Ecostat

INFRASTRUCTURE 
STATISTICS OF KERALA 	
2012-13   
 
 
 	
Department of Economics  & Statistics, Kerala

P R E F A C E  	
 	
In  Kerala,  the  God’s  own  country ,  the  periodicity  of  generation  of  data  on  the 
suggested  indicator  is  either  annual  or  it  depends  on  the  frequ ency  of  related 
survey/records. Since the data corresponding to the year of rev iew are not available, 
the  latest  figures  of  year  under   reference  have  been  collected  and  consolidated  to 
prepare  this  report.  This  report  provides  a  single  comprehensiv e  source  of 
infrastructure  statistics  for  measure  of  transport,  energy,  com munications  and  water 
infrastructure,  Comprehensive  and  reliable  statistics  on  the  in frastructure  sectors 
would  play  a  prime  role  for  the  policy  makers  to  determine  infr astructure  priorities, 
track progres on infrastructu re development, benchmark performa nce against peers, 
and  evaluate  the  impact  of  past  in vestments.  This  report  presents  an  overview  of 
infrastructure statistics requirement of the State of Kerala. 
  This  publication  will  help  readers  gain  interesting  insight  in   respect  of  the 
infrastructure statistics development for the State of Kerala.  I express my deep gratitude to all  the data source agencies for their active co-
operation,  contributio n  and  willing  support  extended  without  wh ich  it  would  have  not 
been possible to this department to  bring out the publication in time and in its present 
form.  This  document  has  taken  shape  and  come  out  due  to  the  efforts  of  I&ES 
Division  under  the  guidance  and  supervision  of  Sri.  T.Gorkey  Jo se,  Additional 
Director General. I would like to place my due record of apprec iation to the officers in 
the  I&  ES  Division  for  the  st renuous  effort  for  the  collection  of  data,  analysis  and 
computerization of the report made by them. 
Suggestions,  if  any,  to  improve  t he  quality,  contents  and  presentation  of  this 
publication are most welcome. 	
 
 
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM  
V .RAMACHANDRAN 
2-3-2015  DIRECTOR GENERAL

C O N T E N T 	
TABLE NO.  DESCRIPTIVE Item 
PAGE 
NO 	
1. I	NTRODUCTION	  1 	
2. T	RANSPORT	  	
2.1  Length of roads in Kerala (in kms)  11 
2.2 Growth of Transport & Communication system in Kerala from 
2011 to 2013  11 
2.3  Details of roads (in km) maintained by P.W.D 
12 
2.4 Details of National Highwa
ys with State Public Works 
 Departments  13 
2.5  Abstract Of 
Bridge Register  14 
2.6 Category-wise Growth of Motor v
ehicles in Kerala since 2011 
to 2013  16 
2.7  Vehicles Registered in Kerala 
17 
2.8  Number of Motor vehicl
e having valid registration  18 
2.9 Category wise details of Motor Vehicles involved in Road 
Accidents.  19 
2.10  Infrastructure Det
ails 2011-12 to 2012-13  20 	
W	ATER 	TRANSPORT	 	21 	
2.11 Category Wise Distribution Of Vessels  
Entered The Port During The Year 2011-
12 & 2012-13 22 
2.12  Distribution of Cargo Tr
affic for the year 2012-13  22 
2.13(a)  Performance details  23 
2.13(b) Non-Major ports Cargo handled at Non-Major ports from 2011 
to 2013  24 
2.14  Outlay and Expenditur
e at Non Major Ports  24 
2.15  Imports & Ex
port up to 2011-2013  24

2.16  Commodity wise analysis of Exports 24 	
INLAND 	W	ATER 	TRANSPORT	 	25 	
2.17  Details of State Water Transport Department 
28 	
R	AILWAYS IN 	K	ERALA	 	29 	
2.18  Length of Rail under P
alakkad Division  30 
2.19  No.of Level Crossing 
under Palakkad Division  31 
2.20  Reservation System in Palakkad Division  31 
2.21 Average no: of Trains& Pass
engers running under Palakkad 
Division  31 	
A	IR 	TRANSPORT	 	32 	
2.22 
Details of flights operated by various agencies from 
 Thiruvananthapuram International Airport  33 
2.23  Cochin International Airport Limited 
35 
2.24 Details of flights operated by various agencies from 
 Cochin International Airport  35 
2.25  Details as per financial year 2011-12 & 2012-13 
37 
2.26  International cargo handled 
at Calicut International Airport 38 
2.27 
  Domestic cargo handled at Calic
ut International Airport  38 
2.28  Calicut International Airport Limited 
39 
2.29 
  Details of flight operated by var
ious agencies from Calicut 
International Airport  39 	
3. C	OMMUNICATION	 	 	
3.1 
Analysis Of Expenditure of Ker
ala Postal Circle During the 
year 2012-2013  44 
3.2 
Revenue Achievement of Kerala 
Postal Circle for the Year 
2012-13  44 
3.3  District-wise estimated No. of fixed phones 
46

3.4  District-wise estimated No. of Landline + WLL+ Mobile  47 
3.5 District-wise Teledens
ity per 1000 population 
(Fixedline+WLL+Mobile)  48 
3.6  District-wise estimated No. of Exchanges 
49 	
4. ENERGY	 INFRASTRUCTURE 	 	
4.1  Generation insta
lled capacity (MW)  52 
4.2  Generating Capacity, Maximum Demand and Load Factor  52 
4.3  Generation of Power at 
Different Stations (in MU)  53 
4.4 Power Consumption (in MU) and Revenue Collected in 
 Kerala 2011-12  54 
4.5 
Power Consumption (in MU) and 
Revenue Collected in Kerala 
2012-13  55 
4.6  Category wise Sales of E
nergy in Kerala (in MU)  55 
4.7  Consumers and 
Connected Load  56 
4.8  Growth of power system in Kerala  56 
4.9  Transmission Infrastructure 58 
4.10  Transmission facilities in Kerala  
58 
4.11 Targets and Achievements of dis
tribution Infrastructure 
 During 2011-12  59 
4.12 
Targets and Achievements of dis
tribution Infrastructure 
 During 2012-13  59 
4.13  Transmission & Distribution Lines 
60 
4.14  Generation sales and T&D loss 
60 
4.15  Pump sets Energized and 
Street lights Installed  61 
4.16  .All India Generating Insta
lled Electricity Generation Capacity  61 	
5. 
M	INING AND 	G	EOLOGY	 	 	
5.1  Available Resources for Mineral Industries  64

5.2  Details of Major Mineral Mines in Kerala  66 
5.3  Total area Covered by mining Leases 
66 
5.4  Details of Mining lease in force 67 
5.5 Statement showing number of Mi
ning Leases in the State of 
Kerala (District wise and Mineral –wise)  67 
5.6 
Production of Major Minerals in Kerala 
during 2011-12 & 
2012-13  68 
5.7 
Production of Minor Minerals in Kerala 
during 2011-12 & 
2012-13  68 
5.8 
Revenue collection deta
ils for the years 2011-12 & 
 2012-13  69 
5.9  District-wise Revenue Collection for 2012-13 
69 
5.10  Gem Testing Fee Co
llection from 2012-13  70 
5.11  Details of Mineral concessions
 pertaining to Minor Mineral 71 
5.12  Statement showing number o
f Quarrying permits issued 
during 2011-12 (District  wise and Mineral –wise)  71 
5.13 
Statement showing number of 
Quarrying permits issued 
during 2012-13 (District  wise and Mineral –wise)  72 
5.14  Production details
 of Major Minerals  73 
5.15  Production details of Minor Minerals  73 
5.16  Value details of Major Minerals 74 
5.17  Value details of Minor Minerals 
74 	
6. I	RRIGATION	 	 	
6.1 Storage levels in reservoirs of completed projects in  
Kerala  77 
6.2  Irrigation Projects in Kerala 
78 
6.3  Net Area (in hectares) Irri
gated in Kerala– Source Wise  79 
6.4  Net Area (in hectares) Irrigat
ed in Kerala– District wise & 80

Source Wise 2012-13 	
6.5  Gross Area (in hectares) Irrigated– Crop Wise  81 
6.6  Gross area under irrigat
ion (crop wise) 2012-13  82 
6.7 Distribution of district wise Ar
ea irrigated by different sources 
in 2010-11  83 
6.8 
Distribution of district wise ho
ldings receiving irrigation by 
different sources 2010-11  84 
6.9  Distribution of district wis
e number of wells and tube wells 85 
6.10 Number of wells and tube wells us
ed for irrigation in different 
size classes  86 
6.11  Intensity of Irrigation 
87 
6.12 Percentage of area irrigated from
 different sources of irrigation 
by major size groups  88 	
7. 
G	ROUND 	W	ATER	 	 	
7.1  Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Kerala  91 
7.2  Annual Ground water Recharge 93 
7.3  Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Kerala 
94 
7.4 Variation in Major component
s of Dynamic Ground Water 
Resources of Keral a between 2009 and 2011  95 
7.5 
Additional Annual Potentia
l Recharge under specific  
conditions in Kerala (2011)  97 	
8.	 S	TORAGE	 	 	
8.1  Storage capacities wi
th FCI in the state  100 
8.2  Storage Capac
ity with FCI  101 
8.3 Storage capacity available with the State Government is as 
follows  101 
8.4 
District wise Food grain stor
age capacity, cold storages, 
warehouses and container Depots  102

9. PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 	 	
9.1  Public distribution system of essential commodities  104 
9.2  Allotment of sugar and kero
sene from 2011-12 to 2012-13  104 	
10.D	RINKING 	W	ATER 	S	UPPLY AND 	S	ANITATION	 	 	
10.1 	
District-wise population covered 
by Water Supply Schemes as 
on 31-03-2013 	106 	
10.2 	
District and Category-wise Wa ter Supply Schemes-KWA as 
on 31-03-2012 	108 	
10.3 	
District and Category-wise Water Supply Schemes in 
 operation as  on 31-03-2013 	109 	
10.4 	
District-wise details of water supply connections and 
street taps as on 31-03-2012 	110 	
10.5 	
District-wise details of wat er supply connections and  
street taps a s on 31-03-2013 	111 	
 
10.6 	Receipts of Kerala Water Author ity from various sources from 
2011-12 to 2012-13 	112 	
10.7 	
District Wise & Category  wise number of ongoing water 
supply schemes  during 2012-13 	113 	
10.8 	
Plan & Non Plan Expenditure of Kerala Water Authority From 
2011-12 to 2012-13 	114 	
10.9 	
District wise distribution o f KWA Water Supply Schemes 
Transferred to Local Bodies 	115 	
10.10 	Income from water charges 	116 	
10.11 	Plan scheme Allocation and  Expenditure 2011-12 	118 	
10.12 	Plan scheme Allocation and Exp enditure in Phase II 2012-13 	119 	
SANITATION	 	120 	
10.13 	District- Wise Financial Progress During 2012-13 	126 	
10.14 	District- Wise Physical Progress During 2012-13 	127 	
10.15 	Year wise achievements of Physical Components 	126

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
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1. Introduction 	
Infrastructure Development 
Infrastructure is a key driver of economic growth and its devel opment has the 
potential  to  fuel  the  economy.  Creation  and  maintenance  of  phys ical  infrastructure 
facilities  is  also  a  pre-requisite  to  attract  foreign  funds  and   boost  the  growth  pace. 
Infrastructure is understood as a n important input for industrial and overall economic 
development. However,  without  dependabl e  statistics  on  the  infrastructure  se ctors  it 
is  difficult  for  policy  makers  to  determine  infrastructure  prio rities,  track  progress  on 
infrastructure development, benchmark performance against peers , and evaluate the 
impact  of  past  investments.  The  need  for  comprehensive,  compara ble  and  reliable 
information  on  infrastructure  is  widely  recognized.  The  key  components  of  physical 
infrastructure  viz.power,  roads,  railways,  ports,  airports  and  telecommunications 
were  traditionally  in  the  exclusive  domain  of  the  Government.  A n  over  view  of  some 
of  the  key  infrastructure  facilities  in  the  State  are  indicated   in  the  subsequent 
sections.  Extensive and efficient infrastructure is critical for ensuring the real functioning 
of  the  economy,  as  it  is  an  impor tant  factor  determining  the  location  of  economic 
activity  and  the  kinds  of  activities  or  sectors  that  can  develo p in a particular 
economy.  Poor  infrastructure  impedes  a  nation’s  economic  growth  and  international 
competitiveness.  It  is  a  critical  enabler  for  economic  growth  a nd  contributes 
significantly  to  human  developmen t,  and  the  attainment  of  the  Millennium 
Development Goals (MDG). 
 
