before SC work and after SC work

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 33 
 	
Table -2.7  Land use particulars of Control Plots 	
 	
Table  2.7  shows  the  land  use  particulars  of  control  plots  which  describes  the  area 	
cultivated current fallow other use of land and the area not cultivated.  It indicates there is no 
drastic change compared to the area treated with Soil Conservation works in the case of land 
use.	 	
Graph 2.5  Percentage of area cultivated over total area in control plots 	
 	
Sl 
No 	Districts 	
Area 	
Cultivated 	
Current 
fallow 	Other use 	Area not 
Cultivated 	Total 	
Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	21.341 	81.67 	0.005 	0.02 	4.784 	18.31 	0.000 	0.00 	26.130 	100.00 	
2  Kollam  38.460  98.16  0.120  0.31  0.600  1.53  0.000  0.00  39.180  100.00 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	23.600 	81.77 	0.100 	0.35 	4.710 	16.32 	0.450 	1.56 	28.860 	100.00 	
4  Alappuzha  24.910  79.56  1.760  5.62  4.430  14.15  0.210  0.67  31.310  100.00 
5 	Kottayam 	48.963 	92.36 	0.000 	0.00 	2.639 	4.98 	1.410 	2.66 	53.012 	100.00 	
6  Idukki  42.562  75.80  0.000  0.00  5.862  10.44  7.726  13.76  56.150  100.00 
7 	Ernakulam 	20.630 	94.24 	0.050 	0.23 	0.910 	4.16 	0.300 	1.37 	21.890 	100.00 	
8  Thrissur  10.740  87.46  0.000  0.00  1.540  12.54  0.000  0.00  12.280  100.00 
9 	Palakkad 	35.630 	82.73 	0.000 	0.00 	7.440 	17.27 	0.000 	0.00 	43.070 	100.00 	
10  Malappuram  71.255  94.07  0.650  0.86  3.040  4.01  0.800  1.06  75.745  100.00 
11 	Kozhikode 	14.690 	94.96 	0.000 	0.00 	0.680 	4.40 	0.100 	0.65 	15.470 	100.00 	
12  Kannur  33.510  92.21  0.000  0.00  1.830  5.04  1.000  2.75  36.340  100.00 
13 	Kasargod 	85.200 	92.21 	0.790 	0.85 	2.670 	2.89 	3.740 	4.05 	92.400 	100.00 	
Total  471.491  88.65  3.475  0.65  41.135  7.73  15.736  2.96  531.837  100.00

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 34 
 	
 	
Graph 2.6  Land use particulars of control plots  	
 	
 	
Graph 2.7  Percentage of Current fallow

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 35 
 
 
2.4  Crop Pattern 
 	
        In  order  to  reduce  the  soil  loss  an  appropriate  cropping  pattern  is  essential.    The 	
selection  of  suitable  vegetation  that  form  good  canopy  can  reduce  erosion  since  soil  loss  is 
governed  by  the  extent  of  exposed  land  surface.    The  binding  force  of  the  roots  also  offers 
good  resistance  to  erosion.    Grass  roots  have  excellent  soil  binding  property.    Legumes  are 
also  good  soil  binders.    The  grasses,  legumes  and  tree  crops  are  classified  as  erosion 
preventing  or  soil  conserving  crops  while  cereals,  tapioca,  ginger,  etc.  are  erosion 
permitting/erosion favoring crops. 	
  Depending  upon  the  capability  class  to  which  a  land  belongs  and  the  socio-economic 	
needs of the people, the appropriate crops can be selected to achieve maximum conservation 
of soil and water. 
2.5  Contour Farming 	
 
Contour  farming  refers  to  village  practices  of  applying  all  treatments  along  contour;  i.e. 	
across  the  direction  of the slope.  The crops  are cultivated along  contour  ridges  and furrows. 
In  regions  of  low  rainfall  contour  farming  helps  in  the  conservation  of  rainwater  and  in 
human  areas  it  reduces  soil  loss  and  increases  recharge  of  aquifers.    This  practice  can 
minimize the effects of flash floods and droughts. 	
  Mixed  farming,  inter-cropping,  mixed  cropping;  multi-storage  cropping,  etc.  are  also 	
beneficial in controlling soil erosion. 	
  The  growing  of  perennial  horticultural  crops,  including  plantation  crops  will  give  a 	
permanent protective cover for the soil. In high rainfall areas of the humid tropics this higher 
level tree cover for the soil helps in reducing the erosive action of highly intensive rainfall.

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 36 
 	
   
Consequent  in  the  introduction  of  the  soil  conservation  programmes  significant  changes 	
in the cropping pattern occurred which favours perennial crops.  In Table- 2.8 the area under 
perennial crops has increased from 3494.277acres  to 3610.286 acres.  It showed an increase 
of  3.31%.    At  the  same  time  the  area  under  the    cultivation  of  seasonal  crops  showed  an  
increase of  1.29%.  From this we can  arrive at  the  conclusion  that  the farmers have shown a 
tendency to cultivate perennial crops in sloppy regions where the soil  conservation measures 
are carried out.   	
The  figures  in  the  table  reveals  that  after  the  introduction  of  soil  conservation 	
programmes,  the  area  of  perennial  crops  like    Pepper,  Coconut,  Rubber,  Cashew  shows  a 
positive  increase.  These    are  4.94%,  2.06%,  7.96%  and  8.73%  respectively.  While  the 
variation  of  area  under  Arecanut  have  decreased  to  20.4%    after  the  soil  conservation 
programme. 	
In seasonal crops, the cultivation of  Plantain, Banana, Tapioca, Ginger, Pineapple,  Yam, 	
exhibited  comparative  increase.    The  respective  percentage  changes  recorded  as  10.5%, 
0.37%,    17.33%,  122.19%  ,  8.65%,  and  15.38%    respectively.  .  While  the  variation  of  area 
under    cheera  and  Paddy  has  decreased  to55.56%  and  0.14%  respectively  after  the  soil 
conservation programme.. 	
On  going  through the district wise data, it is noted that the cropping area under different 	
crops are interchanged according to the suitability of land.

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 37 
 	
Table 2.8  Area wise Crop Pattern 	 	
Sl 
No: 	Districts 	
Perennial Crops 	Seasonal Crops 	Total Gross area cropped 	
Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	
Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	450.366 	99.53 	591.384 	99.24 	2.134 	0.47 	4.523 	0.76 	452.500 	100 	595.907 	100 	
2 	Kollam 	139.657 	97.29 	142.907 	96.02 	3.888 	2.71 	5.923 	3.98 	143.545 	100 	148.830 	100 	
3 	Pathanamthitta 	192.178 	97.80 	192.613 	96.26 	4.329 	2.20 	7.482 	3.74 	196.507 	100 	200.095 	100 	
4 	Alappuzha 	228.721 	97.04 	231.103 	96.82 	6.972 	2.96 	7.580 	3.18 	235.693 	100 	238.683 	100 	
5 	Kottayam 	600.314 	98.63 	558.867 	98.47 	8.347 	1.37 	8.691 	1.53 	608.661 	100 	567.558 	100 	
6 	Idukki 	334.489 	98.69 	348.961 	98.26 	4.441 	1.31 	6.173 	1.74 	338.930 	100 	355.134 	100 	
7 	Ernakulam 	60.773 	11.48 	59.802 	11.32 	468.499 	88.52 	468.406 	88.68 	529.272 	100 	528.208 	100 	
8 	Thrissur 	273.371 	92.42 	269.206 	92.08 	22.433 	7.58 	23.170 	7.92 	295.804 	100 	292.376 	100 	
9 	Palakkad 	3.834 	1.07 	3.732 	1.04 	355.181 	98.93 	355.242 	98.96 	359.015 	100 	358.974 	100 	
10 	Malappuram 	525.874 	99.68 	528.865 	99.60 	1.681 	0.32 	2.141 	0.40 	527.555 	100 	531.006 	100 	
11 	Kozhikode 	61.989 	98.58 	59.678 	98.38 	0.893 	1.42 	0.984 	1.62 	62.882 	100 	60.662 	100 	
12 	Kannur 	123.526 	99.07 	123.941 	99.07 	1.159 	0.93 	1.159 	0.93 	124.685 	100 	125.100 	100 	
13 	Kasargod 	499.185 	97.47 	499.227 	97.47 	12.962 	2.53 	12.962 	2.53 	512.147 	100 	512.189 	100 	
Total 	3494.277 	79.65 	3610.286 	79.97 	892.919 	20.35 	904.436 	20.03 	4387.196 	100 	4514.722 	100

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 38 
 	
Graph 2.8  Percentage of Area of Perennial Crops Before SC Work and After  SC Work	 	
99.24	
96.02	
96.26	
96.82	
98.47
98.26	
11.32	
92.08	
1.04	
99.6	
98.38
99.07	
97.47	
99.53
97.29
97.8
97.04
98.63
98.69
11.48
92.42
1.07
99.68
98.58
99.07	
97.47	
0	
20
40
60
80	
100
120	
Persentage of Perennial Crops before Sc Work  and After Sc Work	
After SC 
Work
Before SC 
Work

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 39 
 	
Graph 2.9  Percentage of Area of Seasonal Crops Before SC Work and After  SC Work	 	
0.47	
2.71	
2.2	
2.96	
1.37	
1.31	
88.52	
7.58	
98.93	
0.32	
1.42	
0.93	
2.53	
0.76	
3.98
3.74	
3.18	
1.53
1.74	
88.68	
7.92	
98.96	
0.4	
1.62	
0.93	
2.53	
0	
20
40
60
80	
100
120	
Persentage of Seasonal Crops before Sc Work and After Sc Work	
Before SC Work	After SC Work

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 40 
 
   
 
 	After the introduction of Soil Conservation works area of perennial crops increases in 	
Thiruvananthapuram  (450.366  to  591.384),    Kollam    (139.657  to  142.907),    Pathanamthitta 
(192.178  to  192.613),    Alappuzha    (228.721  to  231.103),    Idukki  (334.489    to  348.961), 
Malappuram  (525.874 to 528.865),  Kannur (123.526 to 123.941) and  Kasaragod  (499.185 
to 499.227) 
  At  the  same  time  it  shows  a  decrease  in  Kottayam    (600.314  to  558.867)  Ernakulam 
(60.773 to 58.802) Thrissur (273.371 to 269.206), Palakkad (3.834 to 3.732) and Kozhikkode 
(61.989  to  59.678)  in  the  case  of  seasonal  crops  the  hike  can  be  seen  in  9  districts;  
Ernakulam & Malappuram (both shows a small hike); and Kannur & Kasaragod  (both shows 
the same figure)  
  While  considering  the  gross  area  crop;  comparing  with  before  and  after  Soil 
Conservation  works  Kottayam  (608.661  to  567.558),  Eranakulam  (529.272  to  528.208), 
Thrissur  (295.804  to  292.376),  Palakkad  (359.015  to  358.974)  and  Kozhikode  (62.882  to 
60.662).  An  increase  in  the  cropped  area  after  the  Soil  Conservation  works  shows  in  eight 
districts;  Thiruvananthapuram,  Kollam,    Pathanamthitta,    Alappuzha,    Idukki,    Malappuram,  
Kannur and  Kasaragod.

