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Home / Data & Insights / Data Explorer

Category: Agriculture

Evaluation study on Soil Conservation in Kerala 2016-17

Published Date: 11, Aug 2019

Jurisdiction : Kerala

Scheme : Evaluation of Soil Conservation

View Count : 1081

Evaluation study on Soil Conservation in Kerala 2016-17

Evaluation study on Soil Conservation in Kerala 2016-17

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Transcript

Government of Kerala 	
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 	
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  DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS  & STATISTICS  	
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM  
2019

PREFACE 
 
One of the most valuable gifts of nature to mankind is soil.For the maintenance 
of  soil,  adequate  protection  and  conservation  is  necessary.  Due  to  the  peculiarity  of 
the rainfall and topography of the state, soil  conservation assumes importance in our 
planning  process.  Heavy  soil  erosion  results  loss  of  fertility  and  moisture  content  of 
the  earth’s  surface  and  diminishing  rate  of  agricultural  production.  Hence 
Government  is  implementing  various  soil  conservation  measures  through  the  soil 
conservation  department,  local bodies, etc.,  for  maintaining the fertility and  moisture 
content  of  the  surface  soil.  The  Evaluation  study  of  soil  conservation  schemes  has 
been  done  by  the  Directorate  of  Economics  and  Statistics  for  all  districts  except 
Wayanad. This report relates to the survey results of 48schemes completed by the Soil 
Conservation  Department.  The  field  survey  was  conducted  during  the  agricultural 
year2016-2017by  the  Statistical  Investigators  under  the  supervision  of  the  Research 
Officer  and  Deputy  Director  in  the  District  Offices.The  schemes  implemented  and 
completed  before  five  years  are  taken  up  for  study  so  that  full  benefit  of  the  scheme 
could  be  evaluated  and  assessed.This  evaluation  study  results  may  be  much  of  use  to 
Administrators,  Statisticians,  Research  Scholars,  Agricultural  Geologists  and  others 
interested in the subject. 
I  acknowledge  my  thanks  to  the  staff  of  Soil  Conservation  Department  and 
other  local  bodies  for  their  valuable  suggestion  and  whole  hearted  co-operation  for 
the successful conduct of the survey in the state. 
 
 
 
 
    Sd// 
Thiruvananthapuram,  V.RAMACHANDRAN	
 	
 DIRECTOR GENERAL

OFFICERS OF EVALUATION DIVISION	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
Additional Director (SI) 
Smt.SHEELA.P.SANKAR 	
Deputy Director 	Smt. SOBHANAPILLAI.L 	
Research Officer Smt. THAHIRA. K.M 
Research Assistant 	Smt.SHAMJU.B.K 	
Statistical AssistantGrade I Smt. S. MINIMOL 
Statistical AssistantGrade I 	
 
Smt.BINDULAKSHMY.K 
 	
Statistical AssistantGrade I Smt.SAMEERA.V.R

CONTENTS 
 
 
  Chapter – I  Pages 
1.1  Introduction  1 
1.2  Objectives and Methodology  1 
1.3  District Wise List Of Selected Schemes  2 
1.4   Soil Erosion and after effects  5 
1.5  Methods of Soil Conservation Programmes  6 
1.6    Land Use Particulars
  6 
  Chapter – II    
2.1  Impact of Soil Conservation Programmes on Land use and crop  pattern  7 
2.2  Cost Benefit Analysis of the Soil ConservationProgrammes  41    Chapter – III   
3.1  General Observations  49 
3.2  Occupational Profile   51 
3.3  Summary of Findings  52

1 | P a g e  	
  CHAPTER – I 
1.1  Introduction  
Fertile  soil  leads  to  better  harvest  which  helps  to  meet  our  most  basic  needs.Those 
living in countries with healthy soil are properly nourished.So the conservation of soil is one 
of the important matter in a country.  
Soil  conservation  includes  not  only  control  over  erosion  but  also  all  those  measures 
like  correction  of  soil  defects,proper  crop  rotations,irrigations  etc.which  aim  at  maintaining 
the  productivity  of  the  soil  at  high  level.  In  this  sense,soil  conservation  is  closely  allied  to 
improvement of land use in general.Considering the importance of soil conservation, our plan 
provisions enhanced for optimizing the use of land resources.An evaluation study in this front 
can be helpful for developing much more suitable conservation measures. 
1.2  Objectives and methodology  
The main objectives of the evaluation study are:   1. To  assess  the  benefit  of  the  implemented  programme  particularly  in  relation  to  the 
cultivation of seasonal and perennial crops. 
2.  To throw light on various aspects like cost benefit analysis, production potentialetc. 
3.  To  estimate  the  extent  of  additional  area  brought  under  cultivation  consequent  on  the 
implementation of the programme. 
4.  To  study  the  effects  of  the  work  carried  out  by  the  Soil  Conservation  Department  in 
this direction. 
For  this,  schemes  selected  were  those  executed  five  years  prior  to  the  survey  i.e. 
during  2011-12in  the  State  by  the  Soil  Conservation  Department,  Local  Self  Government 
Department  and  other  Government  agencies.The  study  covered  all  the  districts  of  the  State 
except  Wayanad  .The  list  of  beneficiaries  under  each  scheme  is  collected  from  the  Soil 
Conservation  Department  Local  Self  Government  Department  and  other  Government 
agencies.The beneficiaries are selected by stratified random sampling method on the basis of 
the area of  holding.The holdings are stratified into four stratums. 
Holdings with less than 1 acre  -  Stratum I 
Holdings with 1 acre or more but less than 3 acres  -  Stratum II 
Holdings with 3 acre or more but less than 5 acres  -  Stratum III 
Holdings with 5 acres and above  -  Stratum IV

2 | P a g e  	
  Selection of beneficiaries  
Selection of beneficiaries is done from the list of beneficiaries of the scheme collected 
from  Soil  Conservation  Department,  local  bodies  and  other  Government  agencies  in  which 
evaluation  studies  performed.25  beneficiaries  are  selected  from  each  scheme  by  simple 
random sampling covering all the above 4 stratum with at least 6 from each stratum.If in any 
stratum, the total number of beneficiaries in the frame is less than the number to be selected, 
the shortfall is compensated from another stratum with the nearest area of the holding.For the 
purpose of comparison, 5 control plots are also selected from the scheme area, where the soil 
conservation works are not carried out under any scheme.The district wise selection details of 
beneficiary plots and control plots are given in the table 1 & 1(a). 
Statement showing listof selected schemes  
Sl 
No.  District Name  Number 
Name of Selected Schemes 
1  Thiruvananthapuam 1  Venpakal Micro watershed 	
2  Kizhakkumparathodewatershed 
3  Ayiroorparawatershed( RIDF X11) 
4  ValiyakulamBundPunarudharanam 
5  Kundamuzhywatershed( RIDF X11) 	
2  Kollam 
1  PunnalaChambraman watershed ( RIDF X11)	 	
3  Pathanamthitta 1  Kuthiramon watershed 	2  Kumblathamonwatershed 	
4  Alappuzha 1  ArunooramPaadam 	
2  Nanekadpadashekaram 
3  NaalupadamBundNirmanam 
4  KoladikadPadashekaram 
5  OttaveliPadashekaram 	
5  Kottayam 
1  Neeramthanam 	2  AruvickalthodeNeerthadavikasanapadthathy 
3  KarimpanoliNeerthadavikasanapadthathy 
4  ManjukulamNeerthadavikasanapadthathy 	
6  Idukki 
1  RIDF XV 	2  RIDFXII Nellipara-Nalumukku 	
7  Ernakulam 1  Kuzhumberithoduwatershedproject 	
2  Kadavoormuriwatershedproject 
3  Panakkarawatershed project 
4  ManiyathramNeerampuzha watershed project	 	
5  Mekadambuwatershed project 	
8  Trissur 
1  Wadakkancherywatershed 
9  Palakkad 1  Umanaadiwatershed 	2  Malappuramwatershed project 
3  Meenvallam watershed 
4  Thadukkasserywatershed

3 | P a g e  	
  Sl No.	
 	District Name  Scheme 
Number  Name of Selected Schemes 	
  
10 
  
  
   Kozhikode  1  VatachiraJhanniyaadproject 	
2  Mavilpadi watershed 
3  MundomKandom Watershed 
4  Muthukutty-valayam(RIDF) 
5  MaavullaChaalil (RIDF) 	
 
11   
 
  Malappuram  1  Palliyarathode watershed 	
2  Puliyakkode Watershed 
3  Pulluttaruthodewatershed 
4  Kizhikallingalwatershed 
5  Chekkunnu watershed 	
 
12   
 
  Kannur  1  Vempuzhawatershed 	
2  Palliyarathoduwatershed(RIDF XV) 
3  Nellikutty watershed 
4  Santhinagar Watershed 
5  AranguMannamkundu Watershed 	
13  Kasargod 
1  MalamkadavWatershedscheme (WGDP) 	2  ChullikaraWatershedscheme(WGDP) 
3  VarakkadWatershedscheme(WGDP) 
4  KothodWatershedscheme(WGDP) 	
 
Table-1 
Statement showing stratum wise distribution of selected beneficiaries  (Area in acres) 
Sl 
No.	
 	Districts  No of 	schemes 
selected	 	
Stratum 1  Stratum 2  Stratum 3  Stratum 4	 	Total 	
No. 
Area  No. 
Area 
No. 
Area  No. 
Area 
No. 
Area 	
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10	 	11  12  13 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  5  114  30.120	 11 	16.780 	 	0.000 	 	0.000  125  46.900 	
2  Kollam 1  108  37.140	 16 	21.490  1  3.840 	 	0.000  125  62.470 	
3  Pathanamthitta 2  105  30.640	 20 	27.360 	 	0.000 	 	0.000  125  58.000 	
4  Alappuzha 
5  60  32.140	 41 	61.100  18	 	64.400  6  32.310  125  189.950 	
5  Kottayam 4  50  20.930	 64 109.000	 	7  27.110  4  28.350  125  185.390 	
6  Idukki 2  16  10.116	 109	 208.800	 	 	0.000 	 	0.000  125  218.916 	
7  Ernakulam 5  81  45.230	 40 	61.450  4  12.500 	 	0.000  125  119.180 	
8  Thrissur 1  64  33.140	 56 	88.220  4  14.080  1  7.340  125  142.780 	
9  Palakkad 4  33  16.720	 42 	71.140  31	 	90.660  19	 108.000	 	125  286.520 	
10	 Malappuram 
5  33  19.920	 42 	73.380  33	 121.400	 17 129.130	 	125  343.830 	
11	 Kozhikode 5  57  30.330	 56 	81.850  11	 	39.300  1  5.000  125  156.480 	
12	 Kannur 5  38  23.150	 57 	94.800  17	 	59.320  13	 80.060  125  257.330 	
13	 Kasargod 4  27  15.795	 42 	71.420  29	 	98.650  27	 142.120	 	125  327.985 	
Total 48  786  345.371	 596	 986.790	 155	 531.260	 88 532.310	 1625	 	2395.731

4 | P a g e  	
   
 
 
 
TABLE 1(a) 
Statement showing stratum wise distribution of selected Control Plots  (Area in acres) 
Sl 
No.  Districts  No of 
schemes  selected  Stratum 1  Stratum 2  Stratum 3  Stratum 4  Total 	
No. 
Area 
No. 
Area  No. 
Area  No. 
Area 
No. 
Area 	
1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13 
1 Thiruvananthapuram  5  23  5.150  1  1.200  1  3.100  0.000  25  9.450 
2 Kollam 
1  16  7.020  9  10.740  0.000  0.000  25  17.760 
3 Pathanamthitta  2  23  10.260  1  1.870  1  3.250  0.000  25  15.380 
4 Alappuzha 
5  24  7.300  1  1.000  0.000  0.000  25  8.300 
5 Kottayam 
4  10  6.790  12  22.870  2  6.130  1  6.500  25  42.290 
6 Idukki 
2  5  2.650  20  37.400  0.000  0.000  25  40.050 
7 Ernakulam 
5  17  9.300  7  8.100  1  3.000  0.000  25  20.400 
8 Thrissur 
1  13  7.800  11  15.150  1  3.920  0.000  25  26.870 
9 Palakkad 
4  9  4.760  16  31.200  0.000  0.000  25  35.960 
10 Malappuram 
5  5  2.950  8  13.950  7  22.880  5  26.690  25  66.470 
11 Kozhikode 
5  14  8.730  11  22.890  0.000  0.000  25  31.620 
12 Kannur 
5  7  3.050  14  20.630  2  9.260  2  10.000  25  42.940 
13 Kasargod 
4  10  4.010  7  12.500  2  6.750  1  5.000  20  28.260 	
Total 48  176  79.770  118  199.500  17  58.290  9  48.190  320  385.750 
 
0.000
50.000
100.000 150.000
200.000 250.000	
Area in acres 	
District wise - stratum wise Area of  Beneficiary plot	
Stratum 1	Stratum 2	Stratum 3	Stratum 4

5 | P a g e  	
   
 
The  total  number  of  beneficiaries  comes  to  1625.About  48.37%  of  the  beneficiaries 
are holding area less than one acre, 36.68% are holding area  one acre or more but less than 3 
acres,  9.54%  are  holding  area  3  acre  or  more  but  less  than  5  acres  and  5.41%  of  the 
beneficiaries  are  holding  area    of  more  than  5  acres.In  order  to  compare  the  benefits  of  the 
implementedSoil  Conservation  Programmes,  control  plots  were  also  selected.Its  distribution 
is 55%, 36.88%, 5.31%and 2.81% respectively under Stratum I, II, IIIand IV. 
Following schedules were used for collecting the details from beneficiary plots and control plots. 
 