Infrastructure Statisti cs - The Core Statistics 	
Infrastructure  forms  the  foundation  on  which  social,  economic  a nd  Industrial 	
Development  is  built.  Kerala  is  among  the  well  performing  states  in  India  and  holds 
an  important  position  in  the  industrial  front.  The  state  holds significant  industrial 
potential owing to good infrastructure facilities like power, transport system, airports,

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port  and  harbours  and  availability  of  rare  materials.  Central  a gencies  like  Railways, 
National  Highways,  Ports,  Post and  Telegraph,  Telecommunication   and  Civil 
Aviation  Authorities  play  a  significant  role  in  providing  infrastructure  facilities. 
Measuring  infrastructure  performance  is  required  for  decision  m aking  purposes  to 
improve  the  availability  and  capa city  of  existing  infrastructure  and  extend  it  in  other 
directions  as  well.  Therefore  to  create  and  manage  good  quality   infrastructure,  we 
need  to  have  some  measures  of  infrastructure.  The  infrastructur e  statistics  are 
although available in dispersed  manner, there is a need to comp ile these statistics in 
a consolidated and comprehensive  way that can be useful for the policy makers and 
researchers.  The  productivity  g rowth  has  been  higher  in  countri es  with  an  adequate 
and  efficient  supply  of  infrastructure  services.  Provision  of  infrastructure  services  to 
meet  the  demands  of  business,  households  and  other  users  is  one  of  the  major 
challenges  of  economic  development.  In  an  increasingly  recogniz ed  world, 
availability  of  good  quality  infras tructure  is  a  crucial  factor  in  attracting  foreign 
investments.  Availability  and  ac cessibility  of  adequate  infrastructure  in  a  country  on 
par with international community  is an indicator of the presence of high quality of life. 
Some of the Infrastructure definitions used are detailed below.  
  Road transport includes the admin istration of affairs concerning the operation, 
use,  construction,  and  maintenan ce  of  road  transport  systems  and  facilities 
(roads,  bridges,  tunnels,  parking  facilities,  bus  terminals,  an d  so  on).  It 
includes  highways,  urban  and  rural  roads,  streets,  bicycle  path s,  and 
footpaths. 
  Railway  transport  includes  the  administration  of  affairs  and  services 
concerning  the  operation,  use,  construction,  or  maintenance  of  railway 
transport  systems  and  facilities  (Railway  roadbeds,  terminals, tunnels, 
bridges,  embankments,  cuttings,  and  so  on).  It  includes  long-li ne  and 
interurban railway transport syst ems; urban rapid transit railway systems, and 
other street railway transport  systems; and the acquisition and maintenance of 
rolling stock. 
   Maritime  transport  includes  the  administration  of  affairs  and   services 
concerning  the  operation,  use,  construction,  and  maintenance  of   inland, 
coastal,  and  ocean  transport  systems  and  facilities  (harbors,  docks,

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navigation  aids  and  equipment,  canals,  bridges,  tunnels,  channe ls, 
breakwaters, piers, wharves, terminals, and so on). 
  Air transport includes the administration of affairs and servi ces concerning the 
operation,  use,  construction,  and  maintenance  of  air  transport  systems  and 
fcilities (airports, runways, terminals, hangars, navigation ai ds and equipment, 
air control amenities, and so on). It also includes radio and satellite nav igation 
aids;  emergency  rescue  services;  scheduled  and  nonscheduled  fre ight  and 
passenger  services;  and  the  regulation  and  control  of  flying  by  private 
individuals. 
  Availability  of  industrial  infrastructure:  Includes  all  the  co mmon  facilities  that 
are  required  to  facilitate  growth   of  industrialization  in  a  region  like  industrial 
parks/ estates/ growth centers . 
   Water  supply  includes  the  admi nistration  of  water  supply  affairs,  the 
assessment  of  future  needs  and  the  determination  of  available  r esources  to 
meet those needs, and the supervisi on and regulation of all facets of portable 
water supply including water pur ity, price, and quality controls. 
   Sanitation  (wastewater  managem ent)  includes  the  administration, 
supervision,  inspection,  operation,  and  support  of  sewerage  sys tems  and 
wastewater  treatment;  Electricit y  (power)  covers  both  traditional  sources  of 
electricity such as thermal or h ydropower supplies and newer so urces such as 
wind  or  solar;  the  administration  of  electricity  affairs  and  se rvices;  the 
construction, development, and ra tionalized exploitation of electricity supplies; 
and  the  supervision  and  regulation  of  the  generation,  transmission,  and 
distribution of electricity; 
 
Infrastructure Statistics Of Kerala - An Overview  Statistics  related  to  infrastructure  are  import ant  in  determining  the  availability 
of  inputs  that  are  crucial  to  a  wide  variety  of  productive  acti vities.  There  may  be 
divergence  of  opinion  whether  infrastructure  should  be  created  inresponse  to 
demand  or  in  anticipation  of  dem and.  There  is  no  denying,  however,  that  its  non-
availability  will  act  as  a  sever e  constraint  on  the  productive  capacities  of  the 
economy.  Statistics  relating  to  various  types  of  infrastructure as well as its

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
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geographic distribution will be important for policy and planni ng purposes, as well as 
in  guiding  investment  decisions.  Data  relating  to  infrastructur e  should  be  complete, 
accurate and up to date. 
 
Composition of Infrastructure Sector	
 
(a) Construction 
(b) Electricity generation , transmission and distribution 
(c) Gas generation and di stribution through pipes 
(d) Water works and supply 
(e) Non-conventional energy  generation and distribution 
(f) Railway tracks, signall ing system and stations 
(g) Roads and bridges, runawa ys and other airport facilities 
(h) Telephone lines and telecommunications network 
(i) Pipelines for water,  crude oil, slurry, etc. 
(j) Waterways 
(k) Port facilities 
(l) Canal networks for irrigation  
(m) Sanitation and sewerage  
Based on these parameters, six sectors have been identified as  infrastructure 
 
These are:  i.  Transport 
ii.  Communication 
iii.  Energy 
iv.  Drinking water supply and sanitation 
v.  Irrigation 
vi.  Storage 
vii. Sanitation Sewerage

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Section A: Transport Infrastructure 
Transport infrastructure facilitates the transportation of peop le and goods  and 
provides  them  access  to  markets,  employment  and  investment  opportunities. 
Transport  infrastructure  is  thus   an  essential  component  of  the  economy.  An  efficient 
transportation  system  can  have  a  multiplier  effect  on  the  econo my  whereas  a 
deficient  transportation  system  can  result  in  economic  loss.  Fo r  efficient  transport 
system,  an  adequate  infrastructure  is  very  important.  With  grow ing  population  there 
is  a  need  to  provide  matching  transport  infrastructure  to  avoid   overcrowding, 
overloading and poor mai ntenance of the available infrastructur e. 
Transportation  can  be  provided  by  various  modes  depending  on  th e  surface 
over  which  one  has  to  travel  –   land  (road,  rail,  and  pipelines) ,  water  (shipping)  and 
air.  Road  transportation:  Road  transportation  is  a  large  consum er  of  space  and  has 
high  maintenance  costs,  both  for  vehicles  and  infrastructures.  Rail  transportation: 
Although  expensive  to  build  rail  transportation  provides  movement  of  people  and 
heavy  loads  to  long  distances.  Heavy  industries  are  linked  by  Rail  transportation. 
Maritime  transportati on:  Maritime  transportation  is  the  most  ef fective  mode  to  move 
large quantities of cargo  over long distances. 
Air  transportation:   Air  transportation  has  unlimited  routes  but  are  constrained  by 
site  for  landing  and  takeoff  of  p lanes,  climate,  fog  and  aerial currents. Air 
transportation  is  especially  useful  in  long  distance  mobility  o f  people  and  has  been 
one of the most important fact ors in the globalisation. 
For  compilation  of  infrastructur e  statistics,  transport  sector has  been  divided 
into  four  sub  sectors  viz.  Roads,  Railways,  Airways  and  Inland  Waterways,  Sea  & 
Coastal Transport.  
 
Section B: Communicat ion Infrastructure 
Communication  is  an  important  part  of  economic  development.  It  facilitates 
exchange  of  commercial  activities  and  integrates  the  nation  economically  and 
socially.  Communication  system  connects  a  place  to  rest  of  the  world  and  provides 
facilities  to  trade  both  nationally  and  internationally.  Teleco mmunication  and  posts 
are the two main constituent s of communication system.

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Postal  communication:  Postal  communication  system  had  been  the  main  method 
of  communication  in  India  for  nearly  a  century  and  half.  It  is  viewed  as  the  most 
dependable  means  of  written  communi cation.  Postal  services  have  provided  other 
services as well in addition to  delivery of letters. These are: 
• Delivery of le tter and other mail 
• Savings Bank operations 
• Money transfer 
• Provision of Life Insurance 
It is used as the most reliable means of sending money through money orders 
and  for  delivering  articles  of  value.  The  banking  services  prov ided  by  Post  Offices 
attract  a  large  number  of  people  both  from  rural  and  urban  areas  due  to  easy 
accessibility and wide network of post offices. 
Telecommunication:   Telecommunication  is  one  of  the  prime  support  services 
needed  for  rapid  growth  and  modernization  of  various  sectors  of   the  economy. 
Telecommunication  has  helped  to  build  global  business  empires.  Information  tools 
such  as  telephones,  personal  computers  and  the  internet  are  inc reasingly  critical  to 
economic  success  and  personal  advancement.  All  these  help  to  en courage 
economic  growth.  Furthermore,  a  reliable  telecommunications  network  can  improve 
the  productivity  and  efficiency  of  other  sectors  of  the  economy   and  enhance  the 
quality of life. 
 
Section C: Energy Infrastructure  Energy  is  an  important  factor  of   economic  development  of  a  nati on  as  it  is 
required  to  meet  the  demands  of  industry,  commerce  and  domestic   users.  Growing 
economies  like  India  need  to  have  stable  and  sustainable  sources  of  energy  supply 
as  it  is  an  important  input  in  th e  production  process.  Indirectly,  it  also  affects  the 
health and education system of the country. Affordable energy d irectly contributes to 
reducing  poverty,  increasing  pr oductivity  and  improving  quality   of  life.  An  efficient 
energy system provides better opportunities for industries and  production processes. 
The  most  visible  form  of  energy ,  which  is  often  identified  with  progress  in  modern 
civilization,  is  power,  commonly  called  electricity.  It  is  a  critical  component  of 
infrastructure  that  determines  t he  economic  development  of  a  co untry.  To  increase

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
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the  availability  of  electricity,  Kerala  has  adopted  thermal  and   hydel  resources.  In 
addition  to  that,  Kerala  state  is  endowed  with  a  number  of  mine ral  deposits  and 
hence mining has its own significance. 
 
Section D: Irrigation Infrastructure 
Irrigation  is  an  essential  component  of  agriculture  in  India  as   the  rains  occur 
only  for  three  to  four  months.  During  rest  of  the  year  irrigati on  is  the  only  source  of 
water  for  agriculture.  Access  to   good  irrigation  allows  people to  increase  their 
productivity.  They  can  also  diversify  to  other  crops.  Irrigatio n  reduces  the 
vulnerability  of  farmers  to  unpredicted  rains  and  other  externa l  shocks,  thus 
enhancing  their  chances  of  higher  productivity  and  better  incom es.  Availability  of 
irrigation  facilities  encourage  farmers  to  switch  from  low  valu e  subsistence 
production  to  high  valued  market   oriented  production.  They  can substitute  low 
yielding crops with high yielding and more profitable crops. Ir rigation through canals, 
wells  and  other  sources  is  cons idered  as  a  catalyst  of  economic   development  of  a 
country. 
 
Section E: Storage Infrastructure 
Storage  of  goods  is  of  vital  impor tance  not  only  in  the  agriculture  sector  but 
also  in  the  industrial  sector.  In  the  primary  sector  that  is  ag riculture,  storage  is 
necessary  at  the  farm  and  fields  level;  in  the  secondary  sector  that is industry, 
storage  is  essential  at  the  proc essing  and  manufacturing  level  and  in  the  tertiary 
level  it  is  inevitable  for  the  domestic,  import  and  export  trad e.  The  necessity  for 
storage arises primarily because  of lack of adjustment between the time and place of 
production  of  goods  and  time  and  place  of  their  consumption.  Wa rehouses  play  a 
vital  role  in  the  flow  of  goods  from  producers  to  consumers.  It   helps  in  combating 
annual  and  seasonal  fluctuation  in   production  and  prices.  Provision  of  facilities  for 
food grains comes under the purview of Department of Food and Public Distribution. 
   It  has  been  felt  that  infrastructure  being  the  backbone  of  al l  productive 
processes; the statistics on this sector would become a necessi ty sooner or later.The

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
8 
 	
detailed  classification  of  infrastructure  statistics,  relevant definitions  for  each  sub 
sector and available data are  described in the following sectio ns. 
 