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 41 
 	
Table 2.9 – Area Under Selected Perennial Crops 	
Sl 
no 	
 	
Districts 	
 	
pepper  Rubber  coconut  Arecanut 	
Before 
SC work 	
After SC 
work 	
% 	
increase 	
Before 
SC work 	
After SC 
work 	
% 	
increase 	
Before 
SC work 	
After SC 
work 	
% 	
increase 	
Before 
SC work 	
After SC 
work 	
% 	
increase 	
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	0.140 	0.162 	15.71 	440.355 	581.004 	31.94 	8.922 	9.269 	3.89 	0.009 	0.009 	0.00 	
2  Kollam  0.199  0.245  23.12  127.537  129.439  1.49  10.474  11.749  12.17  0.205  0.222  8.29 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	2.771 	2.780 	0.32 	167.447 	167.591 	0.09 	19.974 	20.205 	1.16 	0.334 	0.337 	0.90 	
4  Alappuzha  0.202  0.202  0.00  199.916  199.448  -0.23  25.456  27.287  7.19  0.869  0.879  1.15 
5 	Kottayam 	5.608 	5.585 	-0.41 	548.109 	507.394 	-7.43 	31.814 	32.208 	1.24 	0.831 	0.853 	2.65 	
6  Idukki  31.955  34.525  8.04  247.105  253.899  2.75  34.136  38.386  12.45  1.213  1.339  10.39 
7 	Ernakulam 	0.468 	0.464 	-0.85 	45.382 	44.694 	-1.52 	7.893 	7.799 	-1.19 	2.584 	2.539 	-1.74 	
8  Thrissur  0.000  0.000  0.000  248.803  243.022  -2.32  23.411  23.722  1.33  0.870  0.915  5.17 
9 	Palakkad 	0.444 	0.456 	2.70 	0.000 	0.000 	0.000 	3.367 	3.253 	-3.39 	0.023 	0.023 	0.00 	
10  Malappuram  2.870  3.323  15.78  255.742  366.424  43.28  135.684  139.074  2.50  26.315  9.662  -63.28 
11 	Kozhikode 	1.057 	0.978 	-7.47 	3.558 	3.558 	0.00 	52.565 	51.300 	-2.41 	3.788 	3.037 	-19.83 	
12  Kannur  0.319  0.319  0.00  95.848  94.538  -1.37  7.693  7.516  -2.30  0.545  0.613  12.48 
13 	Kasargod 	15.569 	15.605 	0.23 	273.344 	273.344 	0.00 	142.645 	142.645 	0.00 	46.360 	46.366 	0.01 	
Total  61.602  64.644  4.94  2653.146  2864.355  7.96  504.034  514.413  2.06  83.946  66.794  -20.43

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 42 
 
Table 2.9–Contd......... 	
Sl No  District 	
Jack  Mango  Cashew 	
Before 
SC work 	
After SC 	
work 	% increase 	Before SC 	
work 	
After SC 
work 	% increase 	Before SC 	
work 	
After SC 
work 	
% 	
increase 	
15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	0.260 	0.260 	0.00 	0.400 	0.400 	0.00 	0.258 	0.258 	0.00 	
2  Kollam  0.630  0.630  0.00  0.390  0.400  2.56  0.209  0.209  0.00 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	1.410 	1.430 	1.42 	0.020 	0.040 	100.00 	0.077 	0.077 	0.00 	
4  Alappuzha  0.880  0.880  0.00  0.150  0.150  0.00  0.771  0.792  2.72 
5 	Kottayam 	3.000 	2.920 	-2.67 	0.130 	0.130 	0.00 	0.442 	0.421 	-4.75 	
6  Idukki  3.920  4.240  8.16  1.400  1.560  11.43       
7 	Ernakulam 	0.760 	0.590 	-22.37 	0.340 	0.370 	8.82 	0.314 	0.314 	0.00 	
8  Thrissur  0.040  0.040  0.00        0.000  1.079   
9 	Palakkad 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10  Malappuram  14.280  5.430  -61.97  3.700  1.780  -51.89  0.108  0.108  0.00 
11 	Kozhikode 	0.100 	0.100 	0.00 	0.030 	0.030 	0.00 	0.867 	0.651 	-24.91 	
12  Kannur  0.440  0.440  0.00  0.040  0.040  0.00  17.800  19.634  10.30 
13 	Kasargod 	3.660 	3.660 	0.00 	 	 	 	10.058 	10.058 	0.00 	
Total  29.380  20.620  -29.82  6.600  4.900  -25.76  30.904  33.601  8.73

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 43 
 
Table 2.9–Contd......... 	
 	
Sl No  District 	
Nutmeg  Tamarind  coffee 	
Before 
SC work 	
After SC 	
work 	% increase 	Before SC 	
work 	
After SC 
work 	% increase 	Before SC 	
work 	
After SC 
work 	
% 	
increase 	
24  25  26  27  28  29  30  31  32 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	 	 	 	0.022 	0.022 	0.00 	 	 	 	
2  Kollam              0.003  0.003  0.00 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	 	 	 	 	 	 	0.054 	0.052 	-3.70 	
4  Alappuzha  0.098  0.098  0.00        0.344  0.344  0.00 
5 	Kottayam 	0.000 	0.074 	 	 	 	 	1.644 	1.659 	0.91 	
6  Idukki  0.132  0.132  0.00        12.216  12.458  1.98 
7 	Ernakulam 	2.267 	2.267 	0.00 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
8  Thrissur  0.247  0.428  73.28             
9 	Palakkad 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10  Malappuram  87.175  3.064  -96.49             
11 	Kozhikode 	0.024 	0.024 	0.00 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
12  Kannur  0.412  0.412  0.00        0.083  0.083  0.00 
13 	Kasargod 	4.504 	4.504 	0.00 	 	 	 	1.000 	1.000 	0.00 	
Total  94.859  11.003  -88.40  0.022  0.022  0.00  15.344  15.599  1.66

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 44 
 
 
Table 2.9–Contd......... 	
 	
Sl No. 	
 	
District 	
Cardamom  Others  Total 	
Before SC 	
work 	
After SC 	
work 	
% 	
increase 	
Before SC 	
work 	
After SC 
work 	
% 	
increase 	
Before SC 	
work 	
After SC 
work 	
% 	
increase 	
33  34  35  36  37  38  39  40  41 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	 	 	 	0.000 	0.000 	0.00 	450.366 	591.384 	31.31 	
2  Kollam        0.010  0.010  0.00  139.657  142.907  2.33 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	0.006 	0.006 	0.00 	0.085 	0.095 	11.76 	192.178 	192.613 	0.23 	
4  Alappuzha        0.035  1.023  2822.86  228.721  231.103  1.04 
5 	Kottayam 	 	 	 	8.736 	7.623 	-12.74 	600.314 	558.867 	-6.90 	
6  Idukki        2.412  2.422  0.41  334.489  348.961  4.33 
7 	Ernakulam 	 	 	 	0.765 	0.765 	0.00 	60.773 	59.802 	-1.60 	
8  Thrissur        0.000  0.000  0.00  273.371  269.206  -1.52 
9 	Palakkad 	 	 	 	0.000 	0.000 	0.00 	3.834 	3.732 	-2.66 	
10  Malappuram        0.000  0.000  0.00  525.874  528.865  0.57 
11 	Kozhikode 	 	 	 	0.000 	0.000 	0.00 	61.989 	59.678 	-3.73 	
12  Kannur        0.346  0.346  0.00  123.526  123.941  0.34 
13 	Kasargod 	 	 	 	2.045 	2.045 	0.00 	499.185 	499.227 	0.01 	
Total  0.006  0.006  0.00  14.434  14.329  -0.73  3494.277  3610.286  3.32

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 45 
 	
 
Table  2.9  envisages  the  area  under  some  major  perennial  crops  such  as,  Pepper, 	
Rubber,  Coconut,  Arecanut,  Mango,  Jack,  Cashew  etc.    before  and  after  Soil  Conservation 
works.  Area  of  Pepper,  A  high  level  of  increase  can  be  seen  in  Thiruvananthapuram  (15.71 
%),    Kollam  (23.12%),  Idukki  (8.04%)  and    Malappuram  (15.78%).  The  districts  
Kozhikkode,  Ernakulam and  Kottayam show decline and in negative figures of percentage, 
but the quantity and  area of production in these districts are comparatively very low. Rubber 
is the major crop in Kottayam, Ernakulam, Thrissur and Kannur; in these districts the figures 
show  as  less  compared  with  before  and  after  Soil  Conservation  works  due  to  the  decline  of 
price. 
2.6  Seasonal Crops in Treated Area 
 	
Area  under  selected  seasonal  crops  are  studied  here.  Plantain,  Banana,  Pineapple, 	
Tapioca, Paddy, Ginger and Turmeric were the major seasonal crops in the survey. All these 
crops were  nominal in the area and production; so that a small change will reflect as a larger 
area  and  production  while  considering  the  percentage.  For  example,  area  of  plantain  in 
Thiruvananthapuram.  But  Plantain  exists  in  all  schemes  in  the  all  districts  as  it  is  a  very 
common  crop.  In  the  case  of  the  seasonal  crop,  Banana,  which  shows  its  presence  in  all 
districts except Kozhikode and Kannur. Tapioca shows except  Palakkad and Kannur. Ginger 
is the other one shows its own stand in seven districts.

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 46 
 	
Table 2.10 - Area Under Selected Seasonal Crops	 	
Sl.No	 	District 	
Plantain  Banana  Pineapple 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 	
Increase 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 	
Increase 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC	 	
Work 	
% of 	
Increase 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  0.005  0.011  120  0.807  0.782  -3.1       
2 	Kollam 	1.214 	1.638 	34.93 	1.119 	1.717 	53.44 	0.024 	0.028 	16.67 	
3  Pathanamthitta  0.691  0.961  39.07  0.428  0.651  52.1  0.02  0.02  0 
4 	Alappuzha 	3.451 	3.859 	11.82 	0.715 	0.715 	0 	 	 	 	
5  Kottayam  0.074  0.142  91.89  0.295  0.519  75.93       
6 	Idukki 	2.462 	2.85 	15.76 	0.736 	0.867 	17.8 	0.116 	1.167 	906.03 	
7  Eranakulam  3.191  3.191  0  404.252  404.549  0.07  9.056  9.166  1.21 
8 	Trissur 	0.485 	0.688 	41.86 	6.598 	6.622 	0.36 	10 	10.5 	5 	
9  Palakkad  0.161  0.222  37.89  0.1  0.1  0       
10 	Malappuram 	0.622 	1 	60.77 	0 	0.062 	 	 	 	 	
11  Kozhikkode  0.502  0.553  10.16             
12 	Kannur 	1.159 	1.159 	0 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
13  Kasaragod  7.46  7.46  0  4.872  4.872  0  0.03  0.03  0 	
Total 	21.477 	23.734 	10.51 	419.922 	421.456 	0.37 	19.246 	20.911 	8.65

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 47 
 
 
Table 2.10  –Contd..... 	
Sl.N	o  District 	
Tapioca  Cheera  Paddy 	
Before SC	 	
Work 	
After SC	 	
Work 	
% of	 	
Increase 	
Before SC	 	
Work 	
After SC	 	
Work 	
% of	 	
Increase 	
Before SC	 	
Work 	
After SC	 	
Work 	
% of	 	
Increase 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  1.322  3.73  182.15             
2 	Kollam 	1.182 	1.834 	55.16 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3  Pathanamthitta  1.41  1.78  25.9             
4 	Alappuzha 	2.09 	2.85 	37.25 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
5  Kottayam  7.878  7.93  0.66        0.57  0  0 
6 	Idukki 	1.127 	1.289 	14.37 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
7  Eranakulam  5.4  5.1  -5.56             
8 	Thrissur 	3 	3.01 	0.33 	0.36 	0.16 	-55.56 	42.33 	42.33 	0 	
9  Palakkad                   
10 	Malappuram 	0.848 	1.018 	20.05 	 	 	 	354.45 	354.45 	0 	
11  Kozhikkode  0.06  0.07  25             
12 	Kannoor 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
13  Kasaragod  0.5  0.5  0             	
Total 	24.817 	29.011 	17.33 	0.36 	0.16 	-55.56 	397.35 	396.78 	-.14

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 48 
 
 
Table 2.10  –Contd..... 	
Sl N	o.	  District 	
Ginger  Yam  Elephant Foot Yam 	
Before SC	 	
Work 	
After SC	 	
Work 	
% of	 	
Increase 	
Before SC	 	
Work 	
After SC	 	
Work 	
% of	 	
Increase 	
Before SC	 	
Work 	
After SC	 	
Work 	
% of	 	
Increase 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram                   
2 	Kollam 	0.075 	0.345 	360 	0.13 	0.15 	15.38 	0.01 	0.045 	350 	
3  Pathanamthitta  1.77  4.06  129.38             
4 	Alappuzha 	0.03 	0.03 	0 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
5  Kottayam                   
6 	Idukki 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
7  Eranakulam  0.15  0.15  0             
8 	Trissur 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
9  Palakkad                   
10 	Malappuram 	0 	0.05 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
11  Kozhikkode  0.011  0.011  0        0.02  0.02  0 
12 	Kannur 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
13  Kasaragod  0.1  0.1  0             	
Total 	2.136 	4.746 	122.19 	0.13 	0.15 	15.38 	0.03 	0.065 	116.67