Schedule I  -  List of selected beneficiaries 
Schedule II  -  Detailed study of the selected beneficiaries 
Schedule III  -  List of control plots 
chedule IV  -  Detailed enumeration of the control plots 
1.3  Soil erosion and after effects 
Soil  erosion  is  the  displacement  of    upperlayer  of  soil.  It  is  one  form  of  soil 
degradation.  Soil  erosion  as  “soil  cancer”  is  a  complex  process  and  its  multiple  obvious  and 
hidden social and environmental impacts are threat for the human existence. 
Soil erosion is one of the most serious environmental problem in the world today and 
with decreased soil fertility causes the destruction of our natural eco system. In an over view 
of global erosion and sedimentation stated that more than 50% of the world’s forest land and 
about 80% of  agricultural land suffer from significant erosion. 	
0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40	
Area in acres	
District wise - stratum wise area of selected control plots	
Stratum 1	Stratum 2	Stratum 3	Stratum 4

6 | P a g e  	
  The  main  problems  caused  by  soil  erosion  include  risk  to  food  security,  decline  in 
aesthetic landscape beauty, increase in the probability of flood in the flood planes, reduce the 
quality  of  water  and  loss  of  aquatic  biodiversity  in  reverse  and  lakes  by  pollution 
eutrophication,  decrease  in  soil  fertility  and  productivity,  transformation  of  land  in  to  fallow 
land  etc.    In  India  about  53%  of  the  total  land  area  is  prone  to  erosion  and  has  to  estimated 
that about 5334 metric tons of soil is being detached annually due to various reason. 
Soil  erosion  is  most  prevalent  in  Western  Ghats  mountain  sides  of  Kerala.  InKerala 
48%  of  the  total  land  area  is  highland  and  40%  of  the  total  land  area  is  in  midland.  High 
intensity of rain fall and steepness of slope have contributed in general to the higher soil loss 
in  certain  pockets  of  the  state.  The  surface  soil  gets  washed  away  along  with  the  running 
water.  The  major  portion  of  the  state  is  laterite  and  as  such  is  more  prone  to  erosion.  The 
different  forms  of  soil  erosion  cause  huge  damage  to  Kerala’s  economy  every  year  and 
reported  casualties  every  year  due  to  landslides  in  monsoon  season.  Studies  showed  that 
major  portion  of  Kerala(51.98%)  falls  in  0-5  tons  ha/1  year/  1  soil  less  categories  and  less 
than 5% of the area is subjected to severe form of soil erosion. 
1.4   Methods of soil conservation programme 
Soil Conservation practices are mainly  grouped into two categories viz. Agronomical 
and  Engineering  measures.  Agronomic  measures  are  comparatively  less  costly  such  as 
contour  ploughing  /  optimal  fertilizing,  organic  farming,  etc.Engineering  measures  include 
contour  bunding,  land  leveling,  construction  of  check  dams  and  water  harvesting  structure, 
etc.  At  present  various  watershed  programmes  are  being  implemented  in  the  state  for 
effective preservation and management of the natural resources. 
1.5 Land use particulars of the state 
There  has  been  a  significant  change  in  the  land  use  of  the  state  over  the  years.On 
many  occasions the  change is adversely  affecting  the environment by way  of intensified soil 
erosion, water logging, conversion of paddy lands, etc.Cultivation of very steep lands without 
adopting  scientific  conservation  practices  lead  to  heavy  soil  erosion.Use  of  chemicals  on  a 
large  scale  for  agricultural  productions  leave  dangerous  quantities  of  the  residue  in  the  soil 
and water sources.

7 | P a g e  	
  CHAPTER – II 
2.1  Impact of SoilConservationProgramme on land use and crop pattern 
Before  1994-95,  soil  conservation  programme  was  executed  by  Department  of 
Agriculture/Soil  and  Water  conservation,  etc.There  was  increased  employment  for  rural 
people  due  to  soil  and  water  conservation  works  and  this  improved  income  of  people  and 
reduced  migration  of  labour  from  these  places  to  outside.Soil  and  water  conservation 
structures  in  arable  and  non-arable  lands  reduced  soil  erosion,  soil  loss,  run-off  water,  etc. 
and  increased  rainwater  infiltration,  ground  water  table,  surface  storage,  cropping  intensity, 
productivity of crops, etc.As long as works were carried out based on funding by Government 
and  subsides  provided  for  supporting  income  generating  enterprises,  there  was  positive 
impact. 
After  1994-95,  there  was  a  proposal  from  the  Government  that  people  should 
contribute 5-10% or more towards soil and water conservation works.Farmers contributed in 
some of the watersheds based on the direct benefits derived from such activities; 
Soil  can  be  well  maintained  through  bundling  (mechanical  and  mechanical-cum-
vegetative  barriers),  deep  ploughing,  levelling,  smoothening,  etc.Bunding  was  accepted  by 
farmers  to  strengthen  existing  bunds  without  any  obstruction  in  their  plotMoisture 
conservation on measures increased yield magically. 
Farmers  in  different  parts  reported  that  the  sustainability  of  agriculture  is  only 
possible  by  soil  and  water  conservation  measures.They  also  reported  that  soil  erosioncan  be 
minimized  and  irrigation  potentials  can  be  improved  through  soil  and  water  conservation 
measures.In  addition,  vegetation  covering  the  soil  is  a  must  for  minimizing  soil  loss  even 
further. 
Table 2 gives number of beneficiaries selected in each district and cost of the selected 
schemes. Also gives total area covered under cultivation.

District wise 	
details of area, cost and number of beneficiaries	
Sl No.	 	District 	
1 
2 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	
2 Kollam 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	
4 Alappuzha 
5 	Kottayam 	
6 Idukki 
7 	Ernakulam 	
8 Thrissur 
9 	Palakkad 	
10  Malappuram 
11 	Kozhikode 	
12 Kannur 
13 	Kasargod 	
Total 	
0.000
2000.000
4000.000
6000.000
8000.000	
3678.000
2400.840	
1655.000	
Area in Acres	
District wise area of selected scheme	
Table – 2 	
details of area, cost and number of beneficiaries	
Area(Acres)  Cost(Rs) 	Number of beneficiaries
Total	
3 4 5	 	
3678.000	 	24663824.00	 	125	
2400.840	 	5700000.00	 	125	
1655.000	 	10336000.00	 	125	
286.760	 	1208833.00	 	125	
5335.000	 	17695814.00	 	153	
1601.040	 	10982000.00	 	347	
5147.870	 	12655727.00	 	125	
3779.000	 	4185282.00	 	152	
4376.570	 	3892838.00	 	162	
7166.040	 	44719537.00	 	300	
3610.980	 	20634974.00	 	283	
7136.000	 	8298376.00	 	244	
5518.000	 	2575154.00	 	255	
51691.100	 	167548359.00	 	2521	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 	
1655.000	
286.760 5335.000
1601.0405147.870
3779.000 4376.570 7166.040	
3610.980	
District wise area of selected scheme	
8 | 
P a g e  	
details of area, cost and number of beneficiaries	 	
Number of beneficiaries	 	
Total	 	Selected 	
 	6 	
125	 	125	 	
125	 	125	 	
125	 	125	 	
125	 	125	 	
153	 	125	 	
347	 	125	 	
125	 	125	 	
152	 	125	 	
162	 	125	 	
300	 	125	 	
283	 	125	 	
244	 	125	 	
255	 	125	 	
2521	 	1625	 
 	
3610.980	
7136.000
5518.000

Land Use 	
particulars of Beneficiary plots	
  Table  No	.  3  and  3(a) 	
control plots respectively.	There is 	
Area 	decreased  from  2198.74  acres  to  2197.05 	
cultivatedafter SC Work. In 	other words area under cultivation has 	
91.71% by in	creasing the current fallow from 	
While 	examining  the  district  wise  data,  a	
Thiruvananthapuram,	Idukki,Palakkad	
and  0.40  Acresrespe	ctively.While  in 	
0
5000000
10000000 15000000
20000000
25000000 30000000 35000000 40000000 45000000	
24663824.00	
5700000.00	
Cost in Rs.	
District wise details of Cost in Rs.	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 	
particulars of Beneficiary plots	 	
.  3  and  3(a) 	shows 	the  land  use  particulars  of  beneficiary  plots  and 	
There is 	no increase in cultivated area after soil conservation 	
decreased  from  2198.74  acres  to  2197.05 	acres.That  is  1.69  acres  of  land  not 	
other words area under cultivation has 	de	creased from 	
creasing the current fallow from 	2.54% to 2.61%
. 	
examining  the  district  wise  data,  a	nincrease  i	n  area	
Idukki,Palakkad	  andKannur	.  But  this  increase  is  only 	
ctively.While  in 	Kollam 	and  Malappuram  area 	
5700000.00	
10336000.00
1208833.00
17695814.00
10982000.00 12655727.00
4185282.00
3892838.00 44719537.00
20634974.00	
District wise details of Cost in Rs.	
9 |  P a g e  	
 	
the  land  use  particulars  of  beneficiary  plots  and 	
no increase in cultivated area after soil conservation 	work. 	
acres.That  is  1.69  acres  of  land  not 	
creased from 	91.78% to 	
n  area	  isnoted  only  in 	
.  But  this  increase  is  only 	1.64,0.58,  0.51 	
and  Malappuram  area 	is  decreased.	
8298376.00
2575154.00	
District wise details of Cost in Rs.	
Cost(Rs)

10 | P a g e  	
  Table-3 Land use particulars of Beneficiary Plots 
(Area in Acres) 
Sl 
No.	
 	
Districts  Area Cultivated  Current fallow Other use Area not Cultivated  Total 	
Before SC 
Work 	
After SC Work 	Before SC 
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before SC 
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before SC 
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before SC Work 	After SC 
Work 	
Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  % 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	13 	14 	15 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	
1 Thiruvananthapuram  40.05	 	85.39	 	41.69	 	88.89	 	0.72	 	1.54	 	0.14	 	0.30	 	4.93	 	10.51	 	4.87	 	10.38	 	1.20	 	2.56	 	0.20	 	0.43	 	46.90	 	100.00	 	46.90	 	100 	
2 	Kollam 	55.59	 	88.99	 	54.87	 	87.83	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	6.83	 	10.93	 	7.55	 	12.09	 	0.05	 	0.08	 	0.05	 	0.08	 	62.47	 	100.00	 	62.47	 	100
 	
3  Pathanamthitta  57.84	 	99.72	 	57.84	 	99.72	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.16	 	0.28	 	0.16	 	0.28	 	58.00	 	100.00	 	58.00	 	100
 	
4 	Alappuzha 	187.72	 	98.83	 	187.04	 	98.47	 	0.06	 	0.03	 	0.06	 	0.03	 	1.98	 	1.04	 	2.66	 	1.41	 	0.19	 	0.10	 	0.19	 	0.10	 	189.95	 	100.00	 	189.95	 	100 	
5  Kottayam 
173.75	 	93.72	 	173.74	 	93.72	 	0.18	 	0.10	 	0.18	 	0.10	 	7.20	 	3.88	 	7.21	 	3.89	 	4.26	 	2.30	 	4.26	 	2.30	 	185.39	 	100.00	 	185.39	 	100 	
6 	Idukki 	189.52	 	86.57	 	190.10	 	86.84	 	4.17	 	1.90	 	4.13	 	1.89	 	16.24	 	7.42	 	15.82	 	7.23	 	8.99	 	4.11	 	8.87	 	4.05	 	218.92	 	100.00	 	218.92	 	100 	
7  Ernakulam 
113.25	 	95.02	 	113.25	 	95.02	 	3.15	 	2.64	 	3.15	 	2.64	 	2.42	 	2.03	 	2.42	 	2.03	 	0.36	 	0.30	 	0.36	 	0.30	 	119.18	 	100.00	 	119.18	 	100 	
8 	Thrissur 	130.04	 	91.08	 	130.04	 	91.08	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	12.74	 	8.92	 	12.74	 	8.92	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	142.78	 	100.00	 	142.78	 	100 	
9  Palakkad 
277.82	 	96.96	 	278.33	 	97.14	 	3.38	 	1.18	 	2.82	 	0.98	 	1.39	 	0.49	 	1.39	 	0.49	 	3.93	 	1.37	 	3.98	 	1.39	 	286.52	 	100.00	 	286.52	 	100 	
10 	Malappuram 	315.91	 	91.88	 	312.53	 	90.90	 	18.28	 	5.32	 	21.30	 	6.19	 	4.55	 	1.32	 	4.91	 	1.43	 	5.09	 	1.48	 	5.09	 	1.48	 	343.83	 	100.00	 	343.83	 	100 	
11  Kozhikode 
153.35	 	98.00	 	153.32	 	97.98	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	0.00	 	3.08	 	1.97	 	3.11	 	1.99	 	0.05	 	0.03	 	0.05	 	0.03	 	156.48	 	100.00	 	156.48	 	100 	
12 	Kannur 	223.86	 	86.99	 	224.26	 	87.15	 	7.20	 	2.80	 	6.95	 	2.70	 	19.73	 	7.67	 	19.58	 	7.61	 	6.54	 	2.54	 	6.54	 	2.54	 	257.33	 	100.00	 	257.33	 	100 	
13  Kasargod 
280.04	 	85.38	 	280.04	 	85.38	 	23.75	 	7.24	 	23.75	 	7.24	 	8.01	 	2.44	 	8.01	 	2.44	 	16.19	 	4.94	 	16.19	 	4.94	 	327.99	 	100.00	 	327.99	 	100 	
Total 	2198.74	 	91.78	 	2197.05	 	91.71	 	60.89	 	2.54	 	62.48	 	2.61	 	89.10	 	3.72	 	90.26	 	3.76	 	47.01	 	1.96	 	45.94	 	1.92	 	2395.73	 	100.00	 	2395.73	 	100

75.00
80.00
85.00
90.00
95.00
100.00	
85.39
88.99	
99.72	
88.89
87.83	
Percentage  of area cultivated over total area before and after SC work 	
1.54
0.00	
0.00	
0.30
0.00	
Percentage  of current fallow over total area before  and 	
99.72	98.83
93.72
86.57 95.02
91.08
96.96
91.88
98.00
86.99 99.72
98.47
93.72
86.84 95.02
91.08
97.14
90.90
97.98	
87.15	
Percentage  of area cultivated over total area before and after SC work 	
Before SC Work	After SC Work	
0.00	0.03
0.10
1.90
2.64
0.00
1.18
5.32
0.00	
2.80	
0.00
0.03
0.10
1.89
2.64
0.00
0.98
6.19
0.00	
Percentage  of current fallow over total area before  and 	
after SC work	
Before SC Work	After SC Work	
11 |  P a g e  	
 
 	
85.38	
87.15	
85.38	
Percentage  of area cultivated over total area before and after SC work 	
2.80	
7.24
2.70
7.24	
Percentage  of current fallow over total area before  and

12 | P a g e  	
   
 
 
Table-3a 	
Land use particulars (Control Plots) in Acres 	
Sl 
No.	
 	