Section F: Water Supply And  Sanitation Infrastructure 
   Water  is  a  precious  natural  resource.  Our  connection  to  this  in valuable 
resource  is  clear,  without  water  a   person  could  die  of  dehydration  in  a  matter  of 
days, even hours. But it is its sca rcity which is the cause of concern in today’s time. It 
is  the  most  basic  need  to  sustain  all  forms  of  life  on  earth.  Yet  its  denied  access  is 
the problem with which the worl d is grappling with. Directly or indirectly, it affects the 
economic  position  of  the  country  and  hence  an  important  baromet er  of  a  country’s 
condition.  Lack  of  improved  sanitation  facilities  and  unsafe  dr inking  water  sources 
kills  and  sickens  thousands  of  children  every  day  and  leads  to  impoverished  and 
diminished  opportunities  for  thousand’s  more.  Poor  sanitation,  water  and  hygiene 
have  many  other  serious  repercussions.  Women  are  forced  to  spen d  large  part  of 
day  fetching  water,  poor  farmers  and  wage  earners  are  less  prod uctive  due  to 
illness. And hence national economi es are ultimate sufferers. Without WASH (water, 
sanitation and hygiene) sustai nable development is impossible.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
9 
 	
 	
2. TRANSPORT 	
 Connectivity  like  energy  has  a   strong  bearing  on  the  developmen t  of  different 
sectors  of  the  economy.  Connectivi ty  and  overall  development  has  strong 
correlations  through  variety  of  linkages.  First,  the  developmen t  of  this  infrastructure, 
especially rural one, has far reaching implications for poverty  reduction by improving 
income-generating  opportunities.  Second,  it  raises  agricultural   production  through 
diffusion  of  technology  and  corresponding  reduction  in  prices,  and  thirdly  the 
connectivity  is  essential  ramification  for  tourism  sector.  As  s uch,  efficient  transport 
and  communication  system  are  the  lifelines  of  National  economy.   A  dense  and 
efficient  network  of  connectivity  and  communication  is  the  pre- requisite  for  local, 
National and Global trade of today.    
Transport sector plays a pivotal role in the overall developmen t of the country 
which  enables  social  and  cult ure  and  trade  development  between  countries. 
Transport  infrastructure  is  the  backbone  of  a  nation’s  economy  Transport 
infrastructure  facilitates  the  transportation  of  people  and  goo ds  and  provides  them 
access  to  markets,  employment  and  investment  opportunities.  An  efficient 
transportation  system  can  have  a  multiplier  effect  on  the  econo my whereas a 
deficient  transportation  system  can  result  in  economic  loss.  Fo r  efficient  transport 
system,  an  adequate  infrastructure  is  very  important.  With  grow ing  population  there 
is  a  need  to  provide  matching  transport  infrastructure  to  avoid   overcrowding, 
overloading and poor mai ntenance of the available infrastructur e. 
 
Transport  infrastructure  consists  of  fixed  installation  such  as   roads,  railways, 
airways,  canals,  pipelines  and  terminals.  Kerala  had  over  the  y ears  developed  a 
good  infrastructure.  For  compilation  of  infrastructure  statistics,  transport  sector  has 
been  divided  into  four  sub  sectors  viz.  Roads,  Railways,  Inland   Waterways,  Sea  & 
Coastal  Transport  and  Airways.  The  major  development  indicators   of  Transport  and 
Communication sector in the Stat e from 2011 to 2013 are given in Table 1.2

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
10 
 
 
 
Road Transport 
 	
The  socio-economic  development  of  an  area  is  directly  linked  to  a better 
communication network particularly the road connectivity in tha t area. Of the various 
modes  of  transport,  Road  Transport  is  vital  to  economic  development,  trade  and 
social upgradation. Road transporta tion is the large consumer of space and has high 
maintenance  costs,  both  for  vehicles  and  infrastructures.  They  are  mainly  linked  to 
light  industries  where  small  bat ches  of  freight  are  required  to  be  transported.  They 
are useful for everyday movement of people to their workplaces  or to meet everyday 
needs.  For  efficient  road  transportation  we  need  good  quality  r oads  with  proper 
signage  and  traffic  r egulation.Almost  all  th e  urban  centres  in the  State  are  nodal 
points  in  road  network.,  The  different  categories  of  roads  are  Rural  roads,  Urban 
roads,  project  roads  Highways,  N ational  Highway,  State  Highway,Muncipal 
roads,Railway roads, Major port roads, Others. There are 9 National Highways in the 
state-  NH  66,  NH  966A  ,NH  966B  ,NH  85,  NH  544,  NH  744,  NH  766,  NH  966  and 
NH183.The National Higway net work is of length 1618.240 Kms. 
 
KSRTC  is  the  largest  single  Public  sector  undertaking,  which  ca rries  out 
transport  operations  in  the  Stat e.  Road  transport  acts  as  the  feeder  service  to  the 
rail,  air  and  Inland  water  transport.  The  vehicle  density  of  th e  state  is  very  high 
compared  to  many  other  states  in  India.  The  tremendous  increase  in the volume of 
road  traffic  in  recent  years  has  caused  increase  of  road  accide nts.  Government  of 
Kerala  and  police  have  taken  seve ral  initiatives  to  enforce  road  discipline  and  rules 
and  programmes  to  address  the  alarming  issues  of  increasing  road  accidents  by 
coordinating all stakeholders.    
The  State  road  includes  4341.651  Kms.  of  State  Highways  and  27470.455  of 
Major District Roads.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
11 
 	
 
 
 
 	
2.1 Length of roads in Kerala (in kms) 2012 - 2013 	
Sl. No.  Type of roads   31-03-2012  31-03-2013 	
1.  State Highways  4341.651 4341.651 
2.  Major District Roads  27470.455  27470.455 
3.  Other District Roads  0 0 
4.  Village Roads  0 0 
 Total  31812.106  31812.106 	
Source: PWD Roads & Bridges Wing 	
 	
2.2 Growth of Transport & Communication System in Kerala  
2011 -12 & 2012 -13 	
Sl. 
No  Item  Unit  2011  2012  2013 
1 Road 
Length(PWD)  Km  23241.709  31811.601  31811.601 
2  Motor Vehicles 
No  6072019  6870354  8048673 
3  Buses ownwd by KSRTC  No  5741  5803  5812 
4  Railway Route Length Km  1257  1257  1257 
5 Flights operated(both 
domestic and International) 
No  73208  82010  66122 
6 Boats/Jhankars operated by 
SWTD  No  92  95  95 
7  Route Distance by SWTD  Km  6890  6890  6890 
8  Post Offices 
No  5067  5068  5064 
9  Telephone Exchanges No  1245  1245  1266 
10  Public Call Offices  No  95193  95193  95193 	
Source: Economic Review

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
12 
 	
 
 
 
 
Analysing  the  PWD  roads  it  reveals  that  only  6.655  Km  is  cement   concrete, 
30744.39  5Km  is  black  topped  and  447.238  Km  water  bound  macadam.  The  black 
topped surface contributes 96.6 percentages.  
 	
2.3 Details of roads (in km) maintained by P.W.D 	
2011-12 & 2012 – 2013  (In Kms) 	
 
Type of Road  31-03-2012  31-03-2013 	
Cement Concrete  6.655 6.655 
Black Topped  30744.395 30744.395 	
Water Bound Mecadam  447.238 447.238 	
Others  613.313 613.313 
Total 	31811.601 31811.601 	
Source: Economic Review

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
13 
 
2.4 Details of National Highw
ays with State Public Works 
 Departments 2012-13 
 	
District  NH No  Chainage 
Length in 
Km  Total 
length   	Existing  New  From  To 	
Kasaragod  NH17  NH66  18.050  104.000 85.950  85.950 
Kannur  NH17  NH66  104.00  184.600 80.600  80.600 
Mahi  NH17  NH66  184.600 186.105 1.505  1.505 
Wayanad  NH 212  NH766  57.00  117.600 60.600  60.600 
 
Kozhikode NH17  NH66  186.105
263.444
  77.339   	NH212  NH766  0.00  57.000  57.000  157.339 
NH17calicut 
Bypass  NH 66  5.100  28.100  23.000   	
Malappuram NH17  NH66  263.444 349.600 86.156   	NH213  NH966  15.656  87.000  71.344  157.500 	
Thrissur NH17  NH66  349.600 413.000 63.400   	NH47 
NH544  250.000 342.000 92.000  155.4 	
Ernakulam NH17  NH66  413.000 438.827 25.827   	
NH47 
NH66  342.000 358.760 16.760   
NH47C  NH966A  0.000  17.000  17.000  131.487 
NH47A  NH966B  0.000  5.900  5.900   
NH49 NH85  220.610 286.610 66.000   	
Palakkad NH47  NH544  182.000 250.000 68.000  121.96 	
NH213  NH966  87.000  140.960 53.960   	
Idukki NH49  NH85  119.017 220.610 101.593   	NH220  NH183  159.850 215.600 55.750  157.343 	
Kottayam  NH220  NH183  62.000  159.850 97.850  97.850 
Alappuzha  NH47 
NH66  358.760 462.000 103.240  103.240 
Kollam NH47  NH66  462.000 520.400 58.400 
 	
NH208  NH744  0.000  81.250  81.250 
NH220  NH183  0.000  62.000  62.000 
206.200 
NH47Kollam  NH66  8.450  13.000  4.550 	
Thiruvanantha 
puram NH47  NH66  520.400 599.000 78.600  101.266 	
NH47 TVPM 
bypass 
NH66  0.000  22.666  22.666   	
Total 
       1618.240 	
Source: PWD, National Highways

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department
             	
 
  14  
 
2.5 Abstract of Bridge
 Register 2012-13 	
 	Sl. 
No Division  Minor Bridges  Major Bridges 
No of Minor 
Bridges 
(more than 6m &  less than 60m 
length)(2+3+4)  No of Major 
Bridges 
(more than 
60m length)(5+6+7)  Grand 
Total ( 8+9) 	
Good  Bad  Reconsn 
required  Good  Bad  Reconsn 
required 	
 1   2  3 4  5 6 7  8   9   10 	1  Thiruvananthapuram  56  23  1  10  0  0  80 10 90 	2  Kollam  91  10  0  19  0  0  101 19 120 	3  Alappuzha  106  26  2  19  2  0  134 21 155 	4  Pathanamthitta  52  0  0  11  0  0  52 11 63 	5  Kottayam  167  16  4  19  3  0  187 22 209 	6  Idukki  67  23  1  11  0  0  91 11 102 	7  Muvattupuzha  103  7  0  13  1  1  110 15 125 	8  Ernakulam  28  8  2  19  4  1  38 24 62 	9  Thrissur  108  7  4  15  1  1  119 17 136 	10  Palakkad  78  8  25  25  1  5  111 31 142 	11  Manjeri  19  5  0  30  1  1  24 32 56 	12  Kozhikode  45  12  6  18  0  0  63 18 81 	13  Vadakara Churam  6  1  0  0  0  0  7 0 7 	14  Wayanad  28  19  6  4  0  0  53 4 57 	15  Kannur  85  12  7  29  6  0  104 37 141 	16  Kasaragode  36  3  0  24  4  2  39 28 67 	 
Total  1075  180  58  266   23  11  1313  300  1613 	
 Source: Roads & Bridges

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  15  
 	
Motor Vehicles Department  	
 Motor Vehicles Department is one of the major revenue earning d epartments 
of  the  Kerala  State.  Towards  t he  administration  and  enforcement   of  Motor  Vehicle 
Laws,  Collection  of  tax  on  Moto r  Vehicles  under  various  categories,  registration  of 
vehicles,  licensing  of  drivers  and  regulation  of  use  of  motor  v ehicles  in  the  State  in 
accordance  with  the  powers  conf erred  on  the  Department  and  has  achieved 
remarkable achievements. The number of motor vehicles having va lid registration as 
on  31.3.2012  and  31.03.2013  are  68703 54  and  8048673  respectively.  The  District 
wise and category wise details of motor vehicles having valid r egistration for the year 
2012 - 13 is given in Table.1.8. T he number of newly registered vehicles for the year 
2012-13 is 8048673. In Kerala, Idukki has the lowest registered  vehicles followed by 
Kannur.The highest vehicle population is registered in Ernakula m district followed by 
Thiruvananthapuram  .The  category  wise  growth  of  Motor  vehicles  in  Kerala  from 
2012 to 2013 is given in the Table1.6  	
 
Trends of Road Accidents in Kerala 	
Tremendous increase in the volume  of road traffic in recent years has caused 
increase  of  road  accidents.  As  v ehicle  population  increases  road  accidents  also 
increases.  It  is  also  observed  that  97.7  percent  of  the  accidents  occurred  due  to  the 
rash  driving  of  motor  vehicles .  Category  wise  details  of  Motor  vehicle  involved  in 
road accidents are  given in Table1.9.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  16  
 
2.6 Category-wise Growth of Motor vehicles in Kerala 
2011 -12 & 2012 - 13 
 	
  Source: Transport Commissionrate 
 	
Sl 
No  Type of vehicles  2011-12  2012-13 
1 
Goods Vehicles 
  Four wheelers and above  322450  354296 
  Three wheelers including 
tempos  128452  206901 
2 
Buses 
  Stage carriages  26272 34161 
  Contract carriages/ Omni 
buses  124290  137731 
3 
Cars And Station Wagons 
  Cars  1226691  1358728 
  Station wagons    
  Taxi Cars  175638  128250 
  Jeeps  73700 74167 
4 
Three Wheelers 
  Auto rickshaws  575763  602547 
   Cycle Rickshaws  0 0 
5 
Two Wheelers 
 Motorised cycles  0  0 
 