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 49 
 
Table 2.10  –Contd..... 	
Sl No. 	District 	
Colacasia  Turmeric  Tamarind 	
Before 	
SC 
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 	
Increase 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 	
Increase 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 	
Increase 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram                   
2 	Kollam 	0 	0.025 	0 	0.01 	0.02 	100 	0.055 	0.055 	0 	
3  Pathanamthitta                   
4 	Alappuzha 	0.03 	0.03 	0 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
5  Kottayam        0.1  0.1  0       
6 	Idukki 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
7  Eranakulam        0.06  0.06  0       
8 	Trissur 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
9  Palakkad                   
10 	Malappuram 	 	 	 	 	 	 	0.011 	0.011 	0 	
11  Kozhikkode  0.27  0.3  11.11  0.03  0.03  0       
12 	Kannur 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
13  Kasaragod                   	
Total 	0.3 	0.355 	18.33 	0.2 	0.21 	5.00 	0.066 	0.066 	0

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 50 
 
Table 2.10  –Contd..... 	
Sl N	o.	  District 	
Papaya  Others  Total 	
Before 	
SC 
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 	
Increase 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 	
Increase 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 	
Increase	 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram        0  0  0  2.134  4.523  111.95 
2 	Kollam 	0.03 	0.03 	0 	0.039 	0.036 	-7.69 	3.888 	5.923 	52.34 	
3  Pathanamthitta  0.01  0.01  0  0  0  0  4.309  7.452  72.83 
4 	Alappuzha 	 	 	 	0.086 	0.096 	11.63 	6.922 	7.53 	8.72 	
5  Kottayam        0  0  0  8.347  8.691  4.12 
6 	Idukki 	 	 	 	0 	0 	0 	4.441 	6.173 	39 	
7  Eranakulam        3.7  3.7  0  468.499  468.406  -0.02 
8 	Trissur 	 	 	 	2.35 	2.35 	0 	22.433 	23.17 	3.29 	
9  Palakkad        0.47  0.47  0  355.181  355.242  0.02 
10 	Malappuram 	 	 	 	0.2 	0 	0 	1.681 	2.141 	27.36 	
11  Kozhikkode        0  0  0  0.873  0.964  10.19 
12 	Kannur 	 	 	 	0 	0 	0 	1.159 	1.159 	0 	
13  Kasaragod        0  0  0  12.962  12.962  0 	
Total 	0.04 	0.04 	0 	6.845 	6.652 	-2.82 	892.919 	904.436 	1.29

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 51 
 	
 	
Table 2.11 - Crop wise Yield and Value of Perennial Crops in Scheme Area 	
 	
District  Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work  Value at 	
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Thiruvananthapuram 	
Pepper (Pepper dry)  Quintal  0.400  18962.80  0.500  29037.00  23703.50  25.000 
Pepper (Pepper green) 	Quintal 	0.390 	5838.30 	0.560 	8720.88 	8383.20 	43.590 	
Rubber (Rubber garbled)  Quintal  0.00  0.00  2214.090  27290873.34  0.00  10544.663 
Rubber (Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	47.040 	683585.28 	10.350 	119635.65 	150406.20 	-77.997 	
Coconut(With husk)  Number  15087.000  166862.22  17188.000  215881.28  190099.28  13.926 
Coconut(With out husk) 	Number 	410.000 	4337.80 	2971.000 	35028.09 	31433.18 	624.634 	
Arecanut  Number  160.000  160.00  226.500  391.84  226.50  41.563 
Jack 	Quintal 	11.750 	3630.75 	15.750 	0.00 	4866.75 	34.043 	
Mango  Quintal  9.750  15366.00  12.450  34996.95  19621.20  27.692 
Cashew 	Quintal 	2.070 	13808.97 	9.410 	103218.29 	62774.11 	354.589 	
Tamarind(Tamarind without 
seed and husk) 	Quintal  0.080  673.36  0.120  1200.00  1010.04  50.000 	
Tamarind(Tamarind with 
seed and husk) 	Quintal 	0.250 	666.75 	0.250 	0.00 	666.75 	0.000 	
Total      913892.23    27838983.32  493190.71

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 52 
 
 	
 
 
Table 2.11  –Contd..... 	
 	
 	
District	 	Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% 	
Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	
Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Kollam 	
Pepper(Pepper dry)  Quintal  0.052  2404.38  0.068  4298.62  3144.18  30.769 
Pepper(Pepper green) 	Quintal 	1.417 	22415.52 	1.805 	37273.25 	28553.29 	27.382 	
Rubber(Rubber garbled)  Quintal  6.400  98585.60  7.800  99223.80  120151.20  21.875 
Rubber(Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	1081.920 	16228800.00 	1392.975 	16882857.00 	20894625.00 	28.750 	
Coconut(With husk)  Number  24485.000  392249.70  29691.000  501184.08  475649.82  21.262 
Coconut(With out husk) 	Number 	280.000 	4396.00 	300.000 	5082.00 	4710.00 	7.143 	
Arecanut  Number  14328.000  17480.16  20611.000  29679.84  25145.42  43.851 
Jack 	Quintal 	19.570 	12055.12 	23.830 	42608.04 	14679.28 	21.768 	
Mango  Quintal  2.310  2714.25  3.350  7755.25  3936.25  45.022 
Cashew 	Quintal 	1.240 	9393.00 	1.665 	20854.13 	12612.38 	34.274 	
Tamarind(Tamarind with 
seed and husk) 	Quintal  1.070  6598.69  1.280  3280.64  7893.76  19.626 	
 	Total 	 	 	16797092.42 	 	17634096.65 	21591100.58

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 53 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.11  –Contd..... 
 
 	
 	
District 	Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% 	
Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	
Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Pathanamthitta 	
Pepper(Pepper green)	 	Quintal	 	14.770	 	230530.16	 	15.590	 	294183.30	 	243328.72	 	5.552	 	
Rubber(Rubberungarbled) 	Quintal 	539.300 	7963303.80 	612.980 	6882539.44 	9051262.68 	13.662 	
Coconut(With husk)  Number  29309.000  402412.57  33182.000  431366.00  455588.86  13.214 	
Total 	
 	 	
8596246.53 	
 	
7608088.74 	9750180.26 	
 	
Alappuzha 	
Pepper(Pepper dry)  Quintal  0  0.00  2.910  180326.88  0.00  42.647 	
Rubber(Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	2593.870 	33805907.71 	2678.480 	31560529.84 	34908629.84 	3.262 	
Coconut(With husk)  Number  132585.000  1650683.25  142307.000  1748953.03  1771722.15  7.333 	
Coconut(With out husk)	 	Number	 	590.000	 	7439.90	 	615.000	 	8050.35	 	7755.15	 	4.237	 	
Arecanut  Number  121155.000  121155.00  133870.000  215530.70  133870.00  10.495 	
Jack 	Quintal 	0 	0.00 	50.820 	44264.22 	0.00 	25.543 	
Mango	 	Quintal	 	3.300	 	6039.00	 	4.500	 	8145.00	 	8235.00	 	36.364	 	
Cashew 	Quintal 	0 	0.00 	6.600 	70468.20 	0.00 	37.500 	
Nutmeg  Quintal  0  0.00  0.130  2912.00  0.00  44.444 
Total 	
 	 	
35591224.86 	
 	
33839180.22 	36830212.14

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 54 
 
  	
 
 
 	
 
 
 
 	
Table 2.11  –Contd..... 	
 
 	
District 	Name of crops 	Units 	
Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity  Value  Quantity  Value 	
Kottayam 	
 	
Pepper (Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	28.300 	1441969.90 	41.300 	2532020.40 	2104358.90 	45.936 	
Rubber (Rubber garbled)  Quintal  1593.850  24846527.65  1940.980  25723807.94  30257937.22  21.779 
Coconut(With husk) 	Number 	68500.000 	805560.00 	93952.000 	1128363.52 	1104875.52 	37.156 	
C	oconut	 (With out husk)	 	Number	 	350.000	 	4308.50	 	650.000	 	8294.00	 	8001.50	 	85.714	 	
Arecanut 	Number 	69907.000 	87383.75 	76227.000 	105955.53 	95283.75 	9.041 	
Jack  Quintal  0  0  159.200  132613.60  0.00  74.027 
Cashew 	Quintal 	2.000 	15000.00 	2.800 	32200.00 	21000.00 	40.000 	
C	oco(without husk)	 	Quintal	 	58.	760	 	213651.36	 	59.010	 	248432.10	 	214560.36	 	0.425	 	
Coffee(Dry robusta) 	Quintal 	19.920 	135615.36 	23.900 	170168.00 	162711.20 	19.980 	
Total      27550016.52    30081855.09  33968728.45

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 55 
 	
 
 
 	
Table 2.11  –Contd..... 	
District  Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Idukki 	
pepper(Pepper dry)  Quintal 	44.359  2209743.58  48.116  2958604.73  2396898.54  8.470 	
Rubber(Rubber garbled) 	Quintal 	1937.570 	29916080.80 	2060.450 	26316067.40 	31813348.00 	6.342 	
Rubber(Rubber ungarbled)  Quintal 	48.000  705792.00  52.500  582592.50  771960.00  9.375 	
coconut(With husk) 	Number 	1690.000 	17880.20 	1892.000 	23195.92 	20017.36 	11.953 	
coconut(With out husk)  Number 	72684.000  968877.72  85270.000  1134943.70  1136649.10  17.316 	
Arecanut 	Number 	142308.000 	101038.68 	157265.000 	113230.80 	111658.15 	10.510 	
Jack  Quintal 	0  0  566.200  301784.60  0.00  10.586 	
mango 	Quintal 	163.950 	0.00 	173.720 	343965.60 	0.00 	5.959 	
Nutmeg  Quintal 	2.450  74024.30  2.550  57375.00  77045.70  4.082 	
coco(with husk) 	Quintal 	77.070 	58110.78 	90.560 	99616.00 	68282.24 	17.504 	
coffee(Dry robusta)  Quintal 	201.350  1369784.05  219.790  1518968.69  1495231.37  9.158 	
Total 	 	 	35421332.11 	 	33450344.94 	37891090.46

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 56 
 	
 	
Table 2.11  –Contd..... 
 
District 	
 
 	
Name of crops 	Units 	
Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity  Value  Quantity  Value 	
Ernakulam 	
Pepper(Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	2.485 	122977.68 	3.830 	232519.30 	189539.04 	54.125 	
Rubber(Rubber garbled)  Quintal 	4.000  62104.00  4.750  61550.50  73748.50  18.750 	
Rubber(Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	341.170 	5019634.21 	388.230 	4462703.85 	5712027.99 	13.794 	
Coconut(With husk)  Number 	24680.000  314423.20  33961.000  389872.28  432663.14  37.605 	
Arecanut 	Number 	264320.000 	198240.00 	315507.000 	315507.00 	236630.25 	19.366 	
Jack  Quintal 	35.900  15796.00  49.700  38418.10  21868.00  38.440 	
Mango 	Quintal 	17.300 	43942.00 	24.550 	44828.30 	62357.00 	41.908 	
Cashew  Quintal 	6.230  35124.74  7.930  80116.79  44709.34  27.287 	
Nutmeg 	Quintal 	39.820 	1196829.92 	50.040 	1110888.00 	1504002.24 	25.665 	
Coco(without husk)  Quintal 	18.890  33981.00  23.930  113858.94  112471.00  26.681 	
Total 	 	 	7043052.75 	 	6850263.06 	8390016.50 	 	
 	
Thrissur 	
Rubber(Rubber garbled)  Quintal  1853.600 	28932842.40  1917.300  25521180.30  29927135.70  3.437 	
Coconut(With out husk) 	Number 	47580.000 	469497.60 	61292.000 	653372.72 	605564.96 	28.819 	
Arecanut  Number  21630.000 	25307.10  33150.000  51714.00  38785.50  53.259 	
Jack 	Quintal 	2.000 	900.00 	2.200 	2827.00 	990.00 	10.000 	
Nutmeg  Quintal  0.390 	12031.50  0.560  11984.00  17276.00  43.590 	
Total 	 	 	29440578.60 	 	26241078.02 	30589752.16

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 57 
 
 
Table 2.11  –Contd..... 	
 	