Districts  Area Cultivated  Current  fallow Other use  Area not 
Cultivated  Total 	
Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	
1 
2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	7.740	 	81.90	 	0.060	 	0.63	 	1.130	 	11.96	 	0.520	 	5.50	 	9.450	 	100.00	 	
2 	Kollam  15.880	 	89.41	 	0.110	 	0.56	 	1.550	 	8.73	 	0.230	 	1.30	 	17.760	 	100.00	 	
3 	Pathanamthitta 	13.100	 	85.18	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	2.280	 	14.82	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	15.380	 	100.00	 	
4 	Alappuzha  6.390	 	76.99	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	1.710	 	20.60	 	0.200	 	2.41	 	8.300	 	100.00	 	
5 	Kottayam 	38.160	 	90.23	 	0.020	 	0.05	 	2.560	 	6.05	 	1.550	 	3.67	 	42.290	 	100.00	 	
6 	Idukki 34.850	 	87.02	 	0.480	 	1.20	 	2.920	 	7.29	 	1.800	 	4.49	 	40.050	 	100.00	 	
7 	Ernakulam 	19.530	 	95.74	 	0.050	 	0.25	 	0.740	 	3.63	 	0.080	 	0.39	 	20.400	 	100.00	 	
8 	Thrissur  24.680	 	91.85	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	2.190	 	8.15	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	26.870	 	100.00	 	
9 	Palakkad 	35.200	 	97.89	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	0.760	 	2.11	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	35.960	 	100.00	 	
10	 	Malappuram  65.830	 	99.04	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	0.640	 	0.96	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	66.470	 	100.00	 	
11	 	Kozhikode 	30.600	 	96.77	 	0.100	 	0.32	 	0.920	 	2.91	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	31.620	 	100.00	 	
12	 	Kannur 40.380	 	94.04	 	0.400	 	0.93	 	2.160	 	5.03	 	0.000	 	0.00	 	42.940	 	100.00	 	
13	 	Kasargod 	19.770	 	69.96	 	4.500	 	15.92	 	1.340	 	4.74	 	2.650	 	9.38	 	28.260	 	100.00	 	
Total 
352.110	 	91.28	 	5.720	 	1.48	 	20.900	 	5.41	 	7.030	 	1.82	 	385.750	 	100.00

81.989.41
85.18	
Percentage of Area Cultivated over total area in control plots	
0.63
0.56
0.00	
0.00	
Percentage of Current fallow over total area in control plots	
76.99
90.23
87.02
95.74
91.85
97.89
99.04	96.77	
Percentage of Area Cultivated over total area in control plots	
0.05 1.20
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.93	
15.92	
Percentage of Current fallow over total area in control plots	
13 | P a g e  	
 
 	
96.77	94.04
69.96	
Percentage of Area Cultivated over total area in control plots	
Current fallow	
Percentage of Current fallow over total area in control plots

14 | P a g e  	
   
Crop Pattern 
In  order  to  reduce  the  soil  loss  an  appropriate  cropping  pattern  is  essential.The 
selection  of  suitable  vegetation  that  form  good  canopy  can  reduce  erosion  since  soil  loss  is 
governed by the extent of exposed land surface.The binding force of the roots also offers good 
resistance  to  erosion.Grass  roots  have  excellent  soil  binding  property.Legumes  are  also  good 
soil  binders.The  grasses,  legumes  and  tree  crops  are  classified  as  erosion  preventing  or  soil 
conserving  crops  while  cereals,  tapioca,  ginger,  etc.  are  erosion  permitting/erosion  favouring 
crops. 
Depending  upon  the  capability  class  to  which  a  land  belongs  and  the  socio-economic 
needs  of  the  people,  the  appropriate  crops  can  be  selected  to  achieve  maximum  conservation 
of soil and water. 
Contour Farming 
Contour  farming  refers  to  village  practices  of  applying  all  treatments  along  contour; 
i.e. across the direction of the slope.The crops are cultivated along contour ridges and furrows. 
In regions of low rainfall contour farming helps in the conservation of rainwater and in human 
areas  it  reduces  soil  loss  and  increases  recharge  of  aquifers.This  practice  can  minimizethe 
effects of flash floods and droughts. 
Mixed  farming,  intercropping,  mixed  cropping;  multi-storage  cropping,  etc.  are  also 
beneficial in controlling soil erosion. 
The  growing  of  perennial  horticultural  crops,  including  plantation  crops  will  give  a 
permanent  protective  cover  for  the  soil.  In  high  rainfall  area  of  the  humid  tropics  this  higher 
level  tree  cover    the  soil  which  helps  in  reducing  the  erosive  action  of  highly  intensive 
rainfall. 
Consequent  in  the  introduction  of  the  soil  conservation  programmes,  significant 
changes  in  the  cropping  pattern  occurred  which  favours  perennial  crops.Table-  4  shows  that  
the  area  under  perennial  crops  has  increased  from  68.26%  to68.57%.  That  is  no  remarkable 
increase  in  the  area  of  perennial  crops.    Kollam,  Alappuzha,  Kottayam,  Palakkad,  
Malappuramand  Kannur  show  slight  increase  in  percentage  of  area  of  perennial  crops.  In 
Thiruvananthapuram,  area of perennial crops is seen decreased  from 46.94% to 43.77%.  At 
the  same  time  area  of  seasonal  crops    in  Thiruvananthapuram    increases  from  53.06%  to

15 | P a g e  	
  56.23%.  Pathanamttita, Idukki,  Eranakulam,Trissur, Kozhikode  and  Kasargod   show light 
increase   in area  of  seasonal crops  .  In other districts,farmers  show  negative   tendency to 
cultivate  seasonal crops . Total  value of area  under  seasonal crops  decreased from  31.74% 
to 31.43% .  From  this we can  arrive  at conclusion that   farmers have shown  a tendency  to 
cultivate  perennial    crops  in  sloppy    regions  where    the    soil    conservation    measures  are 
carried  out.  The  cultivation  of    seasonal    crops  in    such  regions  is  likely  to  increase  soil 
erosion. 
Table  No.  5  reveals  that  after  the  introduction  of  soil  conservation  programmes,  the 
area  of  perennial  cropsPepper,Aracanut,Coconut,Rubber,NutmegJack  ,Mango  and  Coffee 
shows  a  positive  increase.These  are  14.83%,  2.13%,2.07%,  1.29%,79.43%,1.62%,  89.18% 
and2.34%respectively.While the variation of area under Cashew have decreased  6.08% after 
the soil conservation programme. 
In  seasonal  crops,  the  cultivation  of  Plantain,  Banana,Tapioca,Cheera  and 
Pineappleexhibitedcomparativeincrease.Therespectivepercentagechangesrecorded  as 
20.37%,5.21%,8.82%,66.67%and  18.98%respectively.  While  the  variation  of  area 
underPaddy,Ginger,ElephantfootyamandColacasiahave  decreased to 
0.12%,50.66%,80.99%,and 0.81%  respectively after the soil conservation programme. 
Onanalysing  the  district  wise  data,  it  is  noted  that  the  cropping  area  under  different 
cropsareinterchangedaccordingto the suitability of land.

16 
  Table 4 – Crop Pattern (Area Wise)
 
Assessment Year - 2016-2017 	
Sl 
No. 	
Districts 	Perennial Crops 	Seasonal Crops 	Total Gross area cropped 	
Before SC Work  After SC Work  Before SC  Work After SC Work  Before SC Work  After SC Work 
Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	Area 	% 	
1 
2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	29.91	 	46.94	 	28.723	 	43.77	 	33.805	 	53.06	 	36.893	 	56.23	 	63.715	 	100.00	 	65.616	 	100.00	 	
2 Kollam 
57.051	 	96.32	 	67.691	 	96.34	 	2.179	 	3.68	 	2.571	 	3.66	 	59.230	 	100.00	 	70.262	 	100.00	 	
3 	Pathanamthitta 	66.087	 	99.84	 	65.608	 	99.75	 	0.104	 	0.16	 	0.164	 	0.25	 	66.191	 	100.00	 	65.772	 	100.00	 	
4 Alappuzha 
5.326	 	2.81	 	5.77	 	3.04	 	184.106	 	97.19	 	184.045	 	96.96	 	189.432	 	100.00	 	189.815	 	100.00	 	
5 	Kottayam 	157.482	 	96.76	 	159.225	 	97.40	 	5.280	 	3.24	 	4.248	 	2.60	 	162.762	 	100.00	 	163.473	 	100.00	 	
6 Idukki 
129.488	 	97.75	 	138.453	 	97.73	 	2.984	 	2.25	 	3.216	 	2.27	 	132.472	 	100.00	 	141.669	 	100.00	 	
7 	Ernakulam 	66.71	 	57.74	 	65.834	 	57.59	 	48.816	 	42.26	 	48.480	 	42.41	 	115.526	 	100.00	 	114.314	 	100.00	 	
8 Thrissur 
105.348	 	80.72	 	108.101	 	79.68	 	25.160	 	19.28	 	27.573	 	20.32	 	130.508	 	100.00	 	135.674	 	100.00	 	
9 	Palakkad 	208.686	 	32.49	 	209.537	 	32.58	 	433.674	 	67.51	 	433.522	 	67.42	 	642.360	 	100.00	 	643.059	 	100.00	 	
10 Malappuram 
249.336	 	98.19	 	243.532	 	98.50	 	4.595	 	1.81	 	3.701	 	1.50	 	253.931	 	100.00	 	247.233	 	100.00	 	
11 	Kozhikode 	118.13	 	99.27	 	115.88	 	98.82	 	0.871	 	0.73	 	1.389	 	1.18	 	119.001	 	100.00	 	117.269	 	100.00	 	
12 Kannur 
194.089	 	98.70	 	199.339	 	98.73	 	2.556	 	1.30	 	2.556	 	1.27	 	196.645	 	100.00	 	201.895	 	100.00	 	
13 	Kasargod 	237.382	 	95.39	 	254.864	 	94.91	 	11.460	 	4.61	 	13.660	 	5.09	 	248.842	 	100.00	 	268.524	 	100.00	 	
Total 1625.025	 	68.26	 	1662.557	 	68.57	 	755.590	 	31.74	 	762.018	 	31.43	 	2380.615	 	100.00	 	2424.575	 	100.00

17 
   
 
 
 
   	
46.94	
96.32	99.84	
2.81	
96.76	97.75	
57.74	
80.72	
32.49	
98.19	99.27	98.70	95.39	
43.77	
96.34	99.75	
3.04	
97.40	97.73	
57.59	
79.68	
32.58	
98.50	98.82	98.73	94.91	
0.00
20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00
100.00 120.00	Percentage of area	
Percentage area of perennial crops before and after  SC work 	
Before SC Work	After SC Work	
53.06	
3.68	0.16	
97.19	
3.24	2.25	
42.26	
19.28	
67.51	
1.81	0.73	1.30	4.61	
56.23	
3.66	0.25	
96.96	
2.60	2.27	
42.41	
20.32	
67.42	
1.50	1.18	1.27	5.09	
Percentage  area of seasonal crops  before and after  SC work 	
Before SC Work	After SC Work

18 
  Table 5 – Area under selected perennial crops
 
Sl No.  District  Aracanut Coconut Nutmeg 	
Before SC 	After SC	 	%Increase 	Before SC 	After SC 	%Increase 	Before SC 	After SC	 	 	
Work  Work Work  Work  Work  Work  %Increase 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	
1 Thiruvananthapuram 
0.068	 	0.068	 	0 	11.965	 	12.457	 	4.11	 	 	 	 	
2 	Kollam 	0.18	 	0.221	 	22.78	 	5.41	 	6.243	 	15.4	 	 	 	 	
3 Pathanamthitta 
0.188	 	0.254	 	35.11	 	2.913	 	3.062	 	5.12	 	0.016	 	0.016	 	0 	
4 	Alappuzha 	0.075	 	0.085	 	13.33	 	4.581	 	4.945	 	7.95	 	 	 	 	
5 Kottayam 
0	 	0.01	 	Infinity	 	7.389	 	7.343	 	-0.62	 	0.206	 	0.626	 	203.88	 	
6 	Idukki 	1.454	 	1.626	 	11.83	 	28.927	 	32.637	 	12.83	 	 	 	 	
7 Eranakulam 
1.452	 	1.407	 	-3.1	 	9.502	 	9.352	 	-1.58	 	0.65	 	0.65	 	0 	
8 	Thrissur 	8.812	 	9.294	 	5.47	 	59.831	 	61.569	 	2.9	 	0.527	 	0.559	 	6.07	 	
9 Palakkad 
7.037	 	7.013	 	-0.34	 	45.139	 	45.982	 	1.87	 	0.165	 	0.247	 	49.7	 	
10 	Malappuram 	11.016	 	9.869	 	-10.41	 	77.118	 	76.84	 	-0.36	 	0.51	 	0.51	 	0 	
11 Kozhikkode 
3.019	 	3.678	 	21.83	 	84.061	 	84.449	 	0.46	 	0.189	 	0.255	 	34.92	 	
12 	Kannur 	3.197	 	3 	-6.16	 	32.243	 	32.29	 	0.15	 	0.824	 	0.824	 	0 	
13 Kasaragod 
26.537	 	27.851	 	4.95	 	72.141	 	73.196	 	1.46	 	0 	1.852	 	Infinity	 	
Total 	63.035	 	64.376	 	2.13	 	441.22	 	450.365	 	2.07	 	3.087	 	5.539	 	79.43

19 
  Table 5 Contd.....  
Sl 
No.  District 
Cashew Pepper(Garbled)  Rubber Cardamom 	
Before 
SC 	
After 
SC 	
%Increase 	Before 
SC 	
After 
SC 	
%Increas	
e 	
Before 
SC 	
After SC 	%Increas	
e 	
Before 
SC work 	
After SC 
work 	
% 	
increas	
e 	Work  Work  Work  Work Work  Work 	
1 	2 	12 	13 	14 	15 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	21 	22 	23 	
1 Thiruvananthapuram        0.258  0.309  19.77  17.519  15.789  -9.87       
2 	Kollam 	0.45 	0.549 	22 	1.444 	1.491 	3.25 	48.567 	58.057 	19.54 	 	 	 	
3 Pathanamthitta 
0  0.033    0.771  0.813  5.45  60.993  60.152  -1.38       
4 	Alappuzha 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
5 Kottayam 
      1.582  2.045  29.27  146.283  147.221  0.64       
6 	Idukki 	 	 	 	37.762 	42.241 	11.86 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
7 Eranakulam 
0.313  0.313  0  0.308  0.3  -2.6  53.407  52.714  -1.3  35.074  35.098  0.07 
8 	Trissur 	 	 	 	0.04 	0.047 	17.5 	36.138 	36.632 	1.37 	 	 	 	
9 Palakkad 
0.011  0.011  0  0.044  0.055  25  153.378  153.378  0       
10 	Malappuram 	2.082 	1.781 	-14.46 	1.821 	2.275 	24.93 	151.34 	146.287 	-3.34 	 	 	 	
11 Kozhikkode 
1.079  0.313  -70.99  0.697  1.055  51.36  26.711  23.598  -11.65       
12 	Kannur 	35.841 	35.625 	-0.6 	1.81 	1.831 	1.16 	117.891 	117.546 	-0.29 	 	 	 	
13 Kasaragod 
5.614  4.006  -28.64  6.592  8.547  29.66  116.988  129.862  11       	
Total 	45.39 	42.631 	-6.08 	53.129 	61.009 	14.83 	929.215 	941.236 	1.29 	35.074 	35.098 	0.07

20 
  Table 5 Contd..... 	
 
Sl 
No
. 
 	