Scooters/ Motor cycles  4127227  5041495 
  Tractors 
13740 14183 
  Tillers  5399 5399 	
 
Trailors  2407  2744 
 
Others  68325  88071 
 
Total  6870354  8048673

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  17  
 
2.7 Vehicles Registered in Kerala 2011-12 & 2012-13 
 	
Sl .No  Type of Vehicl
e  31.03.2012  31.03.2013 	
1. 
Goods Vehicles 
 Four wheelers and above 
322450354296
 Three wheelers including tempos
128452206901
2.  Buses 
 Stage carriages 
2627234161
 Contract carriages/ Omni buses 
124290137731
3.  Four wheelers 
 Cars 
12266911358728
 Station wagons 
175638128250
 Taxi Cars 
7370074167
4. Jeeps 
 
Auto rickshaws 
 575763  602547 
  Cycle Rickshaws 
0 0 
5.  Two wheelers 
 Motorised cycles 
4127227 5041495
6. Scooters/ Motor cycles 
 Tractors 
13740 14183	
 Tillers 
5399 5399
 Trailors 
2407 2744
 Others 
68325 88071
 TOTAL   6870354  8048673
 Source: Economic Review

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department
             	
 
  18  
 	
2.8 Number of Motor 
vehicles
 having valid registration 2012-13 	
District Goods Vehicle  Buses 
Four  
Whelers     Three 
Wheelers  Two 
Wheelers  Tractors/Trailors 
 
Total 	
Four Wheelers  &above 
Three wheelers  including tempos 
Stage 
Carriages 
Contract 
Carriages/ 
Omni buses 
Cars 
Taxis 
Jeeps 
Auto rickshaws 
Motorised cycle  rickshaws 
Motorised c	
ycles 
scooter /Motor  cycles 
Tractors/  Trailors 
Tillers 
Trailers 
Others 	
Thiruvanantha- 
 puram  28335  13188  6243 18940 186545 17218 7172 55848 0  0  620457 450 119 146 16443 971104 	llam  22469  9601  837 8082 110728 9315 4879 52076 0  0  376896 546 260 336 4017 600
042 	thanamthitta 12756  5839  1026 5253 75854 2202 3480 23094 0  0  182652 264 52 292 1904 314668 	appuzha 22752  11704  937 7134 78103 12968 716 23946 0  0  370533 1074 130 282 1661 531940 	ttayam 26326  8026  1681 12509 126965 17143 11130 51489 0  0  290775 755 124 63 4531 551517 	ukki  8875  2700  912 2480 26840 3440 5367 22802 0  0  66074 257 139 18 1593 141497 	nakulam 66221  17963  3235 21407 233988 25305 2124 61994 0  0  777462 1487 1301 156 25397 1238040 	rissu
r 32474  15114  2049 17760 117291 20591 4432 54292 0  0  493789 1136 473 625 3475 763501 	
lakkad  22599  12851  1666 10094 51048 8237 3739 42361 0  0  507358 4786 969 121 4632 670461 	lappuram  32665  76847  3189 19364 102604 1200 9758 82634 0  0  351899 1354 724 314 5639 688191 	zhikode 29084  12653  2517 5613 105207 1533 8003 51283 0  0  345527 370 158 82 8237 570267 	ayanad  4961  2757  422 1385 15785 1749 3878 12365 0  0  379827 174 258 142 2311 42601
4 	nnu
r 35010  15195  2715 6702 82763 4480 6125 42894 0  0  76427 1397 284 99 5935 280
026 	
sargode 9769  2463  600 1008 45007 2869 3364 25469 0  0  201819 133 408 68 2296 295273
 	 0  0  6132 0 0 0 0 0 0  0  0 0 0 0 0 6132 	
TOTAL 354296  206901  34161 137731 1358728 128250 74167 602547 0  0  5041495 14183 5399 2744 88071 8048673

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
19   
2.9 Category wise details of Mo
tor Vehicles involved in Road 
Accidents for the year 2011-12 & 2012-13 
 	
Sl 
No  Type of Vehicles  2012  2013 
1.  KSRTC Buses 
1312 869 
2.  Other Buses  3470  2385 
3.  Goods Vehicles  - - 
4.  Motor cars  9063  6760 
5.  Jeeps  1043 661 
6.  Auto rickshaw  5753  4063 
7.  Two wheelers 17116  13003 
8.  Miscellaneous Vehicle  -  - 
9.  Class not known  1878  1545 
 Total  39635  29286 	
 Source: Transport commissionerate

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
20   
2.10 Infrastructure D
etails 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Items  years 
Vehicles 2011-12 2012-13 	
Registered During the year  596054 1156867 	
Upto the year  6668073 8048673 	
 	
Revenue Collection 	
  2011-12 2012-13 	
Fee(Rs)  1957355298 2478374293 
Tax(Rs)  13051815149  15810578091 
Other(Rs)  8600 4022054 
Total(Rs) 	15009179047  18292974438 	
 	
Expenditure 	
  2011-12 2012-13 	
Direction & Admn.(2041-00-001-99)  34366875 337591857 
Inspection of vehicles(2041-00-102-99)  185737097  218906424 
Road Safty Measures(2041-800-99) 0 145048 	
Total  220103972 556643329 	
 	
Offices & Staff 	
  2011-12 2012-13 	
Transport Commissioner Office   1 
Deputy Transport Commissioner Office    4 
Regional Transport Office  18 18 
Sub Regional Transport Office  47 55 
Check post  17 17 	
Staff Strength  1887 2293 	
 	
Road Crash 	
Cases Reported  34921 35215 
Injury  39977 40346 
Death  4145 4258 
 Source: Transport Commissionrate

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  21  
 
 
Water Transport 
 
Kerala Port sector 	
The Kerala State lies in the southwest corner of the Indian pen insula. It has a 
coastal length of 585 km and the  state has an average width of about 60 km with one 
major  port  at  Cochin  and  11  non  major  ports.  The  non-major  ports  are  under  the 
administration  of  Government  of  Ke rala.  The  Non  majorports  are Kasaragod, 
Azhikkal,  Kannur,  Thalassery,  Ko zhikode,  Ponnani,  Kodungalloor,  Alappuzha, 
Kollam, Trivandrum, Vizhinjam. 	
Cochin Port 	
Cochin  port  is  the  only  major  port  in  Kerala  and  is  the  major  g ateway  to  the 	
State.  Cochin  Port is  a  major port  on  the  Arabian  Sea  -  Indian  Ocean  sea-route  and 
is  one  of  the  largest  ports  in  India.  The  port  lies  on  two  islands  in  the  Lake  of  Kochi 
namely  the  Willingdon  Island  and  Vallarpadam,  towards  the  Fort  Kochi  river-mouth 
opening  onto  the  Arabian  Sea.  The  Vallarpadam  International  Con tainer  Trans-
shipment  Terminal  (ICTT),  a  part  of  the  Cochin  Port,  is  the  largest  container  trans-
shipment facility in India. 	
The  port  is  governed  by  the  Cochin  Port  Trust,  an  establishment   of  the 	
Government  of  India.  The  modern port  was  established  in  1926.The  Cochin  Port  is 
one  among  a  line  of  maritime-related  facilities  based  in  the  po rt-city  of  Kochi,  the 
others  being,  the  Cochin  Shipyard,  the  largest  ship-building  as  well  as  maintenance 
facility  in  India,  the  SPM  (Single  Point  Mooring  facility)  of  t he  Kochi  Refineries  -  an 
offshore crude carrier mooring facility, and the Kochi Marina. 
Operational Efficiency 
 
24 Hour Pilotage 
24 hour Cargo Operations 
Real-Time co-ordination of vessel movement through VTMS 
Single Window Transaction 
Moving towards Zero Pre-Berthing Detention Time.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  22  
 
2.11 Category Wise Distribution 
Of Vessels Entered The Port  
2011-12 & 2012-13  
 	
No. of vessels carrying
Sailing 
vessels Total  NRT 	
Year 	
Containers 
Coal 
Fertilizers & 
raw materials 
Food grains 
General 
Ca	
rgo 
Tankers 
Others 	
2011-12         	100    1234.50  422  1756.5 00  366694.17 	
2012-13         	120  0  103  324  547  301045.22 	
Source: www.cochinport.com	 
 	
2.12 Distribution of Cargo Tra ffic for the year 2012-13 	
 (In’000 tonnes) 
 Sl.No  Category  Imports  Exports  Total 	
1  Soda Ash  346  346 
2  Oil cake  1296  1296 
3  Timber logs      
4  Others  22794  63446  86240 
   Total 24436  63446  87882 
5  Rock Phosphate      
6  Sulphur      
7  Zinc Concentrate      
8  Coal      
9  Murate of Potash      
10  Shredded Scrap      
11  Others  60  60 
   Total  60  60 
12  POL   6224  6224 
13  Others   216  216 
  Total   6440  6440 
14  Containers (000’ Tonnes)  4   4 
  (TEUs)  24496   
  Total  4   4 
 GRAND TOTAL  24500  69886  94386 	
 Source: www.cochinport.com

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  23  
 	
 
 	
2.13(a	) Performance Details 2012-13	 	
 
 Source: www.cochinport.com	 
 	
 
 
 	
PARAMETER  PERFORMANCE 
(2012-2013) 	
Average pre-berthing detention of vessels on Port account (in h ours) 
Liquid bulk 	Nil 	
Dry bulk 	5 days 	
Break bulk 	Nil	
Container 	Nil	
Overall 	5 days 	
Average turn-around time of vessels (including detention on Port account) in 
days 
Liquid bulk 	Nil 	
Dry bulk 	12 days 	
Break bulk 	2 days	
Containers 	2 days	
Overall 	14 days 	
Average ship berth day output (in tonnes) 
Liquid bulk 	51.4 	
Dry bulk 	243 	
Break bulk 	 	
Containers 	 	
Overall 	 	
Total Volume of Cargo (Major commodity-wise, in 000 Tonnes) 
POL 	6224 	
Fertilizers 	243 	
Fertilizer Raw Materials 	 	
Coal 	 	
Containers (TEUs) 	 	
Others 	88121.00541 	
TOTAL 	94588.00541

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2.13(b) Non- Major ports Cargo handled at Non-Major ports  	
2011-12 &2012-13 	
 
Year  Non Major Ports (in Tonnes) 	
2012  86649 
2013  80784 	
 Source: Department of Ports 	
2.14 Outlay and Expenditure at Non Major Ports 
2010-11 ,2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Year  Non Major Ports (in Lakhs) 	Non Plan 
Plan 	
Budget Outlay  Expenditure  Budget Outlay  Expenditure 	
2011  1065.96000  749 .74697  21680 .00000  21435 .90550 
2012  31037 .48000  677 .90018  26773 .80000  26284 .17165 
2013  1092 .67000  709 .04880  16395 .30000  14446 .85162 	
 Source: Department of ports 	
 
2.15 Imports & Export for the year 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Year  Non Major Ports 
(in Tonnes) 
2012  103367.41 
2013  95729 	
 Source: Department of Ports 	
 	
2.16 Commodity wise analysis of Exports 
2011-12 & 2012-13 	
 
Year  Ores & Minerals  (In Tonnes)  Manufactured 
Goods 
(in Tonnes)  Total 
(in Tonnes) 	
2012  7529.41  79120 86649.41 
2013  9745  71039  80784 	
 Source: Department of Ports

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Inland Water Transport in Kerala 	
Inland  water  transport  is  a  fuel  efficient  and  environment  friendly  mode  of 
transportation.  Kerala  is  a  lan d  with  abundant  water  bodies.  Ba ckwater  is  a 
wonderful gift of nature to the G od's Own Country, where waterways are successfully 
used for commercial inland Water Transport. Ashtamudy and Vemba nadu lake which 
completes  the  network  of  waterways  not  only  provides  natural  beauty  but  inland 
navigation  facilities  also.  This  Inland  Water  Transport  system  consists  of  1895  kms 
of  waterways.  This  includes  nav igable  river,  backwaters  and  man  made  cross 
canals.  Most  of  these  are  in  Travancore-Cochin  region.  Of  the  4 4  rivers  in  Kerala, 
the  41  west  flowing  rivers  toget her  with  backwaters  and  man  mad e  canals  form  the 
integral part of inl and navigation system. 
The  Government  agencies  engaged  in  the  development  of  Inland  Wa ter 
Transport  in  the  State  are  Coas tal  Shipping  and  Inland  Navigation  Department 
(CSIND),  State  Water  Transport  Department  (SWTD)  and  Kerala  Shi pping  and 
Inland Navigation Cor poration Ltd (KSINC) 
 	
Kerala State Water Transport Department (SWTD) 	
 