District 	
 	
Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work 	
Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Palakkad 	
Pepper (Pepper dry)  Quintal 	0.495  23535.76  0.600  35808.00  28528.20  21.212 	
coconut(With husk) 	Number 	23680.000 	244851.20 	25700.000 	254430.00 	265738.00 	8.530 	
Arecanut  Number 	2000.000  1580.00  440.000  761.20  347.60  -78.000 	
Total 	 	 	269966.96 	 	290999.20 	294613.80 	 	
Malappuram 	
 	
Pepper(Pepper dry)  Quintal 	3.275  160366.93  3.035  176388.13  148614.85  -7.328 	
Rubber(Rubber garbled) 	Quintal 	1013.540 	15532500.50 	1008.240 	13335990.48 	15451278.00 	-0.523 	
Rubber(Rubber ungarbled)  Quintal 	18.150  264717.75  18.840  215303.52  274781.40  3.802 	
Coconut(With husk) 	Number 	39122.000 	343882.38 	41055.000 	364157.85 	360873.45 	4.941 	
Coconut(With out husk)  Number 	799783.000  7006099.08  860396.000  7631712.52  7537068.96  7.579 	
Arecanut 	Number 	1388625.000 	1110900.00 	1451113.000 	1741335.60 	1160890.40 	4.500 	
Jack  Quintal 	142.400  24920.00  175.360  133975.04  30688.00  23.146 	
Mango 	Quintal 	11.010 	26710.26 	15.700 	30128.30 	38088.20 	42.598 	
Cashew  Quintal 	0.800  4780.80  1.000  11460.00  5976.00  25.000 	
Nutmeg 	Quintal 	4.182 	145797.07 	4.548 	101420.40 	158556.92 	8.752 	
Tamarind(Tamarind with seed 	
and husk) 	Quintal 	0.300  1325.10  0.500  2008.50  2208.50  66.667 	
Total 	 	 	24621999.87 	 	23743880.34 	25169024.68

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 58 
 	
 	
 
Table 2.11  –Contd..... 	
District 	
 	Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work 	Value at 	
Constant Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Kozhikode 	
 	
Pepper (Pepper dry)  Quintal  2.228  109450.44  1.801  104761.78  88493.94  -19.165 
Rubber (Rubber garbled) 	Quintal 	0.000 	0.00 	20.000 	263480.00 	311640.00 	Infinity 	
Coconut (With husk)  Number  187020.000  1782300.60  189645.000  1682151.15  1807316.85  1.404 
Coconut (With out husk) 	Number 	1500.000 	14175.00 	1500.000 	13905.00 	14175.00 	0.000 	
Arecanut  Number  411500.000  460880.00  326400.000  293760.00  365568.00  -20.680 
Mango 	Quintal 	0.400 	1107.20 	0.400 	800.00 	1107.20 	0.000 	
Cashew  Quintal  11.300  72907.60  10.670  127794.59  68842.84  -5.575 
Nutmeg 	Quintal 	0.050 	1574.65 	0.050 	1235.00 	1574.65 	0.000 	
Total      2442395.49    2487887.52  2658718.48   	
Kannur 	
Pepper(Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	0.850 	42128.55 	1.140 	65771.16 	56501.82 	34.118 	
Rubber(Rubber ungarbled)  Quintal  407.100  5901728.70  574.900  6453252.50  8334325.30  41.218 
Coconut(With husk) 	Number 	24840.000 	205923.60 	28680.000 	276475.20 	237757.20 	15.459 	
Arecanut  Number  69500.000  62550.00  83700.000  143127.00  75330.00  20.432 
Mango 	Quintal 	1.500 	0.00 	1.750 	5437.25 	0.00 	16.667 	
Cashew  Quintal  52.300  344970.80  60.650  680068.45  400047.40  15.966 
Coco (without husk) 	Quintal 	0.200 	700.80 	0.200 	0.00 	700.80 	0.000 	
Total      6558002.45    7624131.56  9104662.52

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 59 
 
 
Table 2.11  –Contd..... 
 	
 
 
 	
 
 	
District 	
 	Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work 	Value at 	
Constant Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Kasargod 	
Pepper (Pepper dry)  Quintal  210.640  11362764.16  233.380  13436386.74  12589450.72  10.796 
Rubber (Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	3496.230 	50391162.99 	3652.260 	42731442.00 	52640023.38 	4.463 	
Coconut (With husk)  Number  771087.000  8481957.00  815766.000  7904772.54  8973426.00  5.794 
Arecanut 	Number 	10227123.000 	13192988.67 	10516277.000	 	20611902.92 	13565997.33 	2.827 	
Cashew  Quintal  55.695  404234.31  66.960  879251.76  485995.68  20.226 
Nutmeg 	Quintal 	79.970 	2007806.79 	86.260 	1983980.00 	2165729.82 	7.865 	
Coco (without husk)  Quintal  53.600  248811.20  56.900  277387.50  264129.80  6.157 	
Total 	 	 	86089725.12 	 	87825123.46 	90684752.73

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 60 
 	
 	
Table 2.11  –Contd..... 	
  Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
KERALA 	
Pepper (Pepper dry)  Quintal  295.124  15494304.18  336.680  19755922.74  17629233.68  14.081 
Pepper (Pepper green) 	Quintal 	16.577 	258783.98 	17.955 	340177.43 	280265.22 	8.313 	
Rubber (Rubber garbled)  Quintal  6429.760  99388640.95  9173.610  118612173.76	 	107955238.62  42.674 	
Rubber (Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	8572.780 	120964632.44	 	9381.515 	109890856.30	 	132738041.79 	9.434 	
Coconut (With husk)  Number  1342085.000  14808985.92  1453019.000  14920802.85  16095727.63  8.266 
Coconut (With out husk) 	Number 	923177.000 	8479131.60 	1012994.000 	9490388.38 	9345357.85 	9.729 	
Arecanut  Number  12732556.000  15379663.36  13114786.500	 	23622896.43  15809732.90  3.002 	
Jack 	Quintal 	855.580 	57301.87 	1043.060 	696490.60 	73092.03 	21.913 	
Mango  Quintal  209.520  95878.71  236.420  476056.65  133344.85  12.839 
Cashew  Quintal  136.435  900220.22  167.685  2005432.21  1101957.75  22.905 
Nutmeg  Quintal  126.952  3438064.23  144.138  3269794.40  3924185.33  13.537 
Tamarind(Tamarind without 
seed and husk) 	Quintal 	0.080 	673.36 	0.120 	1200.00 	1010.04 	50.000 	
Tamarind(Tamarind with 
seed and husk) 	1.620  8590.54  2.030  5289.14  10769.01  25.309 	
Coco(with husk) 	Quintal 	77.070 	58110.78 	90.560 	99616.00 	68282.24 	17.504 	
Coco(without husk)  Quintal  131.450  497144.36  140.040  639678.54  591861.96  6.535 
Coffee(Dry robusta) 	Quintal 	221.270 	1505399.41 	243.690 	1689136.69 	1657942.57 	10.132 	
  Total      281335525.91	 	  305515912.12	 	307416043.47

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 61 
 	
    
 
  The  crop  wise  yield  and  value  as  per  the  year  2017-18  is  calculated  in  Table 	
2.11.  In  Thiruvananthapuram  most  of  all  perennial  crops  except  rubber  shows hike  in 
quantity and price after Soil Conservation works. 	
       The  price  of  rubber  shows  decrease  in  the  market  and  so  as  the  area  of 	
cultivation  and  production  and  which  indicated  as  77% of  change  negatively  over  the 
quantity.  In  Kollam  which  illustrates  high  value  of  quantity  and  value  of  price  in  all 
perennial crops mentioned in the table. Mango shows as 45% of rise. 	
      Pepper,  Rubber  &  Coconut  are  indicated  in  Pathanamthitta  district  which 	
expresses  an  increase  in  quantity  and  value  as  well.  Among  these,  rubber  points  to 
13.662% of rise. 	
     Alappuzha,  Idukki,  Ernakulam,  Thrissur,  Kannur  and  Kasargod  show  an 	
increase in all crops while Palakkad stands with 78% of less in arecanut.

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 62 
 	
 	
Table 2.12  Crop wise yield and value of Seasonal crops in scheme area 	
District  Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Thiruvanantha	
puram 	
Plantain  Quintal  0.180  320.58  0.750  1770.75  1335.75  316.667 
Banana 	Quintal 	32.600 	122869.40 	31.110 	141612.72 	117253.59 	-4.571 	
Tapioca(Tapioca raw)  Quintal  1183.950  1811443.50	 	357.050  792651.00  546286.50  -69.842 	
Total 	 	 	1934633.48	 	 	936034.47 	664875.84 	 	
Kollam 	
Plantain  Quintal  69.015  134303.19  96.333  222818.21  187464.02  39.583 
banana 	Quintal 	243.240 	1030364.64	 	90.045 	468684.23 	381430.62 	-62.981 	
pineapple  Quintal  1.190  2716.77  1.555  3845.51  3550.07  30.672 
Tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal 	68.580 	113431.32 	112.422 	179762.78 	185945.99 	63.928 	
Ginger(Ginger green)  Quintal  1.780  17906.80  2.955  15912.68  29727.30  66.011 
yam 	Quintal 	7.250 	25411.25 	11.820 	46015.26 	41429.10 	63.034 	
Elephant Foot yam  Quintal  1.170  2200.77  4.010  13401.42  7542.81  242.735 
Colocasia	 	Quintal 	0.430 	1871.79 	3.000 	16392.00 	13059.00 	597.674 	
Drumstick  Quintal  0.230  578.91  0.295  971.43  742.51  28.261 
Kovakka 	Quintal 	0.090 	184.77 	0.125 	388.00 	256.63 	38.889 	
Snake gourd  Quintal  0.180  300.42  0.210  495.18  350.49  16.667 
Pumpkin 	Quintal 	0.000 	0.00 	0.210 	451.92 	205.80 	 	
Turmeric (Turmeric 
green) 	Quintal  0.300  727.50  0.745  1529.49  1806.63  148.333 	
Total 	 	 	1329998.13	 	 	970668.11 	853510.96

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 63 
 	
 	
Table –2.12 Contd... 	
 	
District 	
 	
Name of crops 	
 	
Units 	
 	Before SC Work 	
 	
After SC Work 	
 	
Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity	 	Value	 	Quantity	 	Value	 	
 	
Pathanamthit	
ta 	
Banana  Quintal  35.420  142140.46  41.750  201652.50  167542.75  17.871 	
Tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal 	12.300 	25042.80 	12.800 	26278.40 	26060.80 	4.065 	
Total      167183.26    227930.90  193603.55   	
 	
Alappuzha 	
Plantain 	Quintal 	214.030 	338595.46 	245.200 	478875.60 	387906.40 	14.563 	
Banana  Quintal  64.050  256712.40  101.150  552279.00  405409.20  57.923 	
Tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal 	200.090 	348156.60 	239.080 	496808.24 	415999.20 	19.486 	
Paddy(Paddy Local)  Quintal  4.400  7920.00  0.000  0.00  0.00  -100.000 
Ginger(Ginger green) 	Quintal 	0.700 	10966.90 	0.750 	4119.00 	11750.25 	7.143 	
Colocasia  Quintal  0.710  0.00  0.900  4554.00  0.00  26.761 
Drumstic 	Quintal 	0.230 	0.00 	0.300 	909.90 	0.00 	30.435 	
Cowpea  Quintal  0.400  1557.20  0.630  3385.62  2452.59  57.500 	
Vazhuthana 	Quintal 	0.400 	850.00 	0.900 	2089.80 	1912.50 	125.000 	
Ladies finger  Quintal  0.250  687.50  0.300  897.60  825.00  20.000 
Bittergourd 	Quintal 	1.100 	3776.30 	1.200 	5640.00 	4119.60 	9.091 	
Total      969222.36    1549558.76  1230374.74

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 64 
 
 
 
Table –2.12  Contd... 
 