District 	Jack 	Mango 	Coffee 	Others 	
Before SC 
Work  After SC 
Work  % 
Increase  Before 
SC 
Work  After 
SC 
Work  % 
Increase	
 	
Before  SC 
Work  After 
SC 
Work  % 
Increase  Before 
SC 
Work  After 
SC 
Work  % 
Increase 	
1 	2 	24 	25 	26 	27 	28 	29 	30 	31 	32 	33 	34 	35 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  0.1  0.1  0              0  0  0 
2 	Kollam 	0.65 	0.74 	13.85 	0.35 	0.39 	11.43 	 	 	 	0 	0 	0 	
3 Pathanamthitta  1.09  1.12  2.75  0.03  0.07  133.33  0.086  0.088  2.33  0  0  0 
4 	Alapuzha 	0.13 	0.13 	0 	0.54 	0.61 	12.96 	 	 	 	0 	0 	0 	
5 Kottayam 
1.13  1.09  -3.54        0.892  0.89  -0.22  0  0  0 
6 	Idukki 	0.88 	0.89 	1.14 	1.07 	1.1 	2.8 	24.247 	24.771 	2.16 	0.074 	0.09 	21.62 	
7 Eranakulam 
0.95  0.96  1.05  0.11  0.12  9.09  0.018  0.018  0  0  0  0 
8 	Thrissur 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	0 	0 	0 	
9 Palakkad 
0.08  0.08  0  2.832  2.771  -2.15        0  0  0 
10 	Malappuram 	3.52 	3.63 	3.12 	1.921 	2.312 	20.35 	0 	0.02 	 	0.008 	0.008 	0 	
11 Kozhikode 
2.37  2.53  6.75        0.004  0.002  -50  0  0  0 
12 	Kannur 	1.85 	1.8 	-2.7 	0.391 	6.331 	1519.18 	0.042 	0.092 	119.05 	0 	0 	0 	
13 Kasaragod 
9.51  9.55  0.42              0  0  0 	
Total 	22.26 	22.62 	1.62 	7.244 	13.704 	89.18 	25.289 	25.881 	2.34 	0.082 	0.098 	19.51

21 
  Table 5contd..... 	
Sl No. 	
 	
District 	Total 	
Before SC 
Work  After SC 
Work  %Increase 	
1 	2 	36 	37 	38 
 	
1 
Thiruvananthapuram 
29.91 28.723 -3.97 
2 	Kollam 	57.051 	67.691 	18.65 	
3 Pathanamthitta 
66.087 65.608 -0.6 
4 	Alappuzha 	5.326 	5.77 	8.34 	
5 Kottayam 
157.482 159.225  0.9 
6 	Idukki 	129.488 	138.453 	6.92 	
7 Eranakulam 
66.71 65.834 -1.43 
8 	Thrissur 	105.348 	108.101 	2.61 	
9 Palakkad 
208.686 209.537  0.41 
10 	Malappuram 	249.336 	243.532 	-2.33 	
11 Kozhikkode 
118.13 115.88 -1.9 
12 	Kannur 	194.089 	199.339 	2.71 	
13 Kasaragod 
237.382 254.864  9.41 	
Total 	1625.025 	1662.557 	2.31

22 
  Table 6 - Area Under Selected Seasonal Crops 	
Sl No. 	District 	Plantain 	Banana 	Pineapple 	
Before SC 
Work  After SC 
Work  % of 
Increase  Before SC 
Work  After SC 
Work  % of 
Increase  Before SC 
Work  After SC 
Work  % of 
Increase 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  4.236  4.817  13.72  24.919  25.206  1.15  0.050  0.050  0.00 
2 	Kollam 	0.759 	0.969 	27.67 	0.034 	0.034 	0.00 	0.209 	0.209 	0.00 	
3 Pathanamthitta 
0.104  0.164  57.69             
4 	Alappuzha 	0.456 	0.615 	34.87 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
5 Kottayam 
0.291  0.527  81.10  0.669  1.021  52.62  0.040  0.300  650.00 
6 	Idukki 	0.675 	0.735 	8.89 	1.469 	1.595 	8.58 	 	 	 	
7 Eranakulam 
0.898  0.920  2.45  5.018  4.580  -8.73  0.890  0.970  8.99 
8 	Trissur 	5.221 	7.597 	45.51 	0.099 	0.136 	37.37 	 	 	 	
9 Palakkad 
0.125  0.118  -5.60  0.029  0.034  17.24       
10 	Malappuram 	0.553 	0.602 	8.86 	0.549 	0.585 	6.56 	 	 	 	
11 Kozhikkode 
0.501  0.739  47.50        0.020  0.020  0.00 
12 	Kannur 	1.613 	1.613 	0.00 	0.316 	0.316 	0.00 	 	 	 	
13 Kasaragod 
4.920  5.082  3.29  2.524  3.969  57.25  0.793  0.833  5.04 	
Total 	20.352 	24.498 	20.37 	35.626 	37.476 	5.21 	2.002 	2.382 	18.98

23 
  Table 6 –Contd...	
 	
SL No. 	District 	Tapioca 	Cheera 	Paddy 	
Before 
SC 
Work  After 
SC 
Work  % of 
Increase  Before 
SC 
Work  After 
SC 
Work  % of 
Increase  Before 
SC 
Work  After SC 
Work  % of 
Increase 	
1 	2 	12 	13 	14 	15 	16 	17 	18 	19 	20 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  4.600  6.820  48.26 
         
2 	Kollam 	1.140 	1.322 	15.96 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
3 Pathanamthitta 
              
4 	Alappuzha 	0.000 	0.200 	Infinity 	0.100 	0.300 	200.00 	183.440 	182.760 	-0.37 	
5 Kottayam 
3.780  2.400  -36.51            
6 	Idukki 	0.840 	0.886 	5.48 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
7 Eranakulam 
5.450  5.450  0.00  0.200  0.200  0.00  36.070  36.070  0.00 
8 	Thrissur 	 	 	 	 	 	 	19.840 	19.840 	0.00 	
9 Palakkad 
          433.520  433.370  -0.03 
10 	Malappuram 	0.800 	0.800 	0.00 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
11 Kozhikkode 
0.350  0.630  80.00           
12 	Kannur 	0.627 	0.627 	0.00 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
13 Kasaragod 
2.823  3.076  8.96           	
Total 	20.410 	22.211 	8.82 	0.300 	0.500 	66.67 	672.870 	672.040 	-0.12

24 
  Table 6 – Contd..... 	
SL No. 	District 	Ginger 	Yam 	Elephant Foot Yam 	
Before SC 
Work  After SC 
Work  % of 
Increase  Before SC 
Work  After SC 
Work  % of 
Increase  Before SC 
Work  After SC 
Work  % of 
Increase 	
1 	2 	21 	22 	23 	24 	25 	26 	27 	28 	29 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram 
              
2 	Kollam 	0.027 	0.027 	0.00 	0.010 	0.010 	0.00 	 	 	 	
3 Pathanamthitta 
              
4 	Alappuzha 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
5 Kottayam 
0.500  0.000  -100.00            
6 	Idukki 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
7 Eranakulam 
0.050  0.050  0.00            
8 	Trissur 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
9 Palakkad 
              
10 	Malappuram 	0.010 	0.010 	0.00 	 	 	 	1.210 	0.230 	-80.99 	
11 Kozhikkode 
              
12 	Kannur 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
13 Kasaragod 
0.400  0.400  0.00            	
TOTAL 	0.987 	0.487 	-50.66 	0.010 	0.010 	0.00 	1.210 	0.230 	-80.99

25 
  Table 6 – Contd..... 
SL NO. 
 
  District 
Colacasia  Turmeric Tamarind Chenai 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 
Increase 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 
Increase 	
Before 
SC 
work 	
After 
SC 
work 	
% 	
increase 	
Before 
SC 
work 	
After 
SC 
work 	
% 	
increase 	
1 2 
30  31  32  33  34  35  36  37  38  39  40  41 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2 Kollam 
                       
3 	Pathanamthitta 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
4 Alappuzha 
                  0.110  0.170  54.55 
5 	Kottayam 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
6 Idukki 
                       
7 	Eranakulam 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
8 Trissur 
                       
9 	Palakkad 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
10 Malappuram 
1.240  1.230  -0.81  0.050  0.050  0.00  0.183  0.194  6.01       
11 	Kozhikkode 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
12 Kannur 
                       
13 	Kasaragod 	 	 	 	0.000 	0.300 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
TOTAL 1.240  1.230  -0.81  0.050  0.350  600.00 	0.183	 	0.194	 	6.01	 	0.110  0.170  54.55

26 
  Table 6 – Contd..... 
SI No.  District  Others  Total 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 
Increase 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
% of 
Increase 	
1 2 
42 43 44  45 46  47 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	0.000 	0.000 	0.00 	33.805 	36.893 	9.13 	
2 Kollam 
0.000 0.000  0.00 2.179  2.571  18.22 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	0.000 	0.000 	0.00 	0.104 	0.164 	57.69 	
4 Alappuzha 
0.000 0.000 0.00  184.106  184.045  0.08 
5 	Kottayam 	0.000 	0.000 	0.00 	5.280 	4.248 	-19.55 	
6 Idukki 
0.000 0.000  0.00 2.984  3.216  7.77 
7 	Eranakulam 	0.240 	0.240 	0.00 	48.816 	48.480 	-0.66 	
8 Trissur 
0.000 0.000 0.00  25.160  27.573  9.59 
9 	Palakkad 	0.000 	0.000 	0.00 	433.674 	433.522 	0.72 	
10 Malappuram 
0.000 0.000  0.00 4.595  3.701  -15.13 
11 	Kozhikkode 	0.000 	0.000 	0.00 	0.871 	1.389 	59.47 	
12 Kannur 
0.000 0.000  0.00 2.556  2.556  0.00 
13 	Kasaragod 	0.000 	0.000 	0.00 	11.460 	13.660 	19.20 	
TOTAL  0.240 
0.240  0.00  755.590  762.018  0.85

27 
  Impact of Soil Conservation Treatment on the Yield of Crops 
 
  For studying the impact of soil conservation treatment on the yield of crops, a detailed survey 
was  conducted  following  the  “Before”  and  “After”  method.Details  regarding  the  yield  and  value  of 
crops  are  collected  from  the  beneficiaries  in  the  scheme  area.District  wise  details  are  presented  in 
table No. 7 and 8 Survey results reveals that in most cases, the  crop  yields after the implementation 
of the programme were higher than that of before.Therefore, the total output from crops represented 
a  big  increase.As  much  as  major  portion  of  this  output  came  from  perennial  crops  indicating 
improved  stability  in  output.Almost  all  perennial  crops  have  also  shown  a  marked 
improvement.InKasargoddistrictstotal  gross  cropped  area  is  more  increased.In  this  district  gross  
cropped  area  before  soil  conservation  work  was  248.842Acres.It  is  increased  to  268.524  acres  after 
the implementation of soil conservation measures.The increase in area is accounted as 19.682 acres. 
The  percentage  of  increase  recorded  as  7.91.When  we  analyse  theyield  of  perennial  crops 
inKasargoddistrict,it  can  be  seen  that  production  of  Coconut,  Aracanut  and  Rubber  are  increased.In 
the case of Seasonal crops, in thisdistrict it can be seen that the yield oftapioca, plantain, banana etc. 
are  increased.  Four  districtsKollam,Alappuzha,  Idukki  and  Thrissur  all  the  perennial  crops  shows 
positive increase. 
In  Thiruvananthapuram,Kollam,Idukki,  Trissur,  andKannurdistrictsbefore  soil  conservation 
work  the  total  gross  croppedarea  were  63.715,  59.23,132.472,130.508and  196.645  
acresrespectively.It  is  increased  65.616,70.262,  141.669,  135.674  and  201.895and  respectively  after 
the  implementation  of  soil  conservationwork.  Increase  in  area  accountedas1.90,11.03,  9.197,  5.17 
and5.25respectively. 
While  in  Pathanamthitta,Ernakulam,  Malappuram  and  Kozhikodetotal  gross  cropped  area  is 
decreased  after  soil  conservation  works.  State  total  from  table  5  and  6  reveals  that  productions  of 
almost  all  perennial  crops  and  seasonal  crops    are  increased,  exceptcashew,paddy,gingerColacasia, 
elephantfootyam, after soil conservation works.

28 
  Table 7 
Crop wise Yield and Value of Perennial Crops in Scheme Area 
District  Name of Crop  Unit  Before SC Work  After SC Work  Value at 
constant price   % Change 
Over 
Quantity 	
Quantity 	Value 	Quantity 	Value 	
1  2 3  4  5 6  7  8 9 	
Thiruvananthapuram	 	Pepper(dry) 	Quintal 	0.54	 	10710	 	0.69	 	42676.5	 	13685	 	27.778	 	
Rubber (Garbled)  Quintal  358.85	 	7845358.15	 	333.85	 	3402141.76	 	7298795.63	 	-6.967	 	
Coconut(with husk) 	Nos. 	28155	 	218764.35	 	29855	 	331390.5	 	231973.35	 	6.038	 	
Coconut(without husk)  Nos.  270	 	2033.1	 	275	 	2865.5	 	2070.75	 	1.852	 	
Aracanut 	Nos. 	3700	 	2146	 	3975	 	6121.5	 	2305.5	 	7.432	 	
Jack  Quintal  9.3	 	1116	 	9.5	 	6322.53	 	1140	 	2.151	 	
Total 	 	 	8080127.6	 	 	3791518.29	 	7549970.22	 	 	
Kollam pepper(Pepper dry) 
Quintal  0.08	 	1548.48	 	0.255	 	15901.73	 	4935.77	 	218.75	 	
pepper(Pepper green) 	Quintal 	3.962	 	27658.05	 	6.361	 	120328.91	 	44405.06	 	60.55	 	
Rubber(Rubber garbled)  Quintal  1.2	 	23829.37	 	2 	21926.56	 	39715.62	 	66.667	 	
Rubber(Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	546.526	 	10612398.14	 	507.838	 	5308435.67	 	9861157.66	 	-7.079	 	
coconut(With husk)  Number  15691.5	 	153776.7	 	20225	 	316925.75	 	198205	 	28.891	 	
coconut(Without husk) 	Number 	510	 	4794	 	520	 	8086	 	4888	 	1.961	 	
Aracanut Number  8906	 	5165.48	 	11940	 	17193.6	 	6925.2	 	34.067	 	
Jack 	Quintal 	14.73	 	8056.41	 	21.035	 	17305.71	 	11504.88	 	42.804	 	
mango  Quintal  4.99	 	4767.1	 	7.5	 	19987.5	 	7164.98	 	50.301	 	
Cashew 	Quintal 	3.65	 	25550	 	5.55	 	48548.63	 	38850	 	52.055	 	
Total   	 	10867543.73	 	 	5894640.06	 	10217752.16