State  Water  Transport  Department  i s  a  governmental  agency  who  provides 
inland water transport facilities to the people residing in the  water logged areas of the 
districts  of  Alappuzha	
, Kottayam	, Kollam	,  Ernakulam	, Kannur	  and  Kasargode	  and  to 
enjoy the everlasting memory of backwaters.   
The  Kerala  State  Water  Transport  Department  formed  during  1968  with  its 
Head  Quarters  (Directorate)  in  the  district  of  Alappuzha	
.  The  objective  of  the 
department  was  to  provide  transpo rt  facilities  and  cargo  transportation  to  the  people 
residing  in  the  water  logged  areas  at  cheaper  rates.  Constructi on  of  roads,  bridges 
and  roadways  shortened  the  operat ion  of  the  department  to  passenger  transport 
only,  providing  backwater  transport  through  ferries.  The  system   is  free  of  pollution, 
accidents,  and  is  affordable.  But  in  the  world  of  speed  and  hur ry  the  advantage  of 
this  pollution  free,  accident  f ree  and  cheaper  transport  system  beckons  least 
preferences.  The  government  has  now  mooted  setting  up  Kerala  St ate  Boat  Jetty

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
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Corporation  with  a  vision  to  convert  the  boat  jetties  in  Kerala   to  world  class 
standards.  This  corporation  will  enhance  and  develop  the  boat  jetties  into 
commercial  assets  for  the  state.  Some  jetties  were  identified  for  development  like 
Kaavalam  jetty  and Kumarakam  jetty.  Jetty  based  shopping  centers  and  cafeterias 
are  sources  of  huge  returns.  The  system  provides  on  average  79, 000  km  of  service 
to  80,000  people  through  its  13  stations  and  81  boats  daily.  Ev en  though,  it  is  a 
commercial  department;  its  functioning  is  like  a  service  Depart ment,  ever  since 
‘Transportation’  came  under  “Essential  Service”  in  Kerala.  The  Department 
transports  about  150  lakhs  of  passengers  per  annum  using  Wooden /Steel  and  fibre 
glass passenger boats 
 
Major areas of operation	
: - 
  Backwaters   
 (1) Vembanattu lake - 52 sq kms.  
 (2) Ashtamudy lake - 200 sq kms. 
 (3) Ernakulam - Vypeen ferry (Cochin port & Harbour)  
 (4) Muhamma - Kumarakom 
 (5) Vaikom - Thavanakkadavu  
 (6) Payyannur - Parassinikkadavu  
 
Total distance operated       -  79,000 km per day  
No. of passengers carried -   80,000 per day 
No. of operating centers    -   14 stations  
 
District  Station 
Ernakulam   Ernakulam Station Office 
Alappuzha   Alappuzha, Nedumudy, Kavalam, Pulincunnu, Edathua,    Muhamma and Panavally Stations 
Kottayam  Kottayam, Changanachery and Vaikom stations 
Kollam  Kollam Station 
Kannur  Payyannur and Para ssinikkadavu stations

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Longest route operated.  - 60.km  
Capacity of boats          -    50 pass enger to 150 passengers (wooden boats) Boats 
are constructed in the traditional  way with well seasoned teak wood. 
Speed of boat.                  -  10 to 15 km per hour,  
Size of boats Length        -  20 mtr to 35 mtrs,  
Width                                -  3 to 4.5 meters,  
Depth                                -  2 mtrs,  
Weight                              -  5 to 15 tonnes.  
No. of crew for a boat      -  5 persons at a time 
Boat Capacity                  -  50 to  150 passengers (wooden boats) 
Services:                          -  Operates 81 boats . 
   Now  roads  and  bridges  have  come  i nto  existence  in  many  of  these  Water 
logged  areas,  and  passengers  have  the  alternative  to  reach  thei r  destinations 
through  road.  In  spite  of  all  thes e  developments  of  the  vehicles  transport,  the  water 
transport  facility  extended  by  this  department  still  maintains  its  significance.  Water 
transport  is  safe,  economical  &  pollution  free,  compared  to  any  other  mode  of 
transport.  The  vision  of  the  depar tment  is  to  decongest  the  Road  Transport  by 
introducing  large-scale  cargo  move ments  through  the  waterways  of  the  state 
interconnecting several districts.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
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2.17 Details of State Water Transport Department 
2011-12 & 2012-13	
 	
  2011-12  2012-13 	
1  Total No of Boats  95  95 
2  Passenger Boats 92  92 
3  Pilot Boat  1  1 
4  Workshop-cum- Ambulance Boat 1  1 
5  Speed Launch 1  1 
6  No. of schedules 49  50 
7  No. of Trips per day 733  740 
8  Cross Route Distance per day in kms 6900 Kms  7040 Kms 
9  Distance operated per day 6555 Kms  6695 Kms 
10  No. of passengers carried 162.48 Lakhs  163.94 Lakhs 
11  Total Revenue Receipts 
5.21 Crores  
5.43 Crores 
12  Total Revenue Expenditure   31.528 Crores  32.171 Crores 
13  Collection per km  26 /-  27 /- 
14  Cumulative loss 
215.34 Crores  217.16 *-Crores 
15  Expenditure per km  140 / km  142 / km 
16  Percentage of Cancellation  5.30 %  5.00 % 
17  Diesel Consumption per day 5201 Ltrs  5297 Ltrs 
18  Collection per day Rs 1,42,738/-  Rs 1,48,738/- 
19  Expenditure per day Rs 8,63,786/-  Rs 8,81,397/- 
 Source: State Water Transport Department

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
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Railways in Kerala  	
 
Railways  are  the  principal  mode  of  transportation  in  the  countr y.  Railways 
bind  the  economic  life  of  the  country  as  well  as  accelerate  the   industrial  and 
agricultural  development  of  the  nation.  Well  laid  rail  network  is  definitely  the  sign  of 
industrial  growth.  A  well  advanced  rail  network  makes  the  suppl y  of  raw  material, 
labour  and  other  requir ements  like  marketing  of  the  products  possible  and  smooth. 
Moreover,  Railways  remained  the  largest  employment  provider  for  the  huge 
population  of  the  country.	
 Rail  transport  began  in  Kerala  at  Malabar.  On  March  12, 
1861,  Kerala’s  first  train,  built   by  the  Madras  Railway  Company ,  chugged  along  the 
Beppur  -  Tirur  line  (30.6km).  Construction  of  a  railway  line  st arted  in  Kochi  province 
in  1889.  In  1902,  the  Madras  Railw ay  Company  completed  work  on a  narrow  gauge 
railway-line  that  connected  Shor nur  and  Eranakulum  (106.06  km).  The  line  was 
converted  into  broad  gauge  between  1930  and  1935  as  part  of  developments  of 
Cochin Port. 
  Train  service  began  in  Travancore  on  November  26,  1904,  with  t he 
completion  of  the  Chengotta  -Punalur  meter  gauge  line.  On  Novem ber  4,  1931,  the 
Thiruvananthapuram  Central  Railway   Station  was  launched.  In  1956  during  the 
formation  of  Kerala,  the  total  length  of  railway  line  in  the  St ate  was  745  km. 
Eranakulam and Kollam were not connected by rail then. The Eranakulam -Kottayam 
and  Kottayam  -Kollam  railway  lines  were  completed  in  1956  and  1 958  respectively. 
In December 1971, a Rs. 13.59 –crore projects to convert the Thiruvananthapuram -
Eranakulam  line  (220  km)  from  metre  gauge  to  broad  gauge  was  sanctioned.  The 
work  was  completed  in  1976  .The  Railways  opened  the  Thiruvananthapuram  - 
Kanyakumari  broad  gague  line  (31  km   in  Kerala)  in  1979.  The  Eranakulam  -
Alappuzha  broad  gague  line  and  the  Alappuzha  -Kanyakumari  line (943  km)  were 
completed  in  1989  and  1992  respectively.  The  Madras  -Ernakulam  (via  Shoranur; 
180 km in Kerala) stretch got a double track in 1986. The Thrissur -Guruvayur broad 
gague line (21 km) was laid in 19 94. The Kayamkulam -Kollam (41 km) and Kollam –
Thiruvananthapuram  (65  km)  stretch  got  double  tracks  in  1996  an d  2000 
respectively.  Doubling  of  Shornur  -Mangalapuram  line  (313  km)  i s  in  progress.  The 
Thrissur  -Eranakulam  line  was  el ectrified  in  2002.  The  Southern  Railway, 	
headquartered  in  Chennai,  Controls  rail  transport  in  Kerala.  So uthern  Railway,  in  its

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
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present form, came into existence on 14th April 1951 through the merger of the three 
state  railways  namely  Madras  and  Southern  Mahratta  Railway,  the  South  Indian 
Railway,  and  the  Mysore  state  rai lway.  Southern  Railway’s  present  network  extends 
over  a  large  area  of  India’s  Southern  Peninsula,  covering  the  s tates  of  Tamilnadu, 
Kerala, Pondicherry, and a small portion of Andhra Pradesh. Serving these naturally 
plentiful  and  culturally  rich  southern  states,  the  SR  extends  f rom  Mangalore  on  the 
west coast and Kanyakumari in the south to Renigunta in the Nor th West and Gudur 
in the North East.  
The Southern Railway comprises of the following six divisions. 
1.  Chennai  
2.  Tiruchirappalli  
3.   Madurai  
4.   Palakkad 
5.   Trivandrum 
6. Salem 
Kerala is bestowed with a railwa y route length of 1257 kms. The total length of 
railway  line  under  the  Thriruvananthapuram  division  is  488.60  k m  and  that  under 
Palakkad division 549 kms. 	
2.18 Length of Rail under Palakkad Division-2013 	
Route Km  
Total Track 
Km 	
Broad Gauge  Meter Gauge  Total 	
1033.46  87.38 1120.84  1120.84 	
Source: www.irtsa.net/forums/thread-1173-lastpost.html 	
Facility  of  Unreserved  Ticketing  System  has  been  provided  at  71   Railway 
stations  over  Trivandrum  division .  All  railway  stations  except train  halts  (minor 
stations operated by contracter s) have been provided with this  facility.  
Passenger  Reservation  system  tickets  can  be  purchased  from  41  r ailway 
stations,  25  Non-rail  head  locations  and  from  8  post  offices  ( No V/C 518/UTS/ 
PRS/14 ). 
Railway lines of Kerala are mostly situated near to coastline,  running in North-
South  direction.  Thiruvananthapuram  division  has  407  level  crossings;  of  which  296 
are  manned  and  111  are  unmanned.  Unmanned  level  crossings  are  m ain  cause  of

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concern  with  regard  to  safety  of  users.  The  number  of  deaths  in  railway level 
crossings  in  Kerala  that  had  been  declining  has  of  late  started  increasing,  clearly 
stating  the  negligence  of  the  p eople.  It  is  seen  that  91  percent  of  level  crossing 
accidents  take  place  during  daytime.  It  is  mainly  due  to  the  fa ct  that  during  night, 
track  volume  on  roads  is  quite  low.  The  propensity  of  accidents   at  level  crossing  is 
measured by multiplying daily tra ffic volume and train volume passing through a level 
crossing. 	
 
2.19 No of Level Crossing under Palakkad Division 2012-13 	
Manned Level 	
Crossing	 	
Unmanned Level 	
Crossing	 	Total 	
138 	Nil 	138 	
     
2.20 Reservation System in Palakkad Division 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Systems 	2011-12 	2012-13 	
No: of Passenger Reservation System 	22 	32 	
No: of Unreserved Ticketing Sysem 	60 	60 	
No. of Integrted Unreserved ticketing system cum 	
Passeng Reservation System 	20 	20 	
  	
 
2.21 Average no: of Trains & P assengers running under Palakkad 
Division 2011-12 & 2012-13 
 	
 	2011-12 	2012-13 	
No. of Station 	89 	89 	
No. of Junctions 	2 	2 	
Average no. of Trains  Running/ Week  Mail / Exp: Train 	559 	604 	
Passengers/ Trains 	339 	340 	
Average no. of Passengers / day 	210175 	214095