District  Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work  Value at 	
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Kottayam 	
Plantain  Quintal  3.300  5560.50  7.500  13650.00  12637.50  127.273 
Banana 	Quintal 	18.320 	72327.36 	36.390 	162881.64 	143667.72 	98.635 	
Tapioca (Tapioca raw)  Quintal  266.900  496434.00  249.700  500149.10  464442.00  -6.444 
Turmeric (Turmeric 
green) 	Quintal 	0.200 	266.60 	0.250 	3048.75 	333.25 	25.000 	
Total      574588.46    679729.49  621080.47   	
Idukki 	
Plantain 	Quintal 	244.110 	368850.21 	291.300 	465788.70 	440154.30 	19.331 	
Banana  Quintal  72.220  249159.00  89.710  356238.41  309499.50  24.218 
Pineapple 	Quintal 	3.530 	5545.63 	35.810 	83007.58 	56257.51 	914.448 	
Tapioca (Tapioca raw)  Quintal  188.840  337079.40  211.550  427965.65  377616.75  12.026 	
Total 	 	 	960634.24 	 	1333000.34 	1183528.06

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 65 
 	
 	
Table –2.12 Contd... 	
 	
District 	
 	
Name of crops 	
 	
Units 	
Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
 	
Ernakulam 	
Plantain	 	Quintal	 	272.240	 	429050	.24	 	318.650	 	535969.30	 	502192.40	 	17.047	 	
B	anana	 	Quintal	 	354.880	 	1342865.92	 	418.740	 	1771270.20	 	1584512.16	 	17.995	 	
Pineapple	 	Quintal	 	234.140	 	409042.58	 	309.970	 	835369.15	 	541517.59	 	32.387	 	
Tapioca	 (Tapioca raw)	 	Quintal	 	448.990	 	800998.16	 	490.500	 	865242.00	 	875	052.00	 	9.245	 	
C	heera	 	Quintal	 	7.000	 	10542.00	 	3.750	 	7155.00	 	5647.50	 	-46.429	 	
Paddy	 (Paddy High 	
yeild) 	
Quintal	 	1054.380	 	1476132.00	 	1144.050	 	2070730.50	 	1601670.00	 	8.505	 	
Ginger	 (Ginger green)	 	Quintal	 	3.400	 	26469.00	 	4.000	 	19980.00	 	31140.00	 	17.647	 	
Koorka	 	Qu	intal	 	2.000	 	4556.00	 	2.500	 	7930.00	 	5695.00	 	25.000	 	
Cowpea	 	Quintal	 	17.300	 	0.00	 	22.300	 	105055.30	 	0.00	 	28.902	 	
Cucumber	 	Quintal	 	11.000	 	10604.00	 	14.000	 	16184.00	 	13496.00	 	27.273	 	
Ashgourd	 	Quintal	 	6.000	 	7224.00	 	7.000	 	9954.00	 	8428.00	 	16.667	 	
Kovakka	 	Quintal	 	21	.000	 	42147.00	 	25.000	 	67075.00	 	50175.00	 	19.048	 	
Bittergourd	 	Quintal	 	27.500	 	82390.00	 	39.000	 	139347.00	 	116844.00	 	41.818	 	
Snake gourd	 	Quintal	 	28.000	 	43204.00	 	29.000	 	58232.00	 	44747.00	 	3.571	 	
Turmeric (Turmeric 
green) 	
Quintal	 	1.500	 	0.00	 	1.800	 	3240.00	 	0.00	 	20.	000	 	
Total	 	 	 	4685224.90	 	 	6512733.45	 	5381116.65

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 66 
 	
 	
Table –2.12 Contd... 
District 	
 	Name of crops 	Units 	
Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Thrissur 	
Plantain 	Quintal 	18.600 	32289.60 	33.300 	48384.90 	57808.80 	79.032 	
Banana 	Quintal 	527.800 	2101699.60 	586.000 	2686224.00 	2333452.00 	11.027 	
Pineapple 	Quintal 	380.000 	837140.00 	415.000 	1162000.00 	914245.00 	9.211 	
Tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal 	300.000 	517200.00 	351.000 	737100.00 	605124.00 	17.000 	
Vazhuthana 	Quintal 	14.500 	26100.00 	14.750 	30267.00 	26550.00 	1.724 	
Ladies finger 	Quintal 	13.750 	28132.50 	15.050 	42561.40 	30792.30 	9.455 	
Total 	 	 	3542561.70 	 	4706537.30 	3967972.10 	 	
Palakkad 	
Plantain 	Quintal 	14.800 	24420.00 	20.400 	34945.20 	33660.00 	37.838 	
Banana 	Quintal 	6.500 	23530.00 	7.000 	27174.00 	25340.00 	7.692 	
Paddy (Paddy High yield) 	Quintal 	5905.315 	10068562.08	 	6057.740 	12006440.68 	10328446.70 	2.581 	
Koorka 	Quintal 	13.800 	29752.80 	14.000 	40852.00 	30184.00 	1.449 	
Total 	 	 	10146264.88	 	 	12109411.88 	10417630.70 	 	
Malappuram 	
Plantain 	Quintal 	79.360 	133245.44 	90.800 	167889.20 	152453.20 	14.415 	
Banana 	Quintal 	0.000 	0.00 	12.000 	46560.00 	42708.00 	 	
Tapioca (Tapioca raw) 	Quintal 	32.400 	49701.60 	63.000 	111132.00 	96642.00 	94.444 	
Ginger (Ginger green) 	Quintal 	0.000 	0.00 	0.800 	2596.00 	6192.00 	 	
Cowpea 	Quintal 	0.000 	0.00 	0.030 	106.95 	83.97 	 	
Total 	 	 	182947.04 	 	328284.15 	298079.17

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 67 
 	
 	
Table –2.12  Contd... 
 
 
 
 
 	
 
District 	
 	
Name of crops 	
 	
Units 	
Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
 	
% Change 	
 over 	
Quantity 	
Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Kozhikode 	
Plantain 	Quintal 	32.530 	62262.42 	37.060 	64373.22 	70932.84 	13.926 	
Tapioca (Tapioca raw) 	Quintal 	1.250 	2271.25 	2.900 	5710.10 	5269.30 	132.000 	
Ginger (Ginger green) 	Quintal 	0.260 	1518.14 	0.160 	358.72 	934.24 	-38.462 	
Elephant Foot yam 	Quintal 	0.860 	1282.26 	0.900 	1800.00 	1341.90 	4.651 	
Colocasia 	Quintal 	6.550 	16997.25 	6.710 	20130.00 	17412.45 	2.443 	
Turmeric (Turmeric dry) 	Quintal 	0.150 	1109.25 	0.150 	1725.00 	1109.25 	0.000 	
Total 	 	 	85440.57 	 	94097.04 	96999.98 	 	
Kannur 	Plantain 	Quintal 	46.300 	88942.30 	50.250 	102309.00 	96530.25 	8.531 	
Total 	 	 	88942.30 	 	102309.00 	96530.25 	 	
Kasargod 	
Plantain 	Quintal 	3687.940 	7032901.58 	3769.240 	7915404.00 	7187940.68 	2.204 	
Banana 	Quintal 	460.960 	1760406.24 	493.850 	2097874.80 	1886013.15 	7.135 	
Pineapple 	Quintal 	1.240 	2976.00 	1.450 	3529.30 	3480.00 	16.935 	
Tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal 	67.500 	137227.50 	78.750 	159783.75 	160098.75 	16.667 	
Ginger(Ginger dry) 	Quintal 	0.500 	9500.00 	0.550 	7700.00 	10450.00 	10.000 	
Total 	 	 	8943011.32 	 	10184291.85 	9247982.58

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 68 
 	
 	
Table –2.12 Contd... 
 	
 	 	
Name of crops 	
 	
Units 	
Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	Value at 
Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	
Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
 	
KERALA 	
 	
Plantain 	Quintal 	4682.405 	8650741.52 	4960.783 	10052178.08 	9131016.14 	5.945 	
Banana 	Quintal 	1815.990 	7102075.02 	1907.745 	8512451.50 	7396828.69 	5.053 	
Pineapple 	Quintal 	620.100 	1257420.98 	763.785 	2087751.54 	1519050.17 	23.171 	
Tapioca (Tapioca raw) 	Quintal 	2770.800 	4638986.13 	2168.752 	4302583.02 	3758537.29 	-21.728 	
Cheera 	Quintal 	7.000 	10542.00 	3.750 	7155.00 	5647.50 	-46.429 	
Paddy (Paddy High yield) 	Quintal 	6959.695 	11544694.08 	7201.790 	14077171.18 	11930116.70 	3.479 	
Paddy (Paddy Local) 	Quintal 	4.400 	7920.00 	0.000 	0.00 	0.00 	-100.000 	
Ginger (Ginger dry) 	Quintal 	0.500 	9500.00 	0.550 	7700.00 	10450.00 	10.000 	
Ginger (Ginger green) 	Quintal 	6.140 	56860.84 	8.665 	42966.40 	79743.79 	41.124 	
Yam 	Quintal 	7.250 	25411.25 	11.820 	46015.26 	41429.10 	63.034 	
Elephant Foot yam 	Quintal 	2.030 	3483.03 	4.910 	15201.42 	8884.71 	141.872 	
Colocasia 	Quintal 	7.690 	18869.04 	10.610 	41076.00 	30471.45 	37.971 	
Drumstick 	Quintal 	0.460 	578.91 	0.595 	1881.33 	742.51 	29.348 	
Koorka 	Quintal 	15.800 	34308.80 	16.500 	48782.00 	35879.00 	4.430 	
Cowpea 	Quintal 	17.700 	1557.20 	22.960 	108547.87 	2536.56 	29.718 	
Vazhuthana 	Quintal 	14.900 	26950.00 	15.650 	32356.80 	28462.50 	5.034 	
Cucumber 	Quintal 	11.000 	10604.00 	14.000 	16184.00 	13496.00 	27.273 	
Ladies finger 	Quintal 	14.000 	28820.00 	15.350 	43459.00 	31617.30 	9.643 	
Ashgourd 	Quintal 	6.000 	7224.00 	7.000 	9954.00 	8428.00 	16.667 	
Kovakka 	Quintal 	21.090 	42331.77 	25.125 	67463.00 	50431.63 	19.132 	
Bittergourd 	Quintal 	28.600 	86166.30 	40.200 	144987.00 	120963.60 	40.559 	
Snake gourd 	Quintal 	28.180 	43504.42 	29.210 	58727.18 	45097.49 	3.655 	
Pumpkin 	Quintal 	0.000 	0.00 	0.210 	451.92 	205.80 	0 	
Turmeric (Turmeric dry) 	Quintal 	0.150 	1109.25 	0.150 	1725.00 	1109.25 	0.000 	
Turmeric (Turmeric green) 	Quintal 	2.000 	994.10 	2.795 	7818.24 	2139.88 	39.750 	
Total 	 	 	33610652.64 	 	39734586.74 	34253285.05