29 
 	
Pathanamthitta 	pepper(Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	4.24	 	88090.17	 	9.44	 	608557.41	 	196125.16	 	122.642	 	
  pepper(Pepper green)  Quintal  0.2	 	1314.17	 	0.5	 	9583.34	 	3285.41	 	150	 	
 	Rubber(Rubber garbled) 	Quintal 	6.86	 	138444.33	 	10.78	 	119813.45	 	217555.38	 	57.143	 	
 Rubber(Rubber ungarbled)  Quintal  219.79	 	4236498.39	 	297.85	 	2940646.23	 	5741121.3	 	35.516	 	
 	coconut(With husk) 	Number 	709	 	6324.28	 	2134	 	28552.92	 	19035.28	 	200.987	 	
 coconut(Without husk)  Number  12	 	114	 	120	 	1718.4	 	1140	 	900	 	
 	Arecanut 	Number 	624.00	 	305.76	 	1891.00	 	2760.86	 	926.59	 	203.045	 	
 Total 
 	 	4471091.1	 	 	3711632.61	 	6179189.12	 	 	
Alappuzha 	coconut(With husk) 	Number 	9531	 	78821.37	 	10722	 	130701.18	 	88670.94	 	12.496	 	
 Arecanut 
Number  3802.06	 	1824.99	 	4650.08	 	7672.63	 	2232.04	 	22.304	 	
 	mango 	Quintal 	21.61	 	32847.2	 	24.74	 	54840.15	 	37604.8	 	14.484	 	
 Total 
 	 	113493.56	 	 	193213.96	 	128507.78	 	 	
Kottayam 	pepper(Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	15.1	 	325464.83	 	8.015	 	720187.91	 	172754.99	 	-46.921	 	
 Rubber(Rubber garbled)  Quintal  23	 	464628.75	 	60	 	512437.9	 	1212075	 	160.87	 	
 	Rubber(Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	1745.98	 	33682869.94	 	1442.5	 	14622146.5	 	27828233.98	 	-17.382	 	
 coconut(With husk)  Number  22215	 	186606	 	29009	 	382048.53	 	243675.6	 	30.583	 	
 	coconut(Without husk) 	Number 	1170	 	10342.8	 	1528	 	21132.24	 	13507.52	 	30.598	 	
 Jack 
Quintal  16.2	 	4079.16	 	27	 	11880	 	6798.6	 	66.667	 	
 	Nutmeg 	Quintal 	0.27	 	7625.34	 	0.41	 	8116.36	 	11579.22	 	51.852	 	
 coco(with husk) 
Quintal  4.05	 	3760.7	 	3.44	 	5618.64	 	3194.28	 	-15.062	 	
 	coco(without husk) 	Quintal 	2.5	 	8411.45	 	2.7	 	11769.39	 	9084.37	 	8 	
 coffee(Dry robusta)  Quintal  6.65	 	31767.6	 	9.02	 	56575.43	 	43089.26	 	35.639	 	
 	Total 	 	 	34725556.57	 	 	16297799.99	 	29543992.81

30 
  Idukki  pepper(Pepper dry) 
Quintal  84.99
 	1835695.6	 	104.5	 	6699465.68	 	2257091.32	 	22.956	 	
 	coconut(Without husk) 	Number 	77317	 	671884.73	 	97331	 	1475537.96	 	845806.39	 	25.886	 	
 Aracanut 
Number  197039	 	104430.67	 	232592	 	216310.56	 	123273.76	 	18.044	 	
 	Jack 	Quintal 	165.06	 	20632.5	 	197.37	 	32072.62	 	24671.25	 	19.575	 	
 mango 
Quintal  116.15	 	116150	 	129.91	 	129910	 	129910	 	11.847	 	
 	clove 	Quintal 	0.04	 	16.3	 	0.054	 	39.16	 	21.99	 	35	 	
 coffee(Dry robusta)  Quintal  365.06	 	1727635.55	 	425.17	 	2477440.08	 	2012104.27	 	16.466	 	
 	Cardamom 	Quintal 	109.79	 	11097682.99	 	173.58	 	10057919.52	 	17545639.98	 	58.102	 	
 Total 
 	 	15574128.34	 	 	21088695.58	 	22938518.97	 	 	
Eranakulam 	pepper(Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	1.135	 	24089.19	 	1.955	 	120969.69	 	41492.84	 	72.247	 	
 Rubber(Rubber ungarbled)  Quintal  438.3	 	8409789.2	 	485.66	 	4786179.3	 	9318499.26	 	10.805	 	
 	coconut(With husk) 	Number 	12538	 	108579.08	 	15574	 	179256.74	 	134870.84	 	24.214	 	
 coconut(Without husk)  Number  17151	 	146984.07	 	21814	 	263731.26	 	186945.98	 	27.188	 	
 	Aracanut 	Number 	146368	 	84893.44	 	172717	 	151990.96	 	100175.86	 	18.002	 	
 Jack 
Quintal  66.4	 	16600	 	85.4	 	53802	 	21350	 	28.614	 	
 	mango 	Quintal 	3.3	 	4686.46	 	4.75	 	9143.75	 	6745.66	 	43.939	 	
 Cashew 
Quintal  4.3	 	24999.72	 	5.53	 	42846.44	 	32150.81	 	28.605	 	
 	Nutmeg 	Quintal 	10.81	 	297610.11	 	13.62	 	272495.34	 	374972.22	 	25.994	 	
 coco(without husk) 
Quintal  16.65	 	52910.02	 	21.86	 	93132.59	 	69466.27	 	31.291	 	
 	Total 	 	 	9171141.29	 	 	5973548.07	 	10286669.74	 	 	
Thrissur pepper(Pepper dry) 
Quintal  0.09	 	1818.73	 	0.17	 	10448.04	 	3435.39	 	88.889	 	
 	Rubber(Rubber garbled) 	Quintal 	102.4	 	1947164.67	 	273.5	 	3151803.07	 	5200679.08	 	167.09	 	
 coconut(With husk)  Number  970	 	6479.6	 	1570	 	16563.5	 	10487.6	 	61.856	 	
 	coconut(Without husk) 	Number 	94432	 	645914.88	 	162777	 	1673347.56	 	1113394.68	 	72.375	 	
 Aracanut 
Number  204890	 	133178.5	 	372130	 	699604.4	 	241884.5	 	81.624	 	
 	Nutmeg 	Quintal 	0 	0 	0.49	 	9978.36	 	12949.23	 	 	
 Total 
 	 	2734556.38	 	 	5561744.93	 	6582830.48

31 
 	
Palakkad 	pepper(Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	0.34	 	7061.06	 	0.39	 	24621.19	 	8099.45	 	14.706	 	
  Rubber(Rubber garbled)  Quintal  36.8	 	733265.39	 	40.6	 	440679.3	 	808983.01	 	10.326	 	
 	Rubber(Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	1381.35	 	26290654.39	 	1485.25	 	14929242.88	 	28268139.45	 	7.522	 	
 coconut(With husk)  Number  239710	 	1608454.1	 	251300	 	2211440	 	1686223	 	4.835	 	
 	Aracanut 	Number 	911050	 	455525	 	936750	 	1386390	 	468375	 	2.821	 	
 Jack 
Quintal  0.98	 	794.85	 	1.12	 	922.13	 	908.4	 	14.286	 	
 	mango 	Quintal 	50.65	 	62625.21	 	57.9	 	154014	 	71589.3	 	14.314	 	
 Cashew 
Quintal  0.07	 	399.67	 	0.07	 	672.19	 	399.67	 	0 	
 	Nutmeg 	Quintal 	0 	0 	0.03	 	664.14	 	768.09	 	 	
 Total 
 	 	29158779.67	 	 	19148645.83	 	31313485.36	 	 	
Malappuram 	pepper(Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	2.17	 	45560.94	 	2.67	 	168080.21	 	56058.87	 	23.041	 	
 Rubber(Rubber garbled)  Quintal  646.13	 	12991251.35	 	752.39	 	8328016.89	 	15127741.44	 	16.446	 	
 	Rubber(Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	194.4	 	3653909.33	 	44.4	 	442358.09	 	834534.85	 	-77.16	 	
 coconut(With husk)  Number  8640	 	52444.8	 	9396	 	73852.56	 	57033.72	 	8.75	 	
 	coconut(Without husk) 	Number 	402160	 	2304376.8	 	439061	 	3455410.07	 	2515819.53	 	9.176	 	
 Aracanut 
Number  815645	 	350727.35	 	733763	 	873177.97	 	315518.09	 	-10.039	 	
 	Jack 	Quintal 	75.34	 	6022.65	 	73.37	 	45565.69	 	5865.2	 	-2.615	 	
 mango 
Quintal  8.02	 	9985.94	 	10.59	 	25283.66	 	13185.93	 	32.045	 	
 	Cashew 	Quintal 	15.8	 	100362.87	 	4.67	 	44689.29	 	29664.21	 	-70.443	 	
 Nutmeg 
Quintal  1.22	 	25620	 	1.58	 	34298.64	 	33180	 	29.508	 	
 	Total 	 	 	19540262.03	 	 	13490733.07	 	18988601.83

32 
  Kozhikkode  pepper(Pepper dry) 
Quintal  0.99
 	20787.25	 	1.59	 	99132.06	 	33385.58	 	60.606	 	
 	Rubber(Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	318.9	 	6104055.34	 	311	 	3032250	 	5952841.67	 	-2.477	 	
 coconut(With husk)  Number  256370	 	1556165.9	 	274800	 	2610600	 	1668036	 	7.189	 	
 	Aracanut 	Number 	100100	 	53053	 	125200	 	131460	 	66356	 	25.075	 	
 Cashew 
Quintal  4.9	 	32146.06	 	1 	10100	 	6560.42	 	-79.592	 	
 	Nutmeg 	Quintal 	0.16	 	4714.4	 	0.32	 	6824.32	 	9428.8	 	100	 	
 Total 
 	 	7779021.95	 	 	5890366.38	 	7736608.47	 	 	
Kannoor 	pepper(Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	5.52	 	115755.15	 	7.62	 	478080.95	 	159792.47	 	38.043	 	
 Rubber(Rubber ungarbled)  Quintal  438.35	 	8305071.14	 	642.2	 	6272508.68	 	12167256.06	 	46.504	 	
 	coconut(With husk) 	Number 	106100	 	555964	 	129575	 	1142851.5	 	678973	 	22.125	 	
 coconut(Without husk)  Number  800	 	4184	 	1000	 	9340	 	5230	 	25	 	
 	Aracanut 	Number 	420000	 	226800	 	474300	 	877455	 	256122	 	12.929	 	
 mango 
Quintal  8	 	10520	 	10	 	26250	 	13150	 	25	 	
 	Cashew 	Quintal 	119.62	 	841576.96	 	148.5	 	1551825	 	1044759.87	 	24.143	 	
 Nutmeg 
Quintal  0	 	0 	0.3	 	7028.7	 	4200	 	 	
 	coco(without husk) 	Quintal 	2.4	 	7986	 	7.05	 	35250	 	23458.88	 	193.75	 	
 Total 
 	 	10067857.25	 	 	10400589.83	 	14352942.27	 	 	
Kasaragod 	pepper(Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	215.24	 	4454570.49	 	289.43	 	18026062.3	 	5989994.08	 	34.469	 	
 Rubber(Rubber ungarbled)  Quintal  1047.67	 	19654729.23	 	1306.39	 	12955025.44	 	24508425.08	 	24.695	 	
 	coconut(With husk) 	Number 	291561	 	1863074.79	 	349227	 	3153519.81	 	2231560.53	 	19.778	 	
 Aracanut 
Number  3434295	 	3159551.4	 	3918270	 	6073318.5	 	3604808.4	 	14.092	 	
 	Cashew 	Quintal 	54.49	 	390114.61	 	67.68	 	717831.04	 	484546.84	 	24.206	 	
 Nutmeg 
Quintal  0	 	0 	20.24	 	533202.56	 	432630	 	 	
 	coco(without husk) 	Quintal 	0 	0 	96.02	 	506505.5	 	307264	 	 	
 Total 
 	 	29522040.52	 	 	41965465.15	 	37559228.93

33 
  . 
Table 7 Contd….. 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	
Kerala  pepper(Pepper dry)  Quintal  330.435	 	6931151.89	 	426.725	 	26806433.66	 	8950915.582	 	29.14	 	
pepper(Pepper green) 	Quintal 	4.162	 	28972.22	 	6.861	 	129912.25	 	47760.30789	 	64.849	 	
Rubber(Rubber garbled)  Quintal  1175.24	 	24143942.01	 	1473.12	 	16130456.03	 	30263540.94	 	25.346	 	
Rubber(Rubber ungarbled) 	Quintal 	6331.27	 	120949975.1	 	6523.09	 	65288792.79	 	124614465.9	 	3.03	 	
coconut(With husk)  Number  992191	 	6395454.97	 	1123387	 	10577702.99	 	7230636.288	 	13.223	 	
coconut(Without husk) 	Number 	593822	 	3790628.38	 	724426	 	6911168.99	 	4624331.458	 	21.994	 	
Aracanut  Number  6246419	 	4577601.59	 	6988178	 	10443455.98	 	5121189.402	 	11.875	 	
Jack 	Quintal 	348.01	 	57301.57	 	414.795	 	167870.68	 	68298.051	 	19.191	 	
mango  Quintal  212.72	 	241581.91	 	245.39	 	419429.06	 	278684.5849	 	15.358	 	
Cashew 	Quintal 	202.83	 	1415149.89	 	233	 	2416512.59	 	1625646.721	 	14.875	 	
Nutmeg Quintal  12.46	 	335569.85	 	36.99	 	872608.42	 	996206.1598	 	196.87	 	
coco(with husk) 	Quintal 	4.05	 	3760.7	 	3.44	 	5618.64	 	3194.27358	 	-15.062	 	
coco(without husk)  Quintal  21.55	 	69307.47	 	127.63	 	646657.48	 	410473.8931	 	492.251	 	
clove 	Quintal 	0.04	 	1629.6	 	0.054	 	3915.76	 	21.9996	 	35	 	
coffee(Dry robusta)  Quintal  371.71	 	1759403.15	 	434.19	 	2534015.51	 	2055137.752	 	16.809	 	
Cardamom 	Quintal 	109.79	 	11097682.99	 	173.58	 	10057919.52	 	17545639.98	 	58.102	 	
Total    	 	181797500	 	  	153408593.7	 	203836143.3

34 
  Table 8  
 Crop wise Yield and Value of Seasonal Crops in Scheme Area 	
District 	Name of 	Unit 	Before SC Work 	After SC Work 	Value at  
constant  
price 	
%  of Change 
 Over Quantity 	Crop  Quantity  Value  Quantity  Value 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	
Thiruvananthapuram	 	plantain Quintal	 	295.3	 	325813.33	 	345	 	451135.81	 	380648.85	 	16.83	 	
banana 	Quintal	 	260.15	 	587018.07	 	285.1	 	1028438.38	 	643316.75	 	9.591	 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw)  Quintal	 	633.85	 	531489.58	 	980.35	 	1373842.89	 	822033.28	 	54.666	 	
Total 	 	 	1444320.98	 	 	2853417.08	 	1845998.87	 	 	
Kollam plantain 
Quintal	 	71.18	 	75005.99	 	95.95	 	146763.18	 	101107.31	 	34.799	 	
banana 	Quintal	 	3.15	 	6888.68	 	3.98	 	15984.68	 	8703.78	 	26.349	 	
pineapple Quintal	 	12.14	 	14293.39	 	14.41	 	25073.4	 	16966.05	 	18.699	 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal	 	37.03	 	35199.98	 	49.14	 	58978.36	 	46711.5	 	32.703	 	
Ginger(Ginger green)  Quintal	 	0.85	 	2967.03	 	1 	5998.75	 	3490.62	 	17.647	 	
yam 	Quintal	 	0.2	 	444.11	 	0.24	 	814.62	 	532.93	 	20	 	
Total   	 	134799.18	 	 	253612.99	 	177512.19	 	 	
Pathanamthitta 	plantain 	Quintal	 	4.62	 	4429.43	 	10.33	 	11797.67	 	9903.89	 	123.593	 	
Total  	 	4429.43	 	 	11797.67	 	9903.89	 	 	
Alappuzha 	plantain 	Quintal	 	37.5	 	39160.11	 	61.94	 	74528.09	 	64682.08	 	65.173	 	
cheera Quintal	 	1.11	 	2500.98	 	3.99	 	14347.36	 	8989.99	 	259.459	 	
Paddy(Paddy High yield)	 	Quintal	 	4072.8	 	5377602.91	 	4171.633	 	8760429.09	 	5508099.06	 	2.427	 	
Cucumber Quintal	 	0 	0 	8 	10748.56	 	5769.44	 	 	
Ladies finger 	Quintal	 	0 	0 	0.25	 	585	 	500	 	 	
Bitter gourd Quintal	 	0 	0 	2 	7962.12	 	5838.2	 	 	
Total 	 	 	5419264	 	 	8868600.22	 	5593878.78