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
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Air Transport 	
Air  Transport  is  the  fastest  and  comfortable  mode  of  transporat ation.  Kerala 
has  three  Airports  at  Thiruvanan thapuram,  Kochi  and  Kozhikode  h andling  both 
International and Domestic flights. Thiruvananthapuram and Kozh ikode Air  ports are 
owned  by  Government  of  India  and  Ko chi  Airport  is  owned  by  Cochin  International 
Air  port  Ltd  (CIAL),  a  company  set  up  by  Government  of  Kerala  w ith  public  private 
participation.  The  details  of  the  flights  operated  during  2012- 13  by  various  agencies 
at these three airports are given in Tables1.22, 1.23 &1.28. 	
Trivandrum International Airport 	
Trivandrum  International  Airport  (I ATA:  TRV,  ICAO:  VOTV)  is  located  in 
Thiruvananthapuram  and  is  the  first  airport  in  the  state  of  Ker ala,  India.  It  is  the  first 
international airport in a non-metro city in India TIA is consi dered as an "all weather" 
airport in the country and is I SO 9001-2000 certified. Owing to this many flights from 
Cochin  and  Calicut  are  divert ed  here  whenever  weather  hinders  v isibility  in  the 
respective airports. It is the 8th busiest airport in the country in terms of international 
passenger  traffic  and  10th  busiest  in  terms  of  overall  passenge r  traffic.  The 
Trivandrum  International  terminal   is  located  approximately  3.7 km  (2.3  mi)  due  west 
from  the  city  centre,  16  km  (9.9  mi)  from  Kovalam  beach,  9.4  km   (5.8  mi)  from 
Technopark  Trivandrum  and  21  km  (13  mi)  from  the  proposed  Vizhi njam 
International  Seaport.Trivandrum  International  Airport  is  the  s econd  largest  and  the 
second  busiest  airport  in  Kerala  after  Cochin  International  Air port.  In  addition  to  civil 
operations,  Trivandrum  Airport  also   caters  to  the  Indian  Air  Force  (IAF)  and  the 
Coast Guard for their strategic operations. IAF have an exclusi ve apron to handle all 
their  operations.  Trivandrum  airport  also  caters  for  the  Rajiv  Gandhi  Academy  for 
Aviation Technology, which carries out pilot training activities.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
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2.22 Details of flights operated by various agencies from Thiru vananthapuram International Airport 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Sl.
No  Airlines  2011-12  2012-13 
No.of Flights movements  Passengers 
No.of Flights 
movements  Passengers 	
DOM  INT  DOM  INT  DOM  INT  DOM  INT 	
1  Air Indian Corpn. 
 460    67036    120    32440 	2  Srilankan Airliness   732    86367    428    55046 	3  GulfAirlineCorporation            	4  Tiger Airways   313    44040    186    22344 	5  Indian DOM&INT  3428  1424  270407  125750  1730  856  146071  68236 	6  Kuwait Airways   418    75049    244    48036 	7  Oman Airways   732    92135    428    59078 	8  Qatar Airways   732    115729    428    69668 	9  Silkair        214    20787 	10  Emirates   1248    293797    728    177355 	11  Air India Express   2814    329811    1479    196268 	12  Air Arabia   1464    212724    856    129010 	13  Ethinad   732    99424    428    54190 	14  Jet Airways  3124  1732  216587  206418  864  856  99721  122437 	15  Maidivian   1420    55519    496    19866 	16  Mihin lanka           	17  Air Deccan           	18  Indigo Air  2884   358814    1948  425  229250  60443 	19  Air sahara       60    7900   	20  Paramount           	21  Air Asia           	22  Kingfisher  1556 76  95761  816       	23  Non-Schedule  124 790  368  164       	  Total  11116  15413  941937  1834534  4602  8172  482942  1135204

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
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Cochin International Airport Ltd 	
Cochin  International  Airport  (IATA:  COK,  ICAO:  VOCI)  is  an  inte
rnational  airport 
serving  the  city  of  Kochi.  The  airport  is  located  in  Nedumbasse ry,  about  30  km  (19  mi) 
northeast of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is the bu siest and largest airport in the 
state of Kerala. The airport is the primary base for Air India Express operations and is a 
focus city for Air, Go Air, Indi Go, Jet Airways, JetLite and Sp ice Jet. 
Cochin  International  Airport  is  the  first  airport  in  India  deve loped  under  a  Public-
Private  Partnership  (PPP)  model.  T he  airport  pioneered  the  concept  of  private 
investment  in  the  airport  sector  after  being  incorporated  as  a  public  limited  company, 
receiving  investments  from  nearly  10,000  Non-Resident  Indians  (NRIs)  from  30 
countries.  The  airport  handles  approximately  13,000  passengers  every  day.  9  domestic 
airlines  and  17  international  airlines  connect  Cochin  with  near ly  30  destinations 
nationally and internationally.  The  Domestic  Terminal  of  Cochin  International  Airport  is  having   1,  00,000  sq.ft 
with  a  Peak  Hour  Handling  Capacity  of  400  arrival  and  400  depar ting  passengers.  This 
terminal  is  equipped  with  most  modern  passengers  with  a  yearly  passenger  handling 
capacity of 3 million passengers. 
The International Terminal is  having 4,78,000 sq.ft (Arrival Te rminal-1,78,000 and 
Departure  Terminal  3,00,000  sq.ft)  with  a  peak  Hour  Handling  Ca pacity  of  1200  arrival 
and 1200 departing passengers. This terminal is equipped with w orld-class most modern 
facilities with a yearly passenger handling capacity of 6 million passengers. The airport is 
having  one  of  the  largest  and  well-developed  cars  parking  area,   which  can 
accommodate approximately  1100 cars at a time. 
At  present,  Cochin  International  Airport  is  having  15  aircraft  parking  stands  and 
exclusive  parking  stand  for  parking  of  general  aviation  and  hel icopters.  Cochin 
International  is  having  separate  terminals  for  International  Cargo,  Domestic  Cargo  and 
Perishable  Cargo  .The  perishable  Cargo  Centre,  with  state  of  the  art  facilities  is 
equipped to handle 25,000 MT perishable Cargo per annum. Cochin  International Airport 
has  also  constructed  a  Golf  Course,  Trade/Exhibition  Centre,Air port  Museum,  110  KV 
Sub Station, Aircraft Hanger etc.  The  construction  of  the  Radar  Building  and  Duty  Free  Godown  is  nearing 
completion. The work of the 2nd phase expansion of the Golf Course is going on.CIAL is 
also planning to widen the Athani-Airport connecting road and a lso construction of a new 
International Terminal Building, Sports Complex etc.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
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2.23 Cochin International Airport Limited 2012-13 	
Year 	
International Terminal  Domestic Terminal 
Total 
Movements  (IT+DT) 
% 
INCREASE  OVER 
LAST 
YEAR	
 
A/C movements 
PAX
 movements  A/C movements
 
PAX 
movements 	
ARR  DEP  TOTAL  ARR  DEP  TOTAL  ARR  DEP  TOTAL  ARR  DEP  TOTAL 
A/C 
PASSENGE
R 
A/C  PAX 	
2012-13  998
3  1030
3  2028
6  145098
6  148303
1  293401
7  1078
1  1047
1  2125
2  99868
6  96728
4  196597
0  4153
8  4899987  0.9
6  3.7
4 	Source: Airport Authority 	
2 .24 Details of flights operated by  various agencies from Cochin International Airport 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Sl.No Airlines  2011-12 
2012-13 
No of Flights Passengers No of Flights  Passengers 	
DOM  INT  DOM  INT  DOM  INT  DOM  INT 	
(1) (2)  (3)  (4)  (5)  (6)  (7) (8)  (9) (10) 	1  Air India     700    65741    2017    201703 	2  Air India Express    4415    438995    2963  291105 	3  Indian Airlines    710    69872    710  79455 	4  Oman Air    732    96655    732  97226 	5  Silk Air    732    85734    808  91606 	6  Kuwait Airways    724    135781    726  139233 	7  Emirates Airlines    1472    438472    1464  439174 	8  Qatar Airways    1152    172396    1146  181144 	9  Saudi Arabian Airlines    410    128298    416  175826 	10  Srilankan Airways    732    87408    1368  146938 	11  Gulf Air    731    91314    733  102243 	12  NAS Air   26    3553       	13  Air Arabia    1466    228429    1464  232076 	14  Baharin Air    534    53933    452  55899 	15  Ethihad Airways    730    116770    806  138092 	16  Jet Airways    2150    266214  5811  2328  529292  299806 	17  AirAsia   732    101648    780  103777

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department
             	
 
  36  
 	
18  Tiger Airways        388   46878 	19  King Fisher Airlines   72   922  2   8   	20 Non Scheduled 
Flights    104    5897         	21  Indian Airlines 
4220    334236         	22  Allianz Air  882    13747         	23  Jet Airways  4980    483927         	24  Jet Lite  738    107811    7  677   	25  King Fisher Airlines  3680    244771         	26  Go Air  1032    129832    730  92160   	27  Interglobe Aviation  3472    420724    3825  437  447621  65185 	28  Spice Jet Limited 2816    396268    5371  469  616070  44547 	29  Pavwan Hans-kavaratti  535    2805    591  3117   	30  PH to ONGC 
6  0        	31  Jyothi Aviation  79   134   179   284   	32  Shobha Puravankara  4  12   32   109   	33  Kalyan Jwellers  8    45   164   444   	34  Chipsan/Kalyan  7     88   196   	35  Heligo Charters  10  63        	36  United Helicharters  22  32        	37  Difence Movements  26  21   44   53   	38  Non Scheduled Flights  300    933   297  79  763  2124 	 
 Total  22817  18324  2135361  2588032  17149  20286  1690801  2934017 	
Source:  Infrastructure Statistics 2012-13

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  37  
 	
Calicut International Airport 	
Calicut  International  Airport  (IATA: CCJ, ICAO:VOCL),  also  known  as Karipur 	
Airport,  is  an  International Airport  serving  the  cities  of  Kozhikode (Calicut)  and 
Malappuram  in Kerala , India .  The  airport  is  located  in  Karipur, Malappuram 
district about  28 km  (17 mi)  from  the  Kozhikode  Railway  Station  and  25  km  (16 mi) 
from  the  city  of Malappuram,  with  the  closest  railway  station  being  at  Feroke. Air 
India Express  has a base at the airport. It is the  seventh busiest airport in the country 
in  terms  of  international  passenger  traffic  and  the  ninth busiest airport  in  India  in 
terms  of  overall  passenger  traffic  .The  airport  was  given  the  i nternational  airport 
status  on  2	nd  February  2006,  thereby  paving  the  way  for  the  improvement  of 	
infrastructure for handling international flights. It is the third busiest airport in Kerala. 
Statistics (2012-2013) 	
Passenger movements  2294410  
Aircraft movements   16866 
Cargo tonnage  27612 
Source: Airport Authority of India 	
2.25 Details as per financial year 2011-12 & 2012-13	 	
(Figures in 000s & Cargo in tonnes) 	
  2011-12  2012-13 
Passenger traffic handled-International  1982 .955  1982 .774 
Passenger traffic handled-Domestic  226 .969  311 .636 
No. of flights handled-International  12 .863  11 .459 
No. of flights handled-Domestic  3 .437 5 .407 
Average no.of pax handled per day-
International  5 .43275342  5 .43225753 
Average no.of pax handled per day
-Domestic  0 .621832877  0 .8537 9726 
Average no.of cargo handled per day-
International  69 .5945452  74 .6748055 
Average no.of cargo handled per day-
Domestic 0 .52188493  0 .9737589 
 
Source: Airport Authority of India

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  38  
 	
 	
 
2.26 International cargo handled at Calicut International Airpo rt 
2012-13 
 	
 	
(Figures in Metric Tons) 	
 
Period  Export  Import  Total  % 
increase 	
2012 - 13  18591.426  8664.878   2725.6304  +7.3% 	
Source: Airport Authority	 
 	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2.27 Domestic Cargo Handled at Calicut International Airport  
2012-13 
 
Period   Export  Import  Total  % 
increase 	
2012 -13   115.100  240.322   355.422  +86.58% 	
 Source: Airport Authority

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department
             	
 
  39  
 
2.28 Calicut Internationa
l Airport Limited 2012-13 
 	 	
Year 	
International Terminal  Domestic Terminal 
Total 
Movements  (IT+DT) 
% INCREASE OVER LAST  YEAR	
 
A/C movements 
PAX
 movements  A/C movements
 
PAX 
movements 	
ARR  DEP  TOTAL  ARR  DEP  TOTAL  ARR  DEP  TOTAL  ARR  DEP  TOTAL 
A/C 
PASSENGER 
A/C  PAX 	
2012-
13 
5,718  5,741  11,459  961,470  1021304  1982774  2715  2692  5407  15569 9  155937  311636  16866  2294410  3.47%  3.82% 	
Source: Airport Authority of India 	 
 
2.29 Details of flights operated b y various agencies from Calicut International Airport 
2011-12 & 2012-13   	Sl.No  Airlines  2011-12  2012-13 	
No.of Flights 
movements  Passengers No.of Flights 
movements  Passengers 	
DOM  INT  DOM  INT  DOM  INT  DOM  INT 	
(1)  (2) 
(3)  (4)  (5)  (6)  (7)  (8)  (9)  (10) 	1 Air India-
DOM:&INT  191  983  4992  271896  357
  755  17688  224239 	2 Air India 
Express-Dom 
&Int  437  4475  35520  508984 
1282  3534  36734  489906 	3  Air Arabia 0  738  0  119548     732    119802

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department
             	
 
  40  
 	
4  Nas Express 0  588  0  74120  0  60  0  6014 	5  Behrain Airlines  0  518  0  57276    456    58732 	6  Etihad Airways  0  315  0  46358    513    84913 	7  Emirates  0  1178  0  330413    1182    335609 	8  Indian Airlines  716  1412  51859  167499  744  1452  56032  192201 	9  Jet Konnect 732  0  99394  0  664    86421   	10  Jet Airways  0 0  0  0  66  0  8186  0 	11 Kingfisher 
Airlines  528    25009  0  0  0  0  0 	12  Alliance Air 
651  -  9951  -  159  -  2460   	13  Oman Air  0  732  0  99354    734    102601 	14  Qatar Airways  0  866  0  113788    790    120306 	15  Rak Airways  0  474  0  54823    510    65504 	16  Saudi Airways  0  574  0  138888    732    182929 	17  Spice Jet 0 0  0  0  2004    103866   	18 Others(private/ 
chartered)  180  12  241  11  130  10  249  18 	 
TOTAL  3435  12865  226966  1982958  5406  11460  311636  1982774 	
 