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 69 
 
 	
Table-2.13  Quantity and Value of Selected perennial and seasonal crops 	
  Name of crops  Units 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work 	Value at 	
Constant Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	
Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Perennial 	
Pepper (Pepper dry)  Quintal  295.124  15494304.18  336.680  19755922.74  17629233.68  14.081 
Pepper (Pepper green) 	Quintal 	16.577 	258783.98 	17.955 	340177.43 	280265.22 	8.313 	
Rubber (Rubber garbled)  Quintal  6429.760  99388640.95  9173.610  118612173.76  107955238.62  42.674 
Rubbe r(Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	8572.780 	120964632.44 	9381.515 	109890856.30 	132738041.79 	9.434 	
Coconut (With husk)  Number  1342085  14808985.92  1453019.000  14920802.85  16095727.63  8.266 
Coconut (With out husk) 	Number 	923177 	8479131.60 	1012994.000 	9490388.38 	9345357.85 	9.729 	
Arecanut  Number  12732556  15379663.36  13114786.500  23622896.43  15809732.90  3.002 
Jack 	Quintal 	855.580 	57301.87 	1043.060 	696490.60 	73092.03 	21.913 	
Mango  Quintal  209.520  95878.71  236.420  476056.65  133344.85  12.839 
Cashew 	Quintal 	136.435 	900220.22 	167.685 	2005432.21 	1101957.75 	22.905 	
Nutmeg  Quintal  126.952  3438064.23  144.138  3269794.40  3924185.33  13.537 
Tamarind (Tamarind without seed and husk) 	Quintal 	0.080 	673.36 	0.120 	1200.00 	1010.04 	50.000 	
Tamarind	 (Tamarind with seed and husk)	 	Quintal	 	1.620	 	8590.54	 	2.030	 	5289.14	 	10	769.01	 	25.309	 	
Coco (with husk) 	Quintal 	77.070 	58110.78 	90.560 	99616.00 	68282.24 	17.504 	
Coco (without husk)  Quintal  131.450  497144.36  140.040  639678.54  591861.96  6.535 
Coffee	 (Dry robusta)	 	Quintal	 	221.270	 	1505399.41	 	243.690	 	1689136.69	 	1657942.57	 	10.13	2 	
  Total      281335525.91    305515912.12  307416043.47

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 70 
 
Table –2.13 Contd... 	
 	Name of crops  Units 	Before SC Work  After SC Work 	Value at Constant 	
Price 	
% Change 	
over 	
Quantity 	Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
Seasonal 	
Plantain  Quintal  4682.405  8650741.52  4960.783  10052178.08  9131016.14  5.945 
Banana 	Quintal 	1815.990 	7102075.02 	1907.745 	8512451.50 	7396828.69 	5.053 	
Pineapple  Quintal  620.100  1257420.98  763.785  2087751.54  1519050.17  23.171 
Tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal 	2770.800 	4638986.13 	2168.752 	4302583.02 	3758537.29 	-21.728 	
Cheera  Quintal  7.000  10542.00  3.750  7155.00  5647.50  -46.429 
Paddy(Paddy High yield) 	Quintal 	6959.695 	11544694.08 	7201.790 	14077171.18 	11930116.70 	3.479 	
Paddy(Paddy Local)  Quintal  4.400  7920.00  0.000  0.00  0.00  -100.000 
Ginger(Ginger dry) 	Quintal 	0.500 	9500.00 	0.550 	7700.00 	10450.00 	10.000 	
Ginger(Ginger green)  Quintal  6.140  56860.84  8.665  42966.40  79743.79  41.124 
Yam 	Quintal 	7.250 	25411.25 	11.820 	46015.26 	41429.10 	63.034 	
Elephant Foot yam  Quintal  2.030  3483.03  4.910  15201.42  8884.71  141.872 
Colocasia 	Quintal 	7.690 	18869.04 	10.610 	41076.00 	30471.45 	37.971 	
Drumstic  Quintal  0.460  578.91  0.595  1881.33  742.51  29.348 
Koorka 	Quintal 	15.800 	34308.80 	16.500 	48782.00 	35879.00 	4.430 	
Cowpea  Quintal  17.700  1557.20  22.960  108547.87  2536.56  29.718 
Vazhuthana 	Quintal 	14.900 	26950.00 	15.650 	32356.80 	28462.50 	5.034 	
Cucumber  Quintal  11.000  10604.00  14.000  16184.00  13496.00  27.273 
Ladies finger 	Quintal 	14.000 	28820.00 	15.350 	43459.00 	31617.30 	9.643 	
Ashgourd  Quintal  6.000  7224.00  7.000  9954.00  8428.00  16.667 
Kovakka 	Quintal 	21.090 	42331.77 	25.125 	67463.00 	50431.63 	19.132 	
Bittergourd  Quintal  28.600  86166.30  40.200  144987.00  120963.60  40.559 
Snake gourd 	Quintal 	28.180 	43504.42 	29.210 	58727.18 	45097.49 	3.655 	
Pumpkin  Quintal  0.000  0.00  0.210  451.92  205.80  0.000 
Turmeric (Turmeric dry) 	Quintal 	0.150 	1109.25 	0.150 	1725.00 	1109.25 	0.000 	
Turmeric (Turmeric green)  Quintal  2.000  994.10  2.795  7818.24  2139.88  39.750 	
 	Total 	 	 	33610652.64 	 	39734586.74 	34253285.05 	 	
 	All Crops      314946178.55    345250498.86  341669328.51

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 71 
 	
Table-2.14  Total Income, Expenditure and Net Income of Scheme Area (Rs) 	
 
Sl 
No 	
 	
Name of District 	
Income (Rs)  Expenditure (Rs)  Net Income (Rs) 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC Work 	Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	Wages  Fertilizers  Pesticides  Others  Total 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  2848525.71  28775017.79  3188540.00  10328483.50  2456785.00  330840.00  1113675.00  14229783.50  -340014.29  14545234.29 
2 	Kollam 	18127090.55 	18604764.76 	6027680.00 	6001675.00 	1125737.00 	128935.00 	437591.00 	7693938.00 	12099410.55 	10910826.76 	
3  Pathanamthitta  8763429.79  7836019.64  5817330.00  3620310.00  1094660.00  21475.00  1049450.00  5785895.00  2946099.79  2050124.64 
4 	Alappuzha 	36560447.22 	35388738.98 	11036340.00 	11411350.00 	315950.00 	4100.00 	156700.00 	11888100.00 	25524107.22 	23500638.98 	
5  Kottayam  28124604.98  30761584.58  7469718.00  8726633.00  649785.00  57540.00  560695.00  9994653.00  20654886.98  20766931.58 
6 	Idukki 	36381966.35 	34783345.28 	16888290.00 	13141000.00 	1992966.00 	65419.00 	3172047.00 	18371432.00 	19493676.35 	16411913.28 	
7  Ernakulam  11728277.65  13362996.51  4586100.00  2441550.00  637830.00  117840.00  2167270.00  5364490.00  7142177.65  7998506.51 
8 	Thrissur 	32983140.30 	30947615.32 	9171700.00 	9195200.00 	243550.00 	0.00 	51500.00 	9490250.00 	23811440.30 	21457365.32 	
9  Palakkad  10416231.84  12400411.08  8507345.00  3950500.00  1066830.00  87795.00  3976225.00  9081350.00  1908886.84  3319061.08 
10 	Malappuram 	24804946.91 	24072164.49 	11872480.00 	8049600.00 	487600.35 	46850.00 	3397730.00 	11981780.35 	12932466.91 	12090384.14 	
11  Kozhikode  2527836.06  2581984.56  712050.00  898600.00  10100.00  0.00  31930.00  940630.00  1815786.06  1641354.56 
12 	Kannur 	6646944.75 	7726440.56 	2517100.00 	2814400.00 	208150.00 	23275.00 	183500.00 	3229325.00 	4129844.75 	4497115.56 	
13  Kasargod  95032736.44  98009415.31  19430217.00  19062250.00  5191297.00  10650.00  0.00  24264197.00  75602519.44  73745218.31 	
State 	314946178.55 	345250498.86 	107224890.00 	99641551.50 	15481240.35 	894719.00 	16298313.00 	132315823.85 	207721288.55 	212934675.01

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 72 
 	
 	
Graph -2.10  Net Income Before SC Work and After SC Work 	
-340014.29	
12099410.55	
2946099.79	
25524107.22	
20654886.98	
19493676.35	
7142177.65	
23811440.3	
1908886.84	
12932466.91	
1815786.06	
4129844.75	
75602519.44	
Thiruvananthapuram; 14545234.29	
Kollam; 10910826.76	
Pathanamthitta; 2050124.64	
Alappuzha; 23500638.98	
Kottayam; 20766931.58	
Idukki; 16411913.28	
Ernakulam; 7998506.51	
Thrissur; 21457365.32	
Palakkad; 3319061.08	
Malappuram; 12090384.14	
Kozhikode; 1641354.56	
Kannur; 4497115.56	
Kasargod; 73745218.31	
-1000000	
0	
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
70000000
80000000	
Net Income Before Sc work and After Sc work	
Before SC 
Work
After SC 
Work	
 	
  After  the  soil  conservation  studies  the  total  income,  expenditure  and  net  income  of  the  beneficiaries  in  the  implemented  area  in  all  the 
districts  shows  that  the  net  income  hiked  after  the  Sc  works,  the  indication  of    negative  figure    in  Thiruvananthapuram      Districts  is    due  to  less 
income generation  before the sc works.

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 73 
 
 	
Table-2.15  Income, Expenditure and Net Income of Control Plots	 	
Sl No: 	Name of District 	Total area	 (in acres) 	Income (Rs) 	Expenditure (Rs) 	Net Income (Rs) 	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	26.13 	1459475.12 	625850 	833625.12 	
2  Kollam  39.18  2919962.84  1050880  1869082.84 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	28.86 	1257020.6 	903650 	353370.6 	
4  Alappuzha  31.31  3127789.76  1313140  1814649.76 
5 	Kottayam 	53.012 	4303886.38 	1560450 	2743436.38 	
6  Idukki  56.15  3236149.77  1893867  1342282.77 
7 	Ernakulam 	21.89 	1861735.44 	992950 	868785.44 	
8  Thrissur  12.28  769863.1  345800  424063.1 
9 	Palakkad 	43.07 	2314644.42 	1915920 	398724.42 	
10  Malappuram  75.745  4766751.91  2232200  2534551.91 
11 	Kozhikode 	15.47 	534491.47 	205500 	328991.47 	
12  Kannur  36.34  1905153.1  929700  975453.1 
13 	Kasargod 	92.4 	13335335.75 	4149654 	9185681.75 	
State  531.837  41792259.66  18119561  23672698.66

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 74 
 
 	
Graph -2.11   Income & Expenditure of Control Plots 	
 	
 	
 	
Graph -2.12  Net Income of Control Plot in Rupees	 	
833625.12	
1869082.84	
353370.6	
1814649.76	
2743436.38	
1342282.77	
868785.44	
424063.1	
398724.42	
2534551.91	
328991.47	
975453.1	
9185681.75	
0	
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
9000000	
10000000

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 75 
 	
 
 	
Table-2.16 Income per acre before and after soil conservation program 	
 
Sl 
No 	
 
 	
Name of District 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work 	
 	
Area in 
acre 	
 	
Net Income 	
(Rs) 	
Net 	
Income 
per Acre 	
(Rs) 	
Area in 
acre 	
Net Income 	
(Rs) 	
Net 	
Income 
per Acre 	
(Rs) 	
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	350.120 	-340014.29 	-971.14 	352.150 	14545234.29 	41304.09 	
2  Kollam  150.580  12099410.55  80352.04  151.060  10910826.76  72228.43 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	135.170 	2946099.79 	21795.52 	135.170 	2050124.64 	15167.01 	
4  Alappuzha  255.660  25524107.22  99836.14  255.170  23500638.98  92097.97 
5 	Kottayam 	274.859 	20654886.98 	75147.21 	273.959 	20766931.58 	75803.06 	
6  Idukki  370.718  19493676.35  52583.57  383.085  16411913.28  42841.44 
7 	Ernakulam 	128.690 	7142177.65 	55499.09 	128.490 	7998506.51 	62250.03 	
8  Thrissur  344.470  23811440.30  69124.86  338.630  21457365.32  63365.22 
9 	Palakkad 	182.630 	1908886.84 	10452.21 	182.630 	3319061.08 	18173.69 	
10  Malappuram  321.910  12932466.91  40174.17  323.760  12090384.14  37343.66 
11 	Kozhikode 	65.300 	1815786.06 	27806.83 	65.290 	1641354.56 	25139.45 	
12  Kannur  155.780  4129844.75  26510.75  155.780  4497115.56  28868.38 
13 	Kasargod 	512.740 	75602519.44 	147448.06 	512.740 	73745218.31 	143825.76 	
State  3248.627  207721288.55  63941.26  3257.914  212934675.01  65359.21