35 
  Table 8 contd…. 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	
Kottayam  plantain 
Quintal	 	13.5	 	12383.41	 	32.3	 	38140.8	 	29628.47	 	139.259	 	
banana 	Quintal	 	32.4	 	72756.15	 	60.88	 	210188.2	 	136709.69	 	87.901	 	
pineapple Quintal	 	0 	0 	11	 	20533.26	 	11850.19	 	 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal	 	264.7	 	279756.14	 	243.5	 	281444.6	 	257350.28	 	-8.009	 	
Total   	 	364895.7	 	 	550306.86	 	435538.63	 	 	
Idukki 	plantain 	Quintal	 	57.65	 	55037.87	 	65.51	 	82194.09	 	62541.74	 	13.634	 	
banana Quintal	 	124.685	 	247181.88	 	140.145	 	390654.27	 	277831.93	 	12.399	 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal	 	81.163	 	83572.71	 	89.87	 	102227.15	 	92538.24	 	10.728	 	
Total   	 	385792.46	 	 	575075.51	 	432911.91	 	 	
Eranakulam 	plantain 	Quintal	 	79.92	 	77034.08	 	98.2	 	116168.64	 	94654	 	22.873	 	
banana Quintal	 	385.71	 	803561.19	 	438.7	 	1363317.29	 	913956.87	 	13.738	 	
pineapple 	Quintal	 	28.95	 	33155.28	 	37.6	 	70810.2	 	43061.78	 	29.879	 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw)  Quintal	 	485.95	 	487568.22	 	555.1	 	522526.73	 	556948.48	 	14.23	 	
cheera 	Quintal	 	6.05	 	5402.47	 	9 	13362.48	 	8036.73	 	48.76	 	
Paddy(Paddy High yield)	 	Quintal	 	655.77	 	784464.9	 	720.97	 	1212426.42	 	862460.36	 	9.943	 	
Cowpea 	Quintal	 	68	 	174065.72	 	85	 	377334.54	 	217582.15	 	25	 	
Kovakka Quintal	 	5 	7364.6	 	6 	17020.8	 	8837.52	 	20	 	
Bitter gourd 	Quintal	 	26	 	63514.88	 	36	 	136879.92	 	87943.68	 	38.462	 	
Snake gourd Quintal	 	9.5	 	10621.19	 	13.2	 	23633.02	 	14757.86	 	38.947	 	
Total 	 	 	2446752.53	 	 	3853480.04	 	2808239.43

36 
  Table 8 contd…. 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	
Thrissur  plantain 
Quintal	 	178.9	 	140958.89	 	373.4	 	371376.2	 	294209.33	 	108.72	 	
banana 	Quintal	 	8 	16586.64	 	11	 	35768.26	 	22806.63	 	37.5	 	
Paddy(Paddy High yield)	 	Quintal	 	310	 	370319.8	 	316	 	597290.64	 	377487.28	 	1.935	 	
Total 	 	 	527865.33	 	 	1004435.1	 	694503.24	 	 	
Palakkad plantain 
Quintal	 	9.655	 	7736.07	 	15.6	 	19155.55	 	12499.5	 	61.574	 	
banana 	Quintal	 	3.2	 	6149.79	 	3.5	 	9706.65	 	6726.34	 	9.375	 	
Paddy(Paddy High yield)	 	Quintal	 	2193.5	 	2589909.33	 	2300.5	 	4235795.66	 	2716246.36	 	4.878	 	
Paddy(Paddy Local) 	Quintal	 	550.5	 	659069.61	 	581.5	 	1091824.4	 	696183.43	 	5.631	 	
Cowpea Quintal	 	0 	0 	125	 	386510	 	219852.5	 	 	
Bitter gourd 	Quintal	 	4.5	 	7038	 	122.5	 	319546.15	 	191590	 	2622.222	 	
Total   	 	3269902.8	 	 	6062538.41	 	3843098.13	 	 	
Malappuram 	plantain 	Quintal	 	23.99	 	23910.85	 	28.52	 	35798.3	 	28425.88	 	18.883	 	
banana Quintal	 	32.81	 	63785.91	 	35.1	 	100724.71	 	68237.91	 	6.98	 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal	 	34.75	 	30883.02	 	39	 	35763.39	 	34660.08	 	12.23	 	
Ginger(Ginger green)  Quintal	 	0.6	 	1368.13	 	0.7	 	2673.61	 	1596.15	 	16.667	 	
Elephant Foot yam 	Quintal	 	9.65	 	15466.34	 	9.65	 	21893.74	 	15466.34	 	0 	
Colacasia Quintal	 	8.55	 	15714.22	 	8.15	 	18795.94	 	14979.05	 	-4.678	 	
Cowpea 	Quintal	 	2.3	 	5159.04	 	2.65	 	8045.7	 	5944.11	 	15.217	 	
Ash gourd Quintal	 	3.47	 	3166.03	 	4.02	 	4237.73	 	3667.85	 	15.85	 	
Turmeric (Turmeric dry) 	Quintal	 	0.48	 	6696	 	0.45	 	3634.69	 	6277.5	 	-6.25	 	
Tamarind 
(Tamarind without 
 husk and with seed)  Quintal	 	1.35	 	3414.38	 	1.88	 	6902.72	 	4754.84	 	39.259	 	
Total 	 	 	169563.92	 	 	238470.53	 	184009.71

37 
   
Table 8 contd…. 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	
Kozhikkode  plantain  Quintal	 	14.93	 	15728.33	 	23.25	 	29692.06	 	24493.18	 	55.727	 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal	 	15.5	 	16156.58	 	34	 	36833.21	 	35440.24	 	119.355	 	
Total   	 	31884.91	 	 	66525.27	 	59933.42	 	 	
Kannur 	plantain 	Quintal	 	52	 	52975.04	 	64.6	 	96451.04	 	65811.25	 	24.231	 	
banana Quintal	 	16.3	 	33811.26	 	19.75	 	61416.97	 	40967.62	 	21.166	 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal	 	25.5	 	24658.75	 	30	 	35458.2	 	29010.3	 	17.647	 	
Total   	 	111445.05	 	 	193326.21	 	135789.17	 	 	
Kasaragod 	plantain 	Quintal	 	219	 	215806.93	 	282.61	 	478670.8	 	278489.55	 	29.046	 	
banana Quintal	 	214.65	 	426616.88	 	421.25	 	1291830.52	 	837234.38	 	96.25	 	
pineapple 	Quintal	 	124.66	 	130893	 	180.42	 	378317.29	 	189441	 	44.73	 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw)  Quintal	 	111.65	 	105270.36	 	158.89	 	210529.25	 	149811.03	 	42.311	 	
Ginger(Ginger dry) 	Quintal	 	4.05	 	56160.01	 	4.95	 	70339.5	 	68640.02	 	22.222	 	
Turmeric (Turmeric dry)	 	Quintal	 	0 	0 	3.6	 	39330	 	52200	 	 	
Total 	 	 	934747.18	 	 	2469017.36	 	1575815.96

38 
  Table 8 contd…. 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	
STATE  plantain 
Quintal	 	1058.145	 	1045980.33	 	1497.21	 	1951872.23	 	1479997.741	 	41.494	 	
banana 	Quintal	 	1081.055	 	2264356.45	 	1419.405	 	4508029.93	 	2973057.677	 	31.298	 	
pineapple Quintal	 	165.75	 	178341.67	 	243.43	 	494734.15	 	261922.8521	 	46.866	 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw) 	Quintal	 	1690.093	 	1594555.34	 	2179.85	 	2657603.78	 	2056627.332	 	28.978	 	
cheera  Quintal	 	7.16	 	7903.45	 	12.99	 	27709.84	 	14338.80105	 	81.425	 	
Paddy(Paddy High yield)	 	Quintal	 	7232.07	 	9122296.94	 	7509.103	 	14805941.81	 	9471737.32	 	3.831	 	
Paddy(Paddy Local)  Quintal	 	550.5	 	659069.61	 	581.5	 	1091824.4	 	696183.43	 	5.631	 	
Ginger(Ginger dry) 	Quintal	 	4.05	 	56160.01	 	4.95	 	70339.5	 	68640.01222	 	22.222	 	
Ginger(Ginger green)  Quintal	 	1.45	 	4335.16	 	1.7	 	8672.36	 	5082.601379	 	17.241	 	
yam 	Quintal	 	0.2	 	444.11	 	0.24	 	814.62	 	532.932	 	20	 	
Elephant Foot yam  Quintal	 	9.65	 	15466.34	 	9.65	 	21893.74	 	15466.34	 	0 	
Colacasia 	Quintal	 	8.55	 	15714.22	 	8.15	 	18795.94	 	14979.05181	 	-4.678	 	
Cowpea Quintal	 	70.3	 	179224.76	 	212.65	 	771890.24	 	542135.7783	 	202.489	 	
Cucumber 	Quintal	 	0 	0 	8 	10748.56	 	5769.44	 	 	
Ladies finger  Quintal	 	0 	0 	0.25	 	585	 	500	 	 	
Ash gourd 	Quintal	 	3.47	 	3166.03	 	4.02	 	4237.73	 	3667.850317	 	15.85	 	
Kovakka  Quintal	 	5 	7364.6	 	6 	17020.8	 	8837.52	 	20	 	
Bitter gourd 	Quintal	 	30.5	 	70552.88	 	160.5	 	464388.19	 	371270.0734	 	426.23	 	
Snake gourd Quintal	 	9.5	 	10621.19	 	13.2	 	23633.02	 	14757.864	 	38.947	 	
Turmeric (Turmeric dry) 	Quintal	 	0.48	 	6696	 	4.05	 	42964.69	 	56497.5	 	743.75	 	
Tamarind(Tamarind  
without husk  
and with seed) Quintal	 	1.35	 	3414.38	 	1.88	 	6902.72	 	4754.840296	 	39.259	 	
Total 	 	 	15245663.47	 	 	27000603.25	 	18066756.96

39 
  Table – 9 	
Quantity and Value of Selected Perennial and Seasonal Crops for the year 2016-2017 	
 
Name of Crops 
Units Before SC Work  After SC Work Value at  % change 
over 
quantity 	
Quantity 	Values(Rs) 	Quantity 	Values(Rs) 	Constant Price 	
1  2  3 4  5 6 7  8 9 
A. Perennial 	
pepper(Pepper dry) 	Quintal 	330.435 	6931151.89 	426.725 	26806433.66	 	8950915.582	 	29.14	 	
pepper(Pepper green)  Quintal 
4.162  28972.22  6.861 	129912.25	 	47760.30789	 	64.849	 	
Rubber(Rubber garbled) 	Quintal 	1175.240 	24143942.01 	1473.120 	16130456.03	 	30263540.94	 	25.346	 	
Rubber(Rubber ungarbled)  Quintal 
6331.266  120949975.1  6523.088 	65288792.79	 	124614465.9	 	3.03	 	
coconut(With husk) 	Number 	992190.500 	6395454.97 	1123387.000 	10577702.99	 	7241120.503	 	13.223	 	
coconut(Without husk)  Number 
593822.000  3790628.38  724426.000 	6911168.99	 	4624331.458	 	21.994	 	
Aracanut 	Number 	6246419.060 	4577601.59 	6988178.080 	10443455.98	 	5121189.402	 	11.875	 	
Jack  Quintal 
348.010  57301.57  414.795 	167870.68	 	68298.051	 	19.191	 	
Mango 	Quintal 	212.720 	241581.91 	245.390 	419429.06	 	278684.5849	 	15.358	 	
Cashew  Quintal 
202.830  1415149.89  233.000 	2416512.59	 	1625646.721	 	14.875	 	
Nutmeg 	Quintal 	12.460 	335569.85 	36.990 	872608.42	 	996206.1598	 	196.87	 	
coco(with husk)  Quintal 
4.050  3760.7  3.440 	5618.64	 	3194.27358	 	-15.062	 	
coco(without husk) 	Quintal 	21.550 	69307.47 	127.630 	646657.48	 	410473.8931	 	492.251	 	
Clove  Quintal 
0.040  16.296  0.054 	39.1576	 	21.9996	 	35 	
coffee(Dry robusta) 	Quintal 	371.710 	1759403.15 	434.190 	2534015.51	 	2055137.752	 	16.809	 	
Cardamom  Quintal 
109.790  11097682.99  173.580 	10057919.52	 	17545639.98	 	58.102	 	
Total 	 	 	181797500 	 	153408593.7	 	203846627.5

40 
  Table – 9 contd….  
1  2  3 4  5 6 7  8 9 	
B. Seasonal 	
Plantain 	Quintal 	1058.145	 	1045980.33	 	1497.210	 	1951872.23	 	1479997.741	 	41.494 	
Banana  Quintal 	1081.055	 	2264356.45	 	1419.405	 	4508029.93	 	2973057.677	 	31.298 	
pineapple 	Quintal 	165.750	 	178341.67	 	243.430	 	494734.15	 	261922.8521	 	46.866 	
tapioca(Tapioca raw) Quintal 	1690.093	 	1594555.34	 	2179.850	 	2657603.78	 	2056627.332	 	28.978 	
cheera 	Quintal 	7.160	 	7903.45	 	12.990	 	27709.84	 	14338.80105	 	81.425 	
Paddy(Paddy High yield)  Quintal 	7232.070	 	9122296.94	 	7509.103	 	14805941.81	 	9471737.32	 	3.831 	
Paddy(Paddy Local) 	Quintal 	550.500	 	659069.61	 	581.500	 	1091824.40	 	696183.43	 	5.631 	
Ginger(Ginger dry)  Quintal 	4.050	 	56160.01	 	4.950	 	70339.50	 	68640.01222	 	22.222 	
Ginger(Ginger green) 	Quintal 	1.450	 	4335.16	 	1.700	 	8672.36	 	5082.601379	 	17.241 	
yam  Quintal 	0.200	 	444.11	 	0.240	 	814.62	 	532.932	 	20 	
Elephant Foot yam 	Quintal 	9.650	 	15466.34	 	9.650	 	21893.74	 	15466.34	 	0 	
Colacasia Quintal 	8.550	 	15714.22	 	8.150	 	18795.94	 	14979.05181	 	-4.678 	
Cowpea 	Quintal 	70.300	 	179224.76	 	212.650	 	771890.24	 	542135.7783	 	202.489 	
Cucumber Quintal 	0.000	 	0 	8.000	 	10748.56	 	5769.44	 	 	
Ladies finger 	Quintal 	0.000	 	0 	0.250	 	585.00	 	500	 	 	
Ash gourd  Quintal 	3.470	 	3166.03	 	4.020	 	4237.73	 	3667.850317	 	15.85 	
Kovakka 	Quintal 	5.000	 	7364.6	 	6.000	 	17020.80	 	8837.52	 	20 	
Bitter gourd  Quintal 	30.500	 	70552.88	 	160.500	 	464388.19	 	371270.0734	 	426.23 	
Snake gourd 	Quintal 	9.500	 	10621.19	 	13.200	 	23633.02	 	14757.864	 	38.947 	
Turmeric (Turmeric dry) Quintal 	0.480	 	6696	 	4.050	 	42964.69	 	56497.5	 	743.75 	
Tamarind(Tamarind without husk and 
with seed) 	
Quintal 	1.350	 	3414.38	 	1.880	 	6902.72	 	4754.840296	 	39.259 	
Total    	15245663.47	 	 	27000603.25 	18066756.96	 	 	
 	All Crops 	 	 	197043163.5	 	 	180409197 	221913384.5