Source: Airport Authority

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
41 
 	
 
Kannur International Airport 
 	
Kannur  International  Airport is  an  upcoming international  airport located 	
at Mattanur  in Kannur  District, K erala, India.  This  airport  is the  fourth  international 
airport in Kerala. Kannur Inter national Airport is expected to  be operational by 2015. 
Kannur  Airport  is  located  at  a  distance  of  25 km Kannur.The  air port  location  is  19 
kilometres  away  from National Highway 17(NH-17)  and  4  kilometre s  away 
from Tellicherry-Mysore Highway  (SH-30).  Kannur-Mattannur  Road,  a new green 
field  road,  has  been  planned  as  the  main  access  to  the  airport to  ensure  fast  and 
free movement of traffic. It will not have any traffic junctions, and will have provision 
for  entry  and  exit  ramps  for  joining  and  exiting  traffic  from  c onnecting  roads.  More 
than  8  roads  are  to  be  developed  for  connecting  to  the  Airport,  which, 
ncludes Kannur  (Melechovva)  Mattannur road,  Thalassery-Mattannur  Road, 
ThalasseryAnjarakandyAirport  road, Thalassery  Nadapram Road, Ka rnataka Border 
Koottupuzha  /Makutta)  Mattannur  Road,  Wayanad (Mananthavadi) Ne dumpoil 
Mattannur road, Payyannur/  Ezhimala  Mattannur  road, Thalassery Mahe Bypass, 
etc.  Thalassery–Mattannur road  will  be  upgraded  to  4/6  lanes,  considering  the 
availability  of  required  land  for  widening.  Other  related  roads   will  be  widened  and 
upgraded  with  high  quality  surfacing  and  constructing  new  bridg es  and  culverts. 
Approximately,  Rs.  300  crore  are  expected  as  the  cost  for  the  development  of 
access roads to the Airport. 	
According  to  a  detailed  project  report  prepared  by  CIAL,  in  201 5,  the  number 	
of  domestic  passengers  expected  to  use  the  airport  is  0.61  million,  and  international 
passengers  1.32  million.  The  num ber  of  passenger  estimated  to  use  the  airport  in 
2021  is  2.94  million.  Number  of  international  passengers  are  ex pected  to  be  2.03 
million and domestic passengers will be 0.91 million.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
42 
 
Cargo Traffic 
 
 Kerala State Industrial Enterprises Ltd 	
  
    
Kerala  State Industrial Enterprises Ltd is a  Government of Kera la undertaking 
and  as  part  of  their  diversificat ion  program;  they  are  into  the  sea  cargo  operations 
and  thus  decided  to  start  a  Container  Freight  Station.  They  sta rted  the  construction 
of  the  same  at  Eloor  along  side  ICTT  Road  near  Kalamassery.  It  is  so  designed  to 
extend  impeccable  freight  management.  It  is  characterized  with  exceptional  features 
like. 
    Hardly  15  kilometres  away  from   the  Vallarpadam  International  Container 
Transshipment Terminal and along  side the new ICTT Highway with easy and 
trouble-free access to our CFS. 
  App.4  acres  of  finished  yard  for   the  free  movement  of  vehicles  and 
equipments with distinct ar eas to stack containers. 
  Elegantly  designed  Administrative  Block  with  space  to  spare  fo r  User 
Agencies, CHAs, Liners, Banks etc. 
  40 Ton Reach Stacker for mounting and grounding the Containers 
  2  Nos.,  3  Ton  Fork  lifts  to  move  cargo  from  containers  to  ware house  and 
within warehouse. 
  Sufficient Electric point s for Freezer containers 
  Separate Import and Export warehouses of total area 53000sq.ft 
  100 Ton In house Weighment facility. 
  In house Container tracking facility. 
  24X7 power maintained by  dedicated 250 KVA genset 
  Fully mechanized containers and  cargo movement in the yard. 
  In house banking facility (proposed)  
  Experienced supporting staff 
  Sufficient lighting to yar d by two High Mast lights 
  In house Canteen 	
  	24 hrs Watch and ward	.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
43 
 
 
 	
3. COMMUNICATION 	
 
 
Communication  means  exchange  of  i nformation,  ideas  or  feelings from  one 
person  to  another.  The  word  “communicate”  comes  from  the  Latin  word 
Communicare,  which  means  “to  Shar e”  or  to  “make  common”.  Communication 
makes it possible for people to share their knowledge, add to i t, and pass it on to the 
future  generation.  An  effective  communication  network  is  essent ial  not  only  for  the 
requirement  of  travel  and  transport  but  also  for  socio-economic   development  of  a 
state and country. 
 
Postal Communication 
 	
In  terms  of  area  covered  and  po pulation  served,  the  Indian  Postal  network  is 
amongst  the  largest  networks  in  the  world.  These  post  offices  provide  a  number  of 
services,  broadly  classified  into  four  categories:  Communicatio n  services  (letters, 
post  cards),  Transportation  services  (parcel,  Logistics  post),  Financial  services 
(savings  Bank,  Money  order,  International  Money  Transfer  Servic e,  Public  Private 
Partnerships for extending financial service outreach through t he post office network, 
Postal  Life  Insurance  and  Premi um  Value  Added  Services  (like  Sp eed  Post, 
Business Post, Retail Post).  Kerala  Postal  circle  includes  the   entire  State  of  Kerala,  the  Union  Territory  of 
Lakshadweep  islands  and  Mahe  under   the  Union  Territory  of  Pondicherry.  Kerala  is 
the  only  postal  circle  where  every  village  has  at  least  one  pos t  office.  During  2010-
11, there are 5067 post offices in Kerala. These post offices a re categorized as Head 
Post  Offices,  Sub-Post  Offices  and  Branch  Post  Offices.  There  a re  51  Head  Post 
Offices, 1455 Sub-Post Offices,  2 ED Sub Offices and 3559 Branc h Post Offices.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
44 
 
  
 
 
3.1  Analysis of Expenditure of Kerala Postal Circle   During2012-13 
 	
Head of Account  2012-13 (Rs. in crores) 	
Allt. 
Exp. 	
3201-Working Expenses (Non-Plan)  498 .75 527. 20 	
Audit & Pensionery Charges  231. 50 239. 73 	
3201-Working Expenses including audit & 
Pensionary charges  730. 25 
766. 93 	
PLI/RPLI  3. 83 4. 32 	
5201-Capital Outlay (Non -Plan)  0. 00 0. 00 	
PLAN 	
3201-Revenue (Plan)  1. 39 1. 50 	
5201-Capital Outlay (Plan)  4. 30 4. 24 	
Total – PLAN  5. 69 5. 74 	
Source: Department of post	 
3.2 Revenue Achievement of Ker ala Postal Circle for the  
YEAR 2012-13 	
(Rs.in crores) 	
    Source: Department of Post  	
Head of Account  Rev 2012-13 
(Rs.in crores) 	
Postage realized in Cash  30 . 59 
Sale of Postage Stamps  54 . 92 
Sale of Service Stamps  5 . 65 
Commission on IMOs/IPOs 96 . 36 
Others  2 . 56 
Postal Operations-Total 190 . 08 
Business Development  79 . 95 
SB/CC Work  199 . 2 
 Grand Total 469 . 23

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
45 
 
Telecommunication 	
 
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)  
 	
Telecom  is  a  very  fast  growing  sector  of  the  economy.  The  telec
ommunication 
has shown tremendous growth in the  past few years particularly with the launching of 
cellular  services  in  the  State.   Connecting  all  the  panchayats  t hrough  telephones  is 
an  important  national  goal.  Kerala  Telecom  circle  serves  the  wh ole  of  Kerala  State, 
the  Union  Territory  of  Lakshadw eep  and  part  of  Union  Territory  of  Pondicherry 
(Mahe) 
 
Kerala  has  an  impressive  record  of  performance  in  Telecom  Secto r.  It  was  in 
this  state  that  all  the  telephone  exchanges  were  made  automatic  for the first time in 
the  whole  country,  way  back  in  1990.  In  1992,  we  become  the  fir st  state  to  provide 
Public  Telephone  facilities  in  all  panchayat  Head  Quarters.  Ker ala  is  also  the  first 
state to provide public telephone  in every village; by 1995. Connecting all the villages 
through  telephones  is  an  important  national  goal.  Again  it  has the  unique  status  of 
providing  STD  facility  to  all  telephone  exchanges.  In  the  mobil e  segment  there  has 
been  a  boom  in  the  state.  The  Internet  is  another  growing  mode  of  communication 
and  there  are  worldwide  systems  of   computer  networks.  Broadband  is  often  called 
high speed internet, because it u sually has a high rate of data transmission.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  46  
 	
 	
 
 
 
3.3 District-wise estimated No. of   fixed phones 2012-13 	
 
 	
District  2012-13 	
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM  293278 
KOLLAM  248665 
PATHANAMTHITTA 154835 
ALAPPUZHA  198565 
KOTTAYAM 221755 
IDUKKI  77789 
ERANAKULAM 350247 
THRISSUR 335400 
PALAKKAD  157658 
MALAPPURAM 255510 
KOZHIKODE  220414 
WAYANAD  45230 
KANNUR 255377 
KASARAGOD  114536 
PONDICHERRY (MAHE)  5079 
LAKSHADWEEP 6412 	
TOTAL 2940750 	
 Source: BSNL

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  47  
 
 
 
3.4 District-wise estimated No. of  
Landline + WLL+ Mobile 2012-13   
 	
District  2012-13 	
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM  1161726 
KOLLAM  777996 
PATHANAMTHITTA 519220 
ALAPPUZHA  616856 
KOTTAYAM 887035 
IDUKKI  396120 
ERANAKULAM 1335916 
THRISSUR  918316 
PALAKKAD  684261 
MALAPPURAM 801594 
KOZHIKODE  850791 
WAYANAD 202172 
KANNUR 1071832 
KASARAGOD  361996 
PONDICHERRY 
(MAHE)  14817 
LAKSHADWEEP 
60779 	
TOTAL 10661427 	
     Source: BSNL

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  48  
 
 
3.5 District-wise Teledensity per 1000 population  (Fixedline+WLL+Mobile) 2012-13 
 
 
 
 
District  2012-13 	
 THIRUVANANTHAPURAM  359.11 
 KOLLAM  301.08 
 PATHANAMTHITTA 421.44 
 ALAPPUZHA  293.04 
 KOTTAYAM 454.42 
 IDUKKI  350.86 
 ERANAKULAM 431.22 
 THRISSUR 308.68 
 PALAKKAD  261.47 
 MALAPPURAM  220.82 
 KOZHIKODE  295.62 
 WAYANAD 256.89 
 KANNUR  444.37 
 KASARAGOD 300.91 
 PONDICHERRY (MAHE)  493.9 
 LAKSHADWEEP 996.38 
 TOTAL	 	333.92	 	
   Source: BSNL

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  49  
 	
  
3.6 District-wise estimated No. of  
Exchanges 2012 - 13 	
District  2012-13 	
Thiruvananthapuram  Rural  68 	Urban  27 	
Kollam  
Rural  76 	Urban  9 	
Pathanmathitta Rural  77 	Urban  7 	
Alappuzha  Rural  52 	Urban  20 	
Kottayam  Rural  83 	Urban  17 	
Idukki Rural  77 	Urban  3 	
Ernakulam Rural  72 	Urban  50 	
Thrissur Rural  63 	Urban  24 	
Palakkad Rural  100 	Urban  17 	
Malappuram 
Rural  89 	Urban  6 	
Kozhikode Rural  61 	Urban  32 	
Wayanad Rural  30 	Urban  1 	
Kannur Rural  86 	Urban  27 	
Kasaragod Rural  56 	Urban  6 	
Pondicherry(mahe) 
Rural  0 
 Urban  1 
Lakshadweep  Rural  8 	Urban  3 	
Rural 
998 
Urban  250 
TOT A L  1248 	
       	Source: BSNL

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  50  
 	
 	
 	
4  P o w e r 	
Power  or  electricity  is  the  essential  source  of  commercial  ener gy  which  is  a 
vital  component  for  sustained  Ec onomic  Growth  of  the  economy.  E nergy  is  a  basic 
requirement  for  all  facts  of  our  life,  it  is  also  a  basic  human   need  and  is  a  critical 
infrastructure on which the so cio-economic development of the c ountry. In addition to 
it,  its  widely  recognized  role  as  a  catalyst  to  economic  activi ty  in  different  sectors  of 
economy, the power sector makes a direct and significant contribution to economy in 
terms of revenue generation, employment opportunities and enhan cing the quality of 
life. The increase of demand of pow er means the economy is growing and is leading 
to  modernization,  industrializat ion  and  improvement  in  basic  am enities  culminating 
into  better  quality  of  life  of  t he  people.  It  provides  light  an d  fuel  to  millions  of 
households,  electricity  to  industry,  agriculture,  commerce,  all   service  sectors  and  so 
on. The hall mark of development  of an economy depends more on energy than any 
other thing. 
Hydro power is recognized as an environment friendly source of energy which 	
is non polluting and economical. T he State of Kerala is bestowed with hydel potential 
which  if  exploited  fully  will  provide  a  strong  thrust  to  economy  of  the  State.  The 
optimal exploitation of the available hydel resources in the State would not only meet 
the  State’s  demand  but  will  ensure  supply  of  power  to  National  grid  to  boost  the 
overall  development  of  the  country.  The  Hydro  Generated  power  is  environmentally 
clean energy source, besides being the cheapest source of energy. Hydropower also 
offers  unique  possibilities  to  manage  the  power  network  by  its  ability  to  quickly 
respond  to  peak  demands.  Pumping-storage  plants,  using  power  produced  during 
the night, while the demand is low, is used to pump water up to  the higher reservoir. 
That  water  is  then  used  during  the  peak  demand  period  to  produc e  electricity.  This 
system  today  constitutes  the  only economic  mass  storage  available for electricity	. 	
Hydroelectric  power  plants  gener ally  range  in  size  from  several  hundred  kilowatts  to 
several hundred megawatts.