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 76 
 	
Graph -2.13  Area in Acre  Before SC Work & After SC 	
Work	
 	
Graph -2.14  Net Income in Rupees Before SC Work & After SC Work 	
-340014.29	
12099410.55	
2946099.79	
25524107.22	
20654886.98	
19493676.35	
7142177.65	
23811440.3	
1908886.84	
12932466.91	
1815786.06	
4129844.75	
75602519.44	
14545234.29	
10910826.76	
2050124.64	
23500638.98	
20766931.58	
16411913.28	
7998506.51	
21457365.32	
3319061.08	
12090384.14	
1641354.56	
4497115.56	
73745218.31	
-1000000	
0	
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
70000000
80000000	
Before SC Work	After SC Work

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 77 
 	
 	
Graph -2.15  Net Income  per Acre in Rupees Before SC Work & After SC Work 	
 	
Table  2.17   Income per acre in the Control Plots	 	
Sl No:  Name of District  Area cultivated 	
in acre 	
Net Income (Rs)  Net Income per Acre 	
(Rs) 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	
1   Thiruvananthapuram   21.341  833625.12  39062.14 
2  	Kollam  	38.460 	1869082.84 	48598.10 	
3   Pathanamthitta  23.600  353370.60  14973.33 
4  	Alappuzha  	24.910 	1814649.76 	72848.24 	
5   Kottayam  48.963  2743436.38  56030.81 
6  	Idukki 	42.562 	1342282.77 	31537.12 	
7   Ernakulam  20.630  868785.44  42112.72 
8  	Thrissur 	10.740 	424063.10 	39484.46 	
9   Palakkad   35.630  398724.42  11190.69 
10  	Malappuram 	71.255 	2534551.91 	35570.16 	
11   Kozhikode   14.690  328991.47  22395.61 
12  	Kannur  	33.510 	975453.10 	29109.31 	
13   Kasargod  85.200  9185681.75  107813.17 	
State  	471.491 	23672698.66 	50208.17

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 78 
 
 
 	
Graph -2.16  District Wise cultivated  Area in Acres in the Control Plots 	
 	
 	
 	
Graph -2.17   District wise Net Income per Acre in Rupees in control plots

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 79 
 
 
 
2.7  Cost Benefit Analysis of Soil Conservation Programme 
 	
Productive  benefits  are  the  direct  returns  from  the  programmes  implemented.    In 	
regular agricultural lands, increase in the yield provides the productive benefits.  In addition, 
production from  degraded land, which are cultivated after the soil conservation measures are 
also taken into consideration. 	
Protective  benefits  are  the  intangible  benefits  derived  from  implementation  of  soil 	
conservation programme.  These benefits are more stable and provide base for the continued 
prosperity  in  the  area.    In  the  case  of  agricultural  land,  protective  benefits  are  assessed  in 
terms  of  these  increased  values  because  of  the  prevention  of  further  soil  erosion  and  its 
increased productive potentialities. 	
In  the  light  of  the  present  study  an  attempt  is  made  for  cost  benefit  analysis  with  the 	
collected  data.    Total  cost  incurred  for  the  soil  conservation  works,  including  maintenance 
work for the year 2017-18 .is Rs.10,32,43,585/-. 	
The total area under cultivation after soil conservation work was 3257.914 acres.  The 	
value of crops before the soil conservation programme comes to Rs 314946178.55  The value 
of crops after the implementation of soil conservation programme has also been calculated as        
Rs345250498.8/- .   It is estimated that the value at constant price as Rs  341669328.51/- 	
Several benefits flow from the soil conservation programme implementation,   three of 	
them, which derive special attention s are taken up for consideration.

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 80 
 
 	
They are: 	
a.	 	Extension of area under cultivation 	
b.	 	Increase in productivity 	
c.	 	Diversification of cropping pattern 	
a)	 Extension of area under cultivation 
   	
  The  study  revealed  that  9.287  (the  difference  between  the  area  of 	
cultivation  before  and    after  sc  work)  acres  of  land  has  been  additionally  brought 
under  cultivation  by  cultivating  areas  which  were  not  cultivated  before  soil 
conservation programme. This benefit  is  achieved  only  due to  the implementation 
of soil conservation programme. 
b)	 Increase in Production 
 	
Production  also  increased  due  to  the  implementation  of  soil  conservation 	
programme.    In  the  case  of  perennial  crops  Nutmeg  13.54  %,  Coco  (with  husk) 
17.50%,  Mango  12.84%,  Pepper  dry14.08%,      Rubber  (garbled)  42.67.    Coco 
(without  husk)    6.54%,  Pepper  (green  )  8.31.%,.  In  the  case  of  seasonal  crops, 
percentage  increase  in  production  Yam  63.03%  Cowpea  29.72  %,  Pineapple 
23.17.% ,  Plantain 5.95 % and Banana 5.05 % respectively. 
c)	 Diversification of cropping pattern 
 	
  Soil Conservation Programmes increased the soil capacity and which 	
facilitates  the  cultivation  of  more  remunerative  crops.    This  advantage  can  be 
reaped in full,  only  if the conservation programmes  are followed  properly, i.e.  the 
dissemination  of  new  techniques  of  production,  adequate  provision  of  inputs  and 
service which will promote the land to improve production. 	
  In  the  scheme  area,  cultivation  of  perennial  crops  has  shown 	
encouraging performance.  The conservation  programmes will lead to the growing 
of  perennial  crops  will  accelerate  conservation  of  soil  more  effectively  and 
potentially.

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 81 
 	
 
 	
Chapter III 	
 
 
3.1 General Observations	 	
 
During  the  survey  period  the  staffs  of  this  department  has  visited  all  the  beneficiary 	
plots. 	
             The  distribution  of  holdings  of  the  selected  beneficiaries  of  the  soil 	
conservation  programmes  reveals  that  59  %  of  the  beneficiary  holding  belongs  to    less  than 
one  acre,  33.24  %  have  holding  area  between  one  acre  to  3  acres.      And  above  3  acre  were 
6.02% and up to 5 acres were 1.74% respectively. 	
The  opinion  of  selected  beneficiaries  is  collected.    Out  of  this,    23  %  of  the 	
beneficiaries reported that contour bunds effectively controlled soil erosion while about 77% 
rests in the opinion that it moderately controlled soil erosion. 	
About  the fertility  of the soil  8% are of  the  view that  the conservation  measures  have 	
improved  the  fertility  of  the  soil  remarkably  controlled  while  92%  reported  that  the  fertility 
of the soil has improved moderately and 0.6 %  opinioned  that it has no effect on the fertility 
of the soil. 	
Similarly  regarding  the  moisture  retention  6%  reported  that  the  scheme  has 	
substantially  controlled  moisture  retention  while  93%  reported  that  the  scheme  has  caused 
moisture retention moderately only0.8%  are no effect. Details are presented in  Table No.3.1

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 82 
 	
 	
Table-3.1  Opinion of cultivators about effectiveness of bunds, Fertility of the soil and 	
Moisture retention of Scheme Area 	
Sl No 	
 
 	
Name of District 	
Effectiveness of Bunds  Fertility of soil  Moisture Retention 	
Total 	
 	
Effective 	
 	
Moderately 	
Effective 	
 	
No Effect 	
Remarkably 	
Improved 	
Moderately 	
Improved 	
No 	
Improvement 	
Substantially 	
Increased 	
Moderately 	
Increased 	
No Change 	
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12 
1  	Thiruvananthapuram 	 	125 	 	437 	 	0  	30 	 	532 	 	0  	22 	 	540 	 	0  	562 	 	
2  	Kollam 	 	57 	 	124 	 	3  	6  	176 	 	2  	1  	181 	 	2  	184 	 	
3  	Pathanamthitta 	0  	314 	 	0  	0  	314 	 	0  	0  	314 	 	0  	314 	 	
4   Alappuzha   18 	 	388 	 	2  	2  	404 	 	2  	1  	403 	 	4  	408 	 	
5  	Kottayam	 	1  	189 	 	0  	0  	190 	 	0  	0  	190 	 	0  	190 	 	
6  	Idukki	 	188 	 	32 	 	0  	5  	215 	 	0  	0  	218 	 	2  	220 	 	
7  	Ernakulam 	160 	 	12 	 	0  	85 	 	87 	 	0  	47 	 	125 	 	0  	172 	 	
8  	Thrissur	 	0  	111 	 	2  	0  	113 	 	0  	0  	112 	 	1  	113 	 	
9  	Palakkad 	 	2  	242	  	1  	0  	244 	 	1  	0  	243 	 	2  	245 	 	
10   Malappuram  2 	 	222 	 	0  	2  	222 	 	0  	0  	224 	 	0  	224 	 	
11 	 	Kozhikode 	 	2  	75 	 	0  	0  	76 	 	1  	1  	75 	 	1  	77 	 	
12 	 	Kannur 	 	1  	124 	 	0  	0  	125 	 	0  	0  	125 	 	0  	125 	 	
13 	 	Kasargod	 	152 	 	120 	 	2  	113 	 	148 	 	13 	 	108 	 	153 	 	13 	 	274 	 	
State   708 	 	2390 	 	10 	 	243 	 	2846 	 	19 	 	180 	 	2903 	 	25 	 	3108 	 	
 	
Table-3.2   Conditions of Bund	 	
Sl No 	
 	
 	
Name of District 	
Bund Condition   	
Total 	
Good 	Partially damaged 	Seriously damaged 	
1  2 	3  4  5  6 	
1  	Thiruvananthapuram  	560 	2 	0 	562 	
2   Kollam  	170  14  0  184 	
3  	Pathanamthitta 	312 	2 	0 	314 	
4   Alappuzha  	54  321  33  408 	
5  	Kottayam 	190 	0 	0 	190 	
6  	Idukki	 	97  122  1  220 	
7  	Ernakulam 	162 	10 	0 	172 	
8   Thrissur 	107  5  1  113 	
9  	Palakkad  	0 	245 	0 	245 	
10   Malappuram 	219  5  0  224 	
11  	Kozhikode  	66 	11 	0 	77 	
12   Kannur  	120  5  0  125 	
13  	Kasargod 	225 	49 	0 	274 	
State  	2282  791  35  3108

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 83 
 	
 	
Table 3.3  Opinion of Cultivators in Scheme Area 	
 	side walls of canals  conserved 	water level content in 	
agricultural 	level of soil errosion decreased 	
District 	before SC 	
work 	
after SC 
work 	
before SC 	
work 	
after SC 
work 	
before SC 	
work 	after SC work 	
Thiruvanantha 
puram 	50  422  321  509  4  419 	
Kollam	 	42	 	58	 	45	 	86	 	34	 	168	 	
Pathanamthitta  15  57  132  163  9  58 
Alappuzha 	11 	15 	209 	213 	23 	331 	
Kottayam	 	21	 	133	 	50	 	128	 	7 	181	 	
Idukki 	3 	14 	206 	208 	4 	206 	
Ernakulam  1  83  3  161  0  94 
Thrissur 	1 	0 	1 	104 	1 	109 	
Palakkad  9  240  35  240  3  239 
Malappuram 	118 	120 	75 	95 	12 	212 	
Kozhikode	 	0 	0 	34	 	34	 	0 	2 	
Kannur 	25 	45 	48 	121 	10 	112 	
Kasargod  0  69  6  249  5  269 
 	
Table 3.4 Opinion of Cultivators about the awareness of soil and water conservation 	
schemes 	
District  SCHEME 	
No. of 	
Beneficiaries 	
awareness on 	
soil & water 	
conservation 	
schemes 	
awareness on 	
watershed 	
project 	
implemented 	
schemes of 	
soil and 	
water 	
consevation 	
satisfaction 	
with the 	
scheme 	
implemented 	
in own land 	
Thiruvanantha 
puram 	
Aroor  Water Shed, 
RIDF-14 	562 	562 	562 	562 	562 	
Kollam 	Vadakodu watershed 
RIDF XVII 	184  68  66  182  180 	
Pathanamthitta 	vettoor watershed 	314 	119 	137 	312 	312 	
Alappuzha  muttatimala watershed  408  338  396  405  403 
Kottayam 	Choomakkadu watershed 	190 	187 	187 	187 	185 	
Idukki 	Azhangad Meloram 
Watershed RIDF XIV 	220  212  213  215  220 	
Ernakulam 	Panapparathodu 
Watershed Project 	172 	165 	165 	162 	126 	
Thrissur 	Plachithoduneerthadapad
hathi 	113  113  113  113  112 	
Palakkad 	Vazhakkaparavellapokka
nivaranapadhathi 	245 	240 	215 	172 	188 	
Malappuram 	Chekkunnu watershed 
RIDF X111 	224  223  223  223  220 	
Kozhikode 	Mavullachalil 	77 	63 	65 	38 	40 	
Kannur 	Madappurathidu 
watershed 	125  125  125  59  59 	
Kasargod 	Muttoamkadavu 
watershed project 	274 	260 	245 	203 	197