41 
   
2.2  Cost Benefit Analysis of the Soil Conservation Programmes 
An  important  object  of  a  project  evaluation  is  to  estimate  various  impacts  of  its  operation 
such  as  income,  employment,  demographic  change,  regional  development  and  so  on.Hence  an 
analysis  to  appraise  the  performance  of  operating  investment  projects  is  essential  for  improved 
planning process.Degradation of land due to soil erosion leads to destruction of agricultural land.If it 
continues  over  a  period,  the  entire  soil  will  be  lost  and  the  land  will  become  barren  and 
unproductive.In  the  case  of  sloppy  regions,  soil  erosion  depletes  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and 
production, and degradation of the area under agriculture is to be assessed in terms of production and 
protection  benefits  accrued  from  these  areas.These  benefits  are  to  be  compared  further  with  the 
investments  to  arrive  at  benefit  cost  ratio,  which  gives  an  indication  of  viability  of  the  programme 
implemented. 
Productive  benefits  are  the  direct  returns  from  the  programmes  implemented.In  regular 
agricultural lands, increase in the yield provides the productive benefits.In addition, production from 
degraded  land,  which  are  cultivated  after  the  soil  conservation  measures  are  also  taken  into 
consideration. 
Protective  benefits  are  the  intangible  benefits  derived  from  implementation  of  soil 
conservation  programme.These  benefits  are  more  stable  and  provide  base  for  the  continued 
prosperity  in  the  area.In  the  case  of  agricultural  land,  protective  benefits  are  assessed  in  terms  of 
these  increased  values  because  of  the  prevention  of  further  soil  erosion  and  its  increased  productive 
potentialities. 
In the light of the present study an attempt is made for cost benefit analysis with the collected 
data.Total  cost  incurred  for  the  soil  conservation  works,  including  maintenance  work  for  the 
48schemes is Rs.167548359/- 
The  total  area  under  cultivation  after  soil  conservation  work  was  2197.05acres.The  value  of 
crops  before  the  soil  conservation  programme  comes  to  Rs.197043163.5/-.The  value  of  crops  after 
the implementation of soil conservation programme has also been calculated asRs180409196.55 /- .It 
is  estimated  that  the  value  at  constant  price  as  Rs.221913384.5/- 
.SchemecostishighestinMalappuramand lowest in Alappuzha . 
Several  benefits  flow  from  the  soil  conservation  programme  implementation,twoof  them, 
which derive special attention s are taken up for consideration.

42 
  They are: 
(i)  Increase in productivity 
(ii)   Diversification of cropping pattern 
(i) Increase in Production 
Area  has  no  remarkableincrease  afterSC  work  butproductionhavepositivechange  in  the  case  of 
perennialcrops.  The  percentage  change  over  quantity  of  crops  are  Nutmeg196.87%,Mango  15.36%, 
Rubber  (garbled)  25.35%  Coco  (without  husk,)  492.25%,Pepper  (garbled)  29.14%,Pepper 
(green)64.85%,cardamom58.10%. In the case of seasonal crops, percentage increase in production of 
crops  are  Tapioca  28.98%,Yam20%,Cheera81.43%,  Cowpea  202.49%,Pineapple  46.87%, 
Plantain41.49% , Bitter gourd 426.23% ,Turmeric 743.75% and Banana 31.30 % respectively. 
(ii) Diversification of cropping pattern 
Soil  Conservation  Programmes  increased  the  soil  capacity  which  facilitates  the  cultivation  of 
moreremunerative  crops.This  advantagecanbe  reaped  in  full,  only  if  the  conservation  programmes 
are followed properly, i.e. the dissemination of new techniques of production, adequate provision of 
inputs and service which will promote the land to improve production. 
In the scheme area, percentage increase in cultivation of perennial crops is2.31%and that of seasonal 
crops  is  0.85%.  Growing  of  perennial  crops  will  accelerate  conservationof  soil  more  effectively.

43 
  Table 10 
Total Income,expenditure and net income of scheme area (Rs)  	
Sl No.	 	
 	
 
 	
District 	
Income(Rs) 	Expenditure(Rs) 	Net Income (Rs) 	
Before 
SC Work  After 
SC Work  Before 
SC Work  After 
SC Work  Before 
SC Work  After 
SC Work 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram 	9524448.58	 	6644935.37	 	2043960.00	 	2645260.00	 	7480488.58	 	3999675.37	 	
2 	Kollam 	11002342.91	 	6148253.05	 	2850559.99	 	3558950.00	 	8151782.92	 	2589303.05	 	
3 Pathanamthitta 	4475520.53	 	3723430.28	 	1222560.00	 	1435620.70	 	3252960.53	 	2287809.58	 	
4 	Alappuzha 	5532757.56	 	9061814.18	 	2697735.00	 	3944051.00	 	2835022.56	 	5117763.18	 	
5 Kottayam 	35090452.27	 	16848106.85	 	5333465.00	 	5113101.92	 	29756987.27	 	11735004.93	 	
6 	Idukki 	15959920.80	 	21663771.09	 	8966750.84	 	12383061.00	 	6993169.96	 	9280710.09	 	
7 Eranakulam 	11617893.82	 	9827028.11	 	3962700.00	 	4342960.00	 	7655193.82	 	5484068.11	 	
8 	Thrissur 	3262421.71	 	6566180.03	 	1405450.00	 	2816350.00	 	1856971.71	 	3749830.03	 	
9 Palakkad 	32428682.47	 	25211184.24	 	5122425.00	 	8414962.00	 	27306257.47	 	16796222.24	 	
10 	Malappuram 	19709825.95	 	13729203.60	 	10615460.50	 	10708240.00	 	9094365.45	 	3020963.60	 	
11  Kozhikkode 	7802806.86	 	5956891.65	 	4669300.00	 	4929850.00	 	3133506.86	 	1027041.65	 	
12 	Kannoor 	10179302.30	 	10593916.04	 	2795400.00	 	3843300.00	 	7383902.30	 	6750616.04	 	
13 Kasaragod 	30456787.70	 	44434482.51	 	5096737.00	 	8094958.00	 	25360050.70	 	36339524.51	 	
Total 	197043163.46 	180409197.00 	56782503.33	 	72230664.62	 	140260660.13 	108178532.38

0	
Thiruvananthapuram	
Kollam	
Pathanamthitta	
Alappuzha
Kottayam	
Idukki	
Ernakulam	
Thrissur
Palakkad	
Malappuram	
Kozhikode	
Kannur
Kasargod	
3252960.53
2835022.56	
6993169.96	
1856971.71
3133506.86
3999675.37
2589303.05
2287809.58	
5117763.18
5484068.11
3749830.03
3020963.6
1027041.65	
6750616.04	
Net income Before and After SC Work	
44  	
20000000 40000000
7480488.58 8151782.92	
3252960.53
2835022.56	
29756987.27	
6993169.96
7655193.82	
1856971.71	
27306257.47
9094365.45	
3133506.86	
7383902.3
25360050.7	
3999675.37
2589303.05
2287809.58	
5117763.18	
11735004.93
9280710.09	
5484068.11
3749830.03	
16796222.24	
3020963.6
1027041.65	
6750616.04	
36339524.51
Net income in Rs. 	
Net income Before and After SC Work	
Net Income(Rs) After SC Work
Net Income(Rs) Before SC Work	
 	
Net income Before and After SC Work	
Net Income(Rs) After SC Work
Net Income(Rs) Before SC Work

Income, expenditure and net income of control plot 	
Sl No. 	Name of District	
1 2 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram	
2 Kollam 
3 	Pathanamthitta 	
4 Alappuzha 
5 	Kottayam 	
6 Idukki 
7 	Eranakulam 	
8 Thrissur 
9 	Palakkad 	
10  Malappuram 
11 	Kozhikkode 	
12 Kannoor 
13 	Kasaragod 	
Total 	
 	
736.72	854.86	458.62
Net income of control plot in rupees	
45 
Table 10(A)  	
Income, expenditure and net income of control plot 	(Rs)	 	
Name of District	 	Income 	Expense	 	
3 
4 	
Thiruvananthapuram	 	1238016.18	 	501300.00	
1847855.18	 	993000.00	
890817.49	 	432200.00	
274197.98	 	106422.00	
3367362.29	 	962050.00	
2602646.35	 	1477625.00	
1632336.71	 	702205.00	
940638.80	 	407890.00	
59932707.47	 	981850.00	
2761016.41	 	2161190.00	
862833.74	 	308929.00	
1590340.07	 	755500.00	
2563853.58	 	533528.00	
80504622.25	 	10323689.00	
 
 
 	
 	 	
167.78	2405.31	1125.02	930.13	532.75	
58950.86	
599.83	
Net income of control plot in rupees	
 
 	Net Income 	
5 	
501300.00	 	736716.18	 	
993000.00	 	854855.18	 	
432200.00	 	458617.49	 	
106422.00	 	167775.98	 	
962050.00	 	2405312.29	 	
1477625.00	 	1125021.35	 	
702205.00	 	930131.71	 	
407890.00	 	532748.80	 	
981850.00	 	58950857.47	 	
2161190.00	 	599826.41	 	
308929.00	 	553904.74	 	
755500.00	 	834840.07	 	
533528.00	 	2030325.58	 	
10323689.00	 	70180933.25	 
 	
553.90474	834.84	2030.33

46 
  Table 11 - Income per acre before and after soil conservation programme 	
(Income in Rs.) 	
 
Sl. 
No   
District Name  Before SC work 
After SC work 	
Area in 
acre 	
Net Income 	
(Rs) 	
Net 
Income 
per 	
acre(Rs) 	
Area in 
acre 	
NetIncome(Rs) 	Net 
Income 
per acre 	
1 2 
3 4  5  6  7 8 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram	 	40.050	 	7480488.58	 	186778.74	 	41.690 	3999675.37	 	95938.48	 	
2 Kollam 
55.590	 	8151782.92	 	146641.18	 	54.870 	2589303.05	 	47189.78	 	
3 	Pathanamthitta 	57.840	 	3252960.53	 	56240.67	 	57.840 	2287809.58	 	39554.11	 	
4 Alappuzha 
187.720	 	2835022.56	 	15102.40	 	187.040 	5117763.18	 	27361.86	 	
5 	Kottayam 	173.750	 	29756987.27	 	171263.24	 	173.740 	11735004.93	 	67543.48	 	
6 Idukki 
189.516	 	6993169.96	 	36900.16	 	190.099 	9280710.09	 	48820.40	 	
7 	Eranakulam 	113.250	 	7655193.82	 	67595.53	 	113.250 	5484068.11	 	48424.44	 	
8 Thrissur 
130.040	 	1856971.71	 	14280.00	 	130.040 	3749830.03	 	28835.97	 	
9 	Palakkad 	277.820	 	27306257.47	 	98287.59	 	278.330 	16796222.24	 	60346.43	 	
10 Malappuram  315.910	 	9094365.45	 	28787.84	 	312.530 	3020963.60	 	9666.16	 	
11 	Kozhikkode 	153.350	 	3133506.86	 	20433.69	 	153.320 	1027041.65	 	6698.68	 	
12 Kannur 
223.860	 	7383902.30	 	32984.46	 	224.260 	6750616.04	 	30101.74	 	
13 	Kasaragod 	280.040	 	25360050.70	 	90558.67	 	280.040 	36339524.51	 	129765.48	 	
Total 2198.736	 	140260660.13	 	63791.50	 	2197.049  108178532.38  49238.11

0.00	
Thiruvananthapuram	
Kollam
Pathanamthitta	
Alappuzha
Kottayam	
Idukki	
Ernakulam Thrissur
Palakkad
Malappuram Kozhikode	
Kannur
Kasargod	
9666.155569
6698.680211	
Net income per acre Before and After SC Work
After  SC Work Net Income per Acre(Rs)	
47 	
50000.00
100000.00 150000.00	
146641.18	
56240.67
15102.40 36900.16
67595.53
14280.00
98287.59
28787.84
20433.69
32984.46
90558.67
95938.48333
47189.77675
39554.10754
27361.86473
67543.48411
48820.40458
48424.44247
28835.97378
60346.43136	
9666.155569
6698.680211	
30101.73923	
129765.4782	
Net income per acre in Rs.	
Net income per acre Before and After SC Work
After  SC Work Net Income per Acre(Rs)	Before SC Work Net Income per Acre(Rs)	
 	
200000.00186778.74	
146641.18	
171263.24	
129765.4782	
Net income per acre Before and After SC Work	
Before SC Work Net Income per Acre(Rs)

48 
  Table 11(A) - Income per Acre in the Control Plots 
Sl No.  Name of District  Area in acre  Net Income (Rs)  Net Income per Acre (Rs) 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram 
7.740	 	736716.18	 	95182.97	 	
2 	Kollam 	15.880	 	854855.18	 	53832	 	
3 Pathanamthitta 
13.100	 	458617.49	 	35008.97	 	
4 	Alappuzha 	6.390	 	167775.98	 	26256.02	 	
5 Kottayam 
38.160	 	2405312.29	 	63032.29	 	
6 	Idukki 	34.850	 	1125021.35	 	32281.82	 	
7 Ernakulam 
19.530	 	930131.71	 	47625.79	 	
8 	Thrissur 	24.680	 	532748.80	 	21586.26	 	
9 Palakkad 
35.200	 	58950857.47	 	1674740.26	 	
10 	Malappuram 	65.830	 	599826.41	 	9111.75	 	
11 Kozhikode 
30.600	 	553904.74	 	18101.46	 	
12 	Kannur 	40.380	 	834840.07	 	20674.59	 	
13 Kasargod 
19.770	 	2030325.58	 	102697.3	 	
State 	352.110	 	70180933.25	 	199315.36	 	
  
   	
 
 
 	
7.740	15.880	13.100	6.390	
38.160	34.850	
19.530	
24.680	35.200	
65.830	
30.600	
40.380	
19.770	
0.000
10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000	
District wise area in Acres for control plots	
95182.97	53832	35008.97	26256.02	63032.29	32281.82	47625.79	21586.26	
1674740.26	
9111.75	18101.46	20674.59	102697.3	
District wise Net Income per acre in control plots

49 
  CHAPTER III 
3.1  General Observations 
During  the  survey  period  the  staffs  of  this  department  has  visited  all  the  beneficiary 
plots.Table-1The  distribution  of  holdings  of  the  selected  beneficiaries  of  the  soil  conservation 
programmes  reveals  that  48.37%  of  the  beneficiary  holding  belongs  toless  than  one  acre, 
36.68%have holding area between one acre to 3 acres.And above 3 acre were 9.54%and up to 5 
acres were5.41%respectively. 
The  opinion  of  selected  beneficiaries  is  collected.Out  of  this29%  of  the  beneficiaries 
reported  that  contour  bunds  effectively  controlled  soil  erosion  while  about  71%rests  in  the 
opinion that it moderately controlled soil erosion. 
About  the  fertility  of  the  soil11%  are  of  the  view  that  the  conservation  measures  have 
improved  the  fertility  of  the  soil  remarkably  while89%reported  that  the  fertility  of  the  soil  has 
improved moderately.No one mention thatit has no effect on the fertility of the soil. 
Similarly regarding the moisture retention 9% reported that the scheme has substantially 
controlled  moisture  retention  while91%  reported  that  the  scheme  can  cause  moisture  retention 
moderately only 
Table 12  
Opinion of Cultivators About of Effectiveness of Bunds, Fertility of the Soil and Moisture Retention of  Scheme Area 	
Sl 
No. 	Name of District 	
Effectiveness of 
Contour Bunds 	Fertility of Soil 	Moisture Retention 	 	
Effectively 
Controlled 
Moderately  Controlled 
No effect 
Remarkably  Controlled 
Moderately  Controlled 
No effect 
Substantially  Controlled 
Moderately  Controlled 
No effect 	
Total 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	8 	9 	10 	11 	12 	
1 Thiruvananthapuram  2  123  0  0  125  0  0  125  0  125 
2 	Kollam 	67 	56 	2 	6 	119 	0 	2 	122 	1 	125 	
3 Pathanamthitta 
0  125  0  0  125  0  0  125  0  125 
4 	Alappuzha 	5 	120 	0 	2 	123 	0 	3 	122 	0 	125 	
5 Kottayam 
3  122  0  3  122  0  0  125  0  125 
6 	Idukki 	108 	17 	0 	1 	124 	0 	1 	124 	0 	125 	
7 Eranakulam 
54  71  0  55  70  0  55  70  0  125 
8 	Thrissur 	0 	124 	1 	0 	125 	0 	0 	125 	0 	125 	
9 Palakkad 
107  18  0  59  66  0  46  79  0  125 
10 	Malappuram 	34 	91 	0 	1 	124 	0 	0 	124 	1 	125 	
11 Kozhikkode 
4  121  0  0  125  0  0  125  0  125 
12 	Kannoor 	2 	123 	0 	0 	125 	0 	0 	125 	0 	125 	
13 Kasaragod 
78  47  0  49  76  0  42  83  0  125 	
State 	464 	1158 	3 	176 	1449 	0 	149 	1474 	2 	1625

50 
  Table 13 
 Conditions of Bunds  (Scheme Area) 	
Sl.No  District 
Good  Partially  
damaged  Seriously 
damaged  Total 
1 
2 
3 4  5 6 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	122	 	3 	0 	125	 	
2 Kollam 
95	 	28	 	2 	125	 	
3 	Pathanamthitta 	124	 	1 	0 	125	 	
4 Alappuzha 
28	 	50	 	47	 	125	 	
5 	Kottayam 	125	 	0 	0 	125	 	
6 Idukki 
89	 	36	 	0 	125	 	
7 	Eranakulam 	11	 	114	 	0 	125	 	
8 Thrissur 
93	 	32	 	0 	125	 	
9 	Palakkad 	124	 	1 	0 	125	 	
10 Malappuram 
99	 	22	 	4 	125	 	
11 	Kozhikkode 	121	 	4 	0 	125	 	
12 Kannoor 
121	 	4 	0 	125	 	
13 	Kasaragod 	83	 	42	 	0 	125	 	
State 1235	 	337	 	53	 	1625

51 
  Occupational Profile 
The  occupational  profile  of  the  selected  beneficiaries  reveals  that33%  are  engaged  in 
agriculturejob,  42%are  accounted  as  non-agriculture15%agricultural  labourers  and10%are 
categorized as non-agricultural labourers.Details are presented in Table No. 14 and 14 (a). 
 
  Table 14 
Occupational Profile 
(Scheme Area)  	
Sl.	 	
No	 	
Name of District 	
 	
Occupation 	
Agriculture	 	Non-  
Agriculture  Agricultural-  
Labours  Non- Agri. 	 	
Labours Total 	
1 	2 	3 	3 	4 	5 	6 	
1 
Thiruvananthapuram 
10	 	57	 	18	 	40	 	125	 	
2 	Kollam 	78	 	11	 	20	 	16	 	125	 	
3 Pathanamthitta 
0	 	125	 	0 	0 	125	 	
4 	Alappuzha 	22	 	84	 	18	 	1 	125	 	
5 Kottayam 
54	 	30	 	7 	34	 	125	 	
6 	Idukki 	22	 	62	 	29	 	12	 	125	 	
7 Eranakulam 
59	 	21	 	35	 	10	 	125	 	
8 	Thrissur 	36	 	89	 	0 	0 	125	 	
9 Palakkad 
68	 	27	 	21	 	9 	125	 	
10 	Malappuram 	19	 	101	 	4 	1 	125	 	
11 Kozhikkode 
38	 	48	 	23	 	16	 	125	 	
12 	Kannoor 	46	 	6 	55	 	18	 	125	 	
13 Kasaragod 
92	 	19	 	14	 	0 	125	 	
State Total 	544	 	680	 	244	 	157	 	1625	 	 
 
 
  
Table 14(a) 
Occupational Profile ( Control Plots )  
Sl 
No. 	
Name of District 	Occupation 	
Agriculture  Non- Agriculture  Agricultural- 
Labours Non- Agri. 
Labours  Total 	
1 	2 	3 	4 	5 	6 	7 	
1 
Thiruvananthapuram  2 
14 3 6  25 
2 	Kollam 	15 	4 	2 	4 	25 	
3 Pathanamthitta 
25 0  0 0  25 
4 	Alappuzha 	0 	17 	5 	3 	25 	
5 Kottayam 
12 7  3 3  25 
6 	Idukki 	9 	9 	3 	4 	25 	
7 Eranakulam 
7 11  3 4  25 
8 	Thrissur 	14 	11 	0 	0 	25 	
9 Palakkad 
12 5  4 4  25 
10 	Malappuram 	5 	18 	2 	0 	25 	
11 Kozhikkode 
5 6  9 5  25 
12 	Kannoor 	15 	1 	8 	1 	25 	
13 Kasaragod 
14 2  4 0  20 	
State Total 	135 	105 	46 	34 	320

52 
  Conditions of Bund 
While  examining  the  condition  of  bund  the  study  revealed  that76%  of  beneficiaries 
opinion  is  Bunds  are  in  good  condition,  opinion  of  21%are  partially  damaged  and  that  of  3%is 
seriously damaged.District wise statement is given in Table No. 13. 
Summary of Findings  
  The  data  furnished  in  this  report  are  collected  through  the  Evaluation  study  on 
soil  conservation  programmes  conducted  during  2016-2017.The  entire  districts  except 
Wayanadwere  covered  in  this  study.The  methodology  of  this  study  was  stratified  sampling 
method  on  the  basis  of  the  area  of  the  holding.For  the  study  purpose  schemes  implemented  by 
the  Soil  Conservation  Department  and  other  Local  Self  Government  were  included.For  the 
purpose  of  comparison  control  plots  are  also  selected  from  the  scheme  area  where  the  soil 
conservation  works  are  not  carried  out  under  any  scheme.In  the  light  of  the  present  study,  an 
attempt  is  made for  the cost  benefit  analysis  with  the  collected  data.Several  benefits  flow  from 
the  soil  conservation  programme  implementation.Some  of  the  findings  of  the  study  are  given 
below: 
One  important  finding  of  this  study  is  that  the  concept  of  watershed  management  has 
been  well  recognized  in  the  scheme  area.  Watershed  management  implies  the  wise  use  of  soil, 
water  and  bio-resources  in  a  watershed  to  obtain  optimum  production  with  minimum 
disturbance to the environment.Through this water and soil can be conserved since both of them 
are  interdependent.The  overall  objective  of  watershed  programme  includes  recognition  of 
watershed as a basic unit for judicious utilization and development of all lands.The land is to be 
treated  according  to  the  capability  and  requirement  by  adopting  suitable  methods  that  will 
control soil erosion, conserve water, improve farm income, control flood and droughts, etc. 
There  are  a  number  of  direct  and  indirect  outcome  of  the  project  that  can  be  associated 
with  the  impact  of  watershed  development  project.These  include  raising  rain  fed  agricultural 
productivity changes in land use pattern, etc. 
For the study purpose 48 schemes were selected.The total number of beneficiaries comes 
to2521. Out of this 1625 number of beneficiaries were selected for the detailed study. Land use 
particulars  of  beneficiary  plots  reveals  only  few  districts  have  slight  increase  in  area  .Other 
districts shows no change in area or negative increaseinarea.  Finally the study reveals that 1.61 
acres of land become uncultivated area. 
There  is  an  increasing  awareness  of  the importance  of the  soil  conservation  programme 
especially  watershed  management  programme  among  the  people  in  the  scheme  area.  Besides 
Soil  Conservation  Department,  Local  Self  Government  implementing  various  programmes  in 
this  direction.WGDP,  RIDF,  TSP  programmes  are  included  for  the  study.Tribal  colonies  also 
enjoyed benefits.

53 
  Income and Expenditure 
The particulars relating to income and expenditure of beneficiary plots reveals that after 
implementation of SC programme net income of the beneficiaries of the scheme area decreased 
to23%.  Theproduction  increasedbut  decreased  the  price  of  rubber  and  cardamom  badly  affect 
the  income  .Price  of  Pepper,Aracanut,Jack,Mango  and  Coconut  raised.  Due  to  this,certain 
districts shows increase in income.It is estimated that the percentage decreaseof net income per 
acre in beneficiary plots of the scheme area as 23%. 
Analysis  of  data  collected  from  the  beneficiary  and  control  plots  reveals  that  the  net 
income  per  acre,  received  from  the  beneficiary  plot  is  Rs.49238/-  and  from  the  control  plot 
isRs.199315.36/-The  district  wise  details  are  presented  in  Table  No.  11  and  11  (a).Net  income 
increased  only  in  four  districtsAlappuzha,Idukki,  ThrissurandKasargod.Most  of  the  Districts 
showsdeflatedincome.Among  these districts 
Thiruvananthapuram,Kollam,Kottayam,PalakkadandKozhikodeshows  remarkable  decrease. 
Table 10reveals that expenditureincreased 27%but the net income decreased23%. 
Table 15 
Cropping Intensity in Scheme Area 	
(Area in Acres) 	
Sl No.   
  District 
 
  Net Area Cultivated  Total Gross Area 
Cropped Intensity of Cropping 
(%) 	
Before 
SC Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before 
SC Work 	
After SC 
Work 	
Before SC 	
Work 	
After 
SC 
Work	 	
1  2 
3  4  5  6  7  8 
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	40.05	 	41.69	 	63.715	 	65.616	 	159.09 	157.39 	
2 Kollam 
55.59	 	54.87	 	59.230	 	70.262	 	106.55  128.05	 	
3 	Pathanamthitta 	57.84	 	57.84	 	66.191	 	65.772	 	114.44 	113.71	 	
4 Alappuzha 
187.72	 	187.04	 	189.432	 	189.815	 	100.91  101.48	 	
5 	Kottayam 	173.75	 	173.74	 	162.762	 	163.473	 	93.68 	94.09	 	
6 Idukki 
189.516	 	190.099	 	132.472	 	141.669	 	69.9  74.52	 	
7 	Eranakulam 	113.25	 	113.25	 	115.526	 	114.314	 	102.01 	100.94	 	
8 Thrissur 
130.04	 	130.04	 	130.508	 	135.674	 	100.36  104.33	 	
9 	Palakkad 	277.82	 	278.33	 	642.360	 	643.059	 	231.21 	231.04	 	
10 Malappuram 
315.91	 	312.53	 	253.931	 	247.233	 	80.38  79.11	 	
11 	Kozhikkode 	153.35	 	153.32	 	119.001	 	117.269	 	77.6 	76.49	 	
12 Kannoor 
223.86	 	224.26	 	196.645	 	201.895	 	87.84  90.03	 	
13 	Kasaragod 	280.04	 	280.04	 	248.842	 	268.524	 	88.86 	95.89	 	
State Total 2198.736	 	2197.049	 	2380.615	 	2424.575	 	108.27  110.36

Cropping Intensity 	
Productivity of the land to a certain extent influenced the  cropping pattern  of a locality. 	
Throughthis study, it is seen that, the croppingintensity of the scheme is increasedfrom 
to  110.36%.	Districtwise  data  revealsthat	
cropping  intensity  increased  from  106.55  to  128.05.Idukki  andKasargod  also  shows  positive 
cropping intensity compared to other districts.	
40.05	55.59	57.84	
187.72	
41.69	54.87	57.84	
Net area cultivated before & after SC work	
63.715	59.230	66.191	
189.432	
65.616	70.262	65.772	
Total gross area cropped before & after SC work 	
54 	
Productivity of the land to a certain extent influenced the  cropping pattern  of a locality. 	
Throughthis study, it is seen that, the croppingintensity of the scheme is increasedfrom 	
Districtwise  data  revealsthat	Kollam  has	remarkableincrease  in	
cropping  intensity  increased  from  106.55  to  128.05.Idukki  andKasargod  also  shows  positive 
cropping intensity compared to other districts.	District wise details are presentedin table No.15.	
187.72	173.75	189.516	
113.25	130.04	
277.82	
315.91	
187.04	173.74	190.099	
113.25	130.04	
278.33	
312.53	
Net area cultivated before & after SC work	
Before SC Work	After SC Work	
189.432	162.762	132.472	115.526	130.508	
642.360	
253.931	
189.815	163.473	141.669	114.314	135.674	
643.059	
247.233	
Total gross area cropped before & after SC work 	
Before SC Work	After SC Work	
 
 	
Productivity of the land to a certain extent influenced the  cropping pattern  of a locality. 	
Throughthis study, it is seen that, the croppingintensity of the scheme is increasedfrom 	108.27% 	
remarkableincrease  in	croppingintensity, 	
cropping  intensity  increased  from  106.55  to  128.05.Idukki  andKasargod  also  shows  positive 	
District wise details are presentedin table No.15.	 	
153.35	
223.86	
280.04	
153.32	
224.26	
280.04	
119.001	
196.645	248.842	
117.269	
201.895	
268.524	
Total gross area cropped before & after SC work