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 84 
 
 	
Table 3.5  Potentiality of Land in Scheme Area 	
  Before SC work  After SC work 	
District 	
cultivable 	
land 	
Dryland 	
Soil Errosion 	
Rocky land 	
Marshy land 	
Non	-	
cultivable 	
land 	
cultivable 	
land 	
Dryland 	
Soil Errosion 	
Rocky land 	
Marshy land 	
Non	-	
cultivable 	
land 	
Thiruvanantha 
puram 	187  209  249  2  0  0  533  74  6  1  0  0 	
Kollam 	119	 	85	 	179	 	61	 	0 	37	 	141	 	63	 	56	 	61	 	0 	36	 	
Pathanamthitta  184  120  71  16  0  2  204  41  5  15  0  3 
Alappuzha 	400 	212 	374 	2 	1 	1 	403 	198 	340 	2 	1 	1 	
Kottayam  15  133  177  20  0  6  78  88  39  11  1  6 
Idukki 	39 	4 	204 	191 	0 	3 	93 	6 	114 	188 	0 	3 	
Ernakulam  101  73  111  11  0  5  163  24  2  10  1  1 
Thrissur 	112 	112 	113 	0 	0 	0 	112 	5 	2 	0 	0 	0 	
Palakkad  244  245  243  0  0  0  245  244  2  0  0  0 
Malappuram 	156 	189 	220 	167 	1 	2 	155 	155 	8 	161 	0 	2 	
Kozhikode  74  32  33  4  0  1  73  32  5  4  0  1 
Kannur 	62 	0 	124 	32 	0 	0 	125 	0 	3 	30 	0 	0 	
Kasargo	d 	34	 	223	 	264	 	122	 	3 	14	 	65	 	136	 	6 	76	 	2 	3 	
 	
Table 3.6  Potentiality of Land in Control Plots 	
 	
District 	cultivable 	
land 	Dryland 	Soil 	
Errosion 	
Rocky 
land 	
Marshy 
land 	
Non-cultivable 	
land 	
Thiruvananthapuram 	62 	58 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
Kollam  2  0  35  31  0  0 
Pathanamthitta 	55 	13 	8 	0 	0 	0 	
Alappuzha  82  52  69  0  1  0 
Kottayam 	8 	31 	35 	9 	2 	2 	
Idukki  17  2  33  25  0  1 
Ernakulam 	29 	13 	25 	0 	0 	0 	
Thrissur  23  19  23  0  0  0 
Palakkad 	49 	49 	1 	0 	0 	0 	
Malappuram  49  42  35  49  0  0 
Kozhikode 	16 	5 	16 	0 	0 	1 	
Kannur  7  4  25  18  0  0 
Kasargod 	43 	51 	52 	25 	0 	0

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 85 
 	
 	
Table-3.7  Occupational Profile – Scheme Area	 	
 	
Sl No: 	
 	
Name of District 	
Occupation 	
Agriculture 	Non-	
Agriculture 	
Agriculture 
Labourers 	
Non-	
Agriculture 
Labourers 	
Total 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  14  546  2  0  562 
2 	Kollam 	88 	40 	28 	28 	184 	
3  Pathanamthitta  89  224  0  1  314 
4 	Alappuzha 	35 	234 	57 	82 	408 	
5  Kottayam  65  99  18  8  190 
6 	Idukki 	66 	96 	30 	28 	220 	
7  Ernakulam  56  78  18  20  172 
8 	Thrissur 	46 	67 	0 	0 	113 	
9  Palakkad  58  120  15  52  245 
10 	Malappuram 	99 	117 	8 	0 	224 	
11  Kozhikode  3  50  13  11  77 
12 	Kannur 	21 	21 	52 	31 	125 	
13  Kasargod  194  45  31  4  274 	
State 	834 	1737 	272 	265 	3108 	
 
 	
Table-3.8  Occupational Profile Control Plots 	
 	
Sl No 	
 	
Name of District 	
Occupation 	
Agriculture 	Non-	
Agriculture 	
Agriculture 
Labourers 	
Non-Agriculture 	
Labourers 	
Total 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  0  15  7  90  112 
2 	Kollam 	18 	11 	6 	1 	36 	
3  Pathanamthitta  12  34  1  16  63 
4 	Alappuzha 	5 	54 	4 	18 	81 	
5  Kottayam  14  17  3  4  38 
6 	Idukki 	19 	16 	6 	3 	44 	
7  Ernakulam  10  13  3  9  35 
8 	Thrissur 	5 	18 	0 	0 	23 	
9  Palakkad  16  18  4  11  49 
10 	Malappuram 	23 	10 	12 	4 	49 	
11  Kozhikode  1  9  1  5  16 
12 	Kannur 	1 	4 	14 	6 	25 	
13  Kasargod  37  8  10  0  55 	
State 	161 	227 	71 	167 	626

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 86 
 
Table-3.9  Non -Agricultural income of Beneficiaries in Scheme Area and Control plots	 	
District 	
CATTLE - 
FARMING 	
GOAT-REARING 	
POULTRY -
FARMING 	
 	Before 	After 	Before 	After 	Before 	After 	
Thiruvananthapur
am 	
1522500  2022800  414000  644000  185000  268100 	
Kollam 	339000 	544200 	90000 	133500 	47650 	65600 	
Pathanamthitta 	385050  475700  67550  75250  22400  27350 	
Alappuzha 	175000 	198000 	43000 	57000 	31000 	37000 	
Kottayam 	183000  237500  7000  25500  12500  22000 	
Idukki 	30102 	39500 	2300 	3500 	7600 	7540 	
Ernakulam 	375000  757000  37000  43000  59000  168000 	
Thrissur 	47000 	56000 	15000 	18000 	14200 	13100 	
Palakkad 	769000  1080000  453000  636000  21800  21950 	
Malappuram 	5394502 	6101000 	1117000 	1036000 	424000 	441300 	
Kozhikode 	14505  5005  94000  102500  2753  4104 	
Kannur 	359000 	525000 	44000 	64000 	2500 	10500 	
Kasargod 	1218370  1371080  365160  409865  37555  41492 	
 
3.2  Occupational Profile 
 	
  The  occupational  profile  of  the selected  beneficiaries  reveals  that  25.71.% 	
included agriculture job, 36.26% are accounted as non-agriculture; . 11.34 % agricultural 
labourers and26.68 % are categorized as non-agricultural labourers. 
3.3  Summary of Findings 
 	
  The data furnished in this report are collected through the Evaluation study 	
on soil conservation programmes conducted during 2017-18.  The entire districts except 
Wayanad  were covered in this study.  .  The methodology of this study was stratified

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 87 
 	
 sampling  method  on  the  basis  of  the  area  of  the  holding.    For  the  study  purpose 	
schemes  implemented  by  the  Soil  Conservation  Department  and  other  Local  Self 
Government  were  included.    For  the  purpose  of  comparison  control  plots  are  also 
selected  from  the  scheme  area  where  the  soil  conservation  works  are  not  carried  out 
under  any  scheme.      In  the  light  of  the  present  study,  an  attempt  is  made  for  the  cost 
benefit analysis with the collected data.  Several benefits flow from the soil conservation 
programme implementation.  Some of the findings of the study are given below: 	
  For  the  study  purpose  13  schemes  were  selected.    The  total  number  of 	
beneficiaries  comes  to  3108,    all      beneficiaries  were  selected  for  the  detailed  study.   
Land use particulars of beneficiary plots give us certain positive trends while comparing 
with the area before and after the soil conservation programme	 	
3.4  Income and Expenditure 
 	
  The  particulars  relating  to  income  and  expenditure  of  beneficiary  plots 	
reveals  that  after  implementation  of  SC  programme  net  income  of  the  beneficiaries  of 
the scheme area increased . It is estimated that the percentage increase of net income per 
acre in beneficiary plots of the scheme area as 2.2%. 	
Analysis  of  data  collected  from  the  beneficiary  and  control  plots  reveals  that  the 	
net  income  per  acre,  received  from  the  beneficiary  plot  is  Rs  65359.21.  and  from  the 
control  plot  is  Rs  50208.17.    The  district  wise  details  are  presented  in  Table  No.  2.16 
and 2.17 .  The higher rate of income from the scheme area is due to the positive impact 
of soil conservation  programme.

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 88 
 	
 	
Table-3.10  Cropping Intensity in Scheme Area 	
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sl No  District 	
Net Area Cultivated  Total Gross Area Cropped  Intensity of Cropping (%) 
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	350.120 	352.150 	452.500 	595.907 	129.240 	169.220 	
2  Kollam  150.580  151.060  143.545  148.830  95.330  98.520 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	135.170 	135.170 	196.507 	200.095 	145.380 	148.030 	
4  Alappuzha  255.660  255.170  235.693  238.683  92.190  93.540 
5 	Kottayam 	274.859 	273.959 	608.661 	567.558 	221.440 	207.170 	
6  Idukki  370.718  383.085  338.930  355.134  91.430  92.700 
7 	Ernakulam 	128.690 	128.490 	529.272 	528.208 	411.280 	411.090 	
8  Thrissur  344.470  338.630  295.804  292.376  85.870  86.340 
9 	Palakkad 	182.630 	182.630 	359.015 	358.974 	196.580 	196.560 	
10  Malappuram  321.910  323.760  527.555  531.006  163.880  164.010 
11 	Kozhikode 	65.300 	65.290 	62.882 	60.662 	96.300 	92.910 	
12  Kannur  155.780  155.780  124.685  125.100  80.040  80.310 
13 	Kasargod 	512.740 	512.740 	512.147 	512.189 	99.880 	99.890 	
State  3248.627  3257.914  4387.196  4514.722  135.048  138.577

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 89 
 
 
3.5   Cropping Intensity 	
Productivity  of  the  land  to  a  certain  extent  influenced  the  cropping  pattern  of  a 	
locality.  Through  this  study,  it  is  seen  that,  the  cropping  intensity  of  the  scheme  is 
increased  from  135.048%  to  138.577%.    District  wise  details  are  presented  in  table 
No.3.10 	
 
Gragh 3.1   Total Gross Area Cropped  Before SC Work  & After SC Work

Department of Economics & Statistics  Page 90 
 	
 
 	
Conclusion	 	
The  concepts  of  Watershed  Management  has  been  well  recognized  among  the 	
people  in  the  scheme  area.  The  effectiveness  of  the  activities  in  the  treated  area  should 
be  analysed  during  the  implementation  and  after  the  project.  Evaluation  study  will  be  a 
solution to find the things and after effects of the scheme. 	
It  is  an  important  thing  to  be  noted  that  whether  it  implies  such  an  effective 	
change  of  benefit  is  coming  to  the  beneficiaries  or  not.  A  drastic  and  tremendous 
changes cannot be seen anywhere in the area of scheme. 	
Watershed  Management  implies  the  wise  use  of  the  soil,  water  and  other  bio-	
resources  in  a  scheme  area  to  obtain  optimum  production  with  minimum  disturbance  to 
the  environment.  As  we  know  water  and  soil  interdependent;  both  of  them  should  be 
conserved through these schemes. For judicious utilization and development of all lands; 
the  overall  objective  of  Watershed  programme  includes  recognition  of  Watershed  as  a 
basic  unit.  The  land  is  to  be  treated  according  to  the  capability  and  requirement  by 
adopting  suitable  scientific  and  adequate  methods  that  will  control  soil  erosion,  to 
conserve water, improve the income from farming, to control floods and droughts etc.