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
  51  
 
Power Sector in Kerala 	
Power  Sector  in  Kerala  plays  a  vital  role  in  all  developmental  activities  in 
Kerala.  Obviously  power  crisis  is  the  prime  obstacle  to  start  n ew  initiatives  in  the 
industrial field. The need for power is increasing and the prod uction of power should 
be  increased  accordingly.  Monsoon  is  essential  to  sustain  the  h ydropower  base  in 
the  State.  As  we  depend  monsoon  for  the  hydropower  generation  o f  power 
generation,  the  shortage  in  rainfa ll  usually  creates  power  crisis.  The  State  of  Kerala 
is  rich  in  renewable  sources  of   energy  in  the  form  of  water  res ources.	
 Kerala  State 
Electricity Board is a public sector agency Established in 1957  under the authority of 
the  Department  of  Power  of  Kerala  government.  Kerala  State  Elec tricity  Board 
(KSEB)  has  taken  several  initiatives  to  improve  the  physical  an d  financial 
performances.  During  the  past  several  years  KSEB  has  been  respo nsible for the 
generation,  transmission  and  supply  of  electricity  in  the  State,  with  particular 
emphasis  to  provide  electricity  at  affordable  cost  to  the  domes tic  as  well  as  for 
agricultural  purposes.  The  Boar d  has  set  up  adequate  generation  capacity  and 
transmission  network  and  Kerala  is  one  of  the  few  states  in  the   country  having 
availability of pow er to meet the demand. 	
Power Generation 	
Main  source  of  Energy  generation  in  Kerala  is  Hydroelectric  Power.  Hydro 
power  development  in  Kerala  begins  with  the  commissioning  of  Pa llivasal  Hydro 
Electric  Project  in  1940.Sabar igiri  in  1966  and  Idukki  in  1976  are  the  milestones  of 
Kerala State Electricity Board. Biggest Hydroelectric Project i n  Kerala  is  Idukki 
.Idukki  power  project  includes  Idukki,Cheruthonni  and  Kilivalli thode  dams.Important 
hydel  projects  in  river  Periyar  include  Pallivasal,  Chenkulam,  Idukki,  Panniyar, 
Neryamangalam, Idamalayar and Lower Periyar.  Power  System  in  Kerala  consisted  of  Hydel,  thermal  and  wind  sou rces.Hydel 
energy  is  the  most  reliable  and  dependable  source  in  Kerala.Of  the  total  installed 
capacity,  2878  .445MW  during  2012-13,  the  lion’s  share  of  2053  .15  MW  installed 
capacity  comes  from  24  hydel  stations,  791.616  of  MW  is  from  th e  thermal  projects 
including  NTPC  at  Kayamkulam  whi ch  is  Kerala’s  dedicated  thermal  station.  Two 
Diesel  power  plants  are  at  Brahm aputra  and  Nallalam.Wind  farm  power  projects  of 
Kerala are at Kanchikode and Ramakkalmedu.

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4.1 Generation installed capacity (MW) 2012-13	
 
Sl. 
No  Source of Energy  Capacity (MW)  Firm Annual Generation 
Capability (MU) 	
1.  Hydel-KSEB  2008.65  7073.94 
2.  Thermal:KSEB  234.6 1502 
3.  Wind-KSEB  2.025 4 
4.  Hydel-Pvt  44.5 160.22 
5.  Thermal-Pvt  197.44 1376.7 
6.  Wind-Pvt  31.65 67.52 
7.  NTPC  359.58 2158 	
Total  2878.445 12342.38 	
8.  Hydro-renewable  148.4 533.16 
9.  RES*-MNRE  65.15 193.22 	
 *Renewable Energy Sources 
 Source: KSEB  	
   
 
 
 
 
4.2 Generating Capacity, Maximum Demand and Load Factor 	
 	
2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Sl. 
No  Year  Installed  
Capacity  (MW)*  Total Energy (MU) 
(Generation 
Purchase-Export)  Maximum 
Demand  Load  
Factor (%) 
1  2011-12  2875.7  19420.35  3348  66.2 
2  2012-13  2878.45  20300. 01  3268  66.32 	
 Source: KSEB

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4.3 Generation of Power at Different Stations  
(in MU) 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Station  2011-12  2012-13 	
Brahmapuram, EKLM  57.117  80.249 
BSES (Gas- IPP) 46.6105  131.3319 
Chembukadavu 11.9937  9.358 
Idamalayar  348.989  249.627 
Idukki  3041.71  1562.71 
Kakkad  231.53  140.463 
Kallada 65.626  21.81 
Kanjikode (wind farm)  2.033  1.763 
Kayamkulam 474.937  1508.733 
KPCL(IPP)-Kasargode  10  2.6 
Kozhikkode (KDPP) 233.87  438.705 
Kuttiyadi 766.019  501.233 
Kuthunkal(Hydro captive)-Idukki  51.363  23.6 
Lower periyar  648.64  356.49 
Lower Meenmutty 4.8631  2.159 
Maniyar (PVT) 36.982  21.39 
Mattupetty-Idukki 1.2187  2.446 
Malankara 31.944  26.47 
Neriamangalam 360.5332 231.71 
Pallivasal 231.4545 169.607 
Panniyar  184.47  90.107 
Peppara 8.1963  3.69 
Poringal Kuthu 167.1332 129.358 
Poringal LBE  102.1485 99.036 
Sabarigiri  1434.71  862.34 
Sengulam 162.2723 107.294 
Sholayar  220.359  209.27 
Urumi 1&2-Kozhikode 13.2681  10.6 	
     Source: KSEB

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  54  
 
Power consumption 	
  
  Power  consumption  has  increased  substantially  over  the  year.  D
omestic  as 
well  as  commercial  consumption,  Railway  traction,  Agricultural  pumping  and 
Licensees  increased.  The  sale  of  energy  has  increased  correspon ding  to  the 
increase  of  total  consumers.  In  the  year  2012-13,  the  domestic  consumed  about 
49.37percent  of  the  total  consumpt ion.Similarly,  the  commercial  consumption  is 
13.21  and  for  the  industrial  pur poses  there  is  about  29.74  percent.  The  detail  of 
consumption and revenue collected during 2012-13	
 is as shown below.	 	
 
4.4 Power Consumption (in MU) and Revenue Collected   (Rs. in Lakhs) in Kerala 2011-12  
 	
Category  No. of 
Consumers  Energy 
Sold  Sales 
%  Connected 
load 	(MW)	  Revenue in 
Rs  Revenue
%  	
Domestic 	8324961  7705 .86 46.85  11096 .17  15318447928  27 .39 	
Commercial 
LT+HT 	1539025  2141 .22 13.3  2635 .81  15928274256  28 .48 	
Public 
Lightning 	3160  294 .26  1.81  93 .12  638584595  1 .142 	
Agricultural 	455078  286 .18  1.58  926 .68  307703972  0 .55 	
Industrial LT 	132051  1097. 04 7.18  1560 .32  4613885062  8 .249 	
Industrial 
HT & EHT 	3341  3829 .39 24.27  1057 .38  16007502180  28 .62 	
Railway 
Traction 	8  154 .49  1.07  65 .27  616808698  1 .103 	
Licensees 	13  472 .09  3.05  83 .67  1832669381  3 .277 	
Export 	0  201 .1  .89  0  383729110  1 .191 	
 Source: KSEB

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  55  
 
4.5 Power Consumption (in MU) and Revenue Collected 
 (Rs. in Lakhs) in Kerala 2012-13 	
Category  No. of 
Consumers  Energy 
Sold  Sales 
%  Connected 
load 	(MW)	  Revenue   Revenue
%  	
Domestic  8573938  8313.36 49.37  11842.36 	215416.04 	29.82 	
Commercial 
LT+HT  1633952  2224.06 13.21  2790.58 	
185538.13 	
25.68 	
Public 
Lightning  3505  313.2  1.86  105.7 	
9431.88 	1.3 	
Agricultural  460263 
306.08  1.82  956.77 	
4727.84 	
0.65 	
Industrial LT  131583  1101.96 6.54  1539.24 	58711.78 	8.1 	
Industrial 
HT&EHT 3631  3905.15 23.199 1140.19 	
214639.81 	
29.71 	
Railway 
Traction  8  173.67  1.03  65.27 	
8250.05 	1.14 	
Licensees  10  500.76  2.97  83.42 	25530.56 	3.53 	
Export 
-  --  -  - 	93.27 	
0.01 
 	
 Source: KSEB	 
 
4.6 Category wise Sales of Energy in Kerala (in MU) 
2011-12 & 2012-13	
 	
Category  2011-12  2012-13 	
Domestic 	7705.86  8313.36 	
Commercial 	2141.22  2224.06 	
Industrial LT 	1097.04  1101.96 	
Industrial HT & EHT 	3829.39  3905.15 	
Public lighting 	294.26  313.2 	
Agriculture  	286.18  306.08 	
Railways 	154.49  173.67 	
Licence 	472.09  500.76 	
Export 	201.1  0 	
Total 	16181.63  16838.24 	
       Source: KSEB

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  56  
 
 
4.7 Consumers and Connected Load 2011-12 & 2012-13 
 	
Year No. of consumers at 
the end of the year  Connected load in 
KW at the end of  the year 
2011-12  10457637  17518.42 
2012-13 10806890  18523.51 	
      Source: KSEB 	
 	
Growth Of Kerala Power System  
 	
The  installed  capacity  has  been  increased  to  2878.45MW  as  on  March  2013  as 
against  the  2639.845  MW  in  the  previous  year.  Likewise,  per-cap ita  consumption  has 
also been  increased  by  595  KWh from  567  KWh.The  details of  grow th  of  power  system 
in Kerala is seen in Table 3.7 	
4.8 Growth of Power System  in Kerala 2011-12 &2012-13 	
Sl. 
No  Particulars  March 
2012  March 
2013 
(1)  (2)  (3) (4) 
1.  Installed capacity (MW)  2639.845  2878.45 
2.  Maximum demand(system) –MW  3348  3268 
3.  Generation per Annum-MU 8350.74  5383.22 
4.  Purchase per Annum-MW 11270.71  14916.79 
5.  Export per Annum-MU  201.1 0 
6.  Energy sales per Annum-MU  15980.53  16838.24 
7. Percentage of energy loses to 
energy available for sales  27.52  20.55 
8.  Per capita consumption-KWh 
567 595 
9.  220KV line-CT Kms  1763.26  1769.96 
10.  110KV line-CT Kms  2711.21  2720.42

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(1) (2)  (3) (4) 
11.  66 KV line-CT Kms  2122.08  2122.14 
12.  33KV line-CT Kms 1197.73  1265.71 
13.  22KV line-CT Kms  103 103 
14.  11KV line-CT Kms  51362  52842 
15.  LT line- CT Kms 	270718  273274 	
16.  Step Up Transformer capacity –MVA  2689.1  2690.7 
17.  No of EHT substations  - - 
a.  400 KV  1 1 
b.  220 KV  18 18 
C  110KV  131 132 
D  66 KV  80 81 
E  33 KV  120 128 
18 Step down Transformer capacity 
(MVA) 
16556  16965 
19a Distribution Transformers 
 (Nos)  62583  64972 
B  Capacity(MVA) 
7673.92  7940.37 
20  No of Villages electrified  1364 1364 
21  No of consumers (in Lakhs)  104.58  108.09 
22  Connected load(MW) 17518.42  18523 
23  No of Street light  1218610  1257285 
24  No of Irrigation pumps  455078  466289 
25  Total revenue per Annum(Rs lakhs) 	559301.73  722339 	
 Source: KSEB

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Power Transmission 
 	
Transmission  is  an  important  factor  to  evacuate  the  power  in  di
fferent  parts  of 
Kerala. Transmission of Electricity means bulk transfer of powe r over a long distance at 
high  voltage,  generally  of  132  KV and above. A  good  transmission  system  is necessary 
to the effective distribution and to bring power from outside t he State. In order to transfer 
the power from point of generation to point of consumption effe ctively, the Transmission 
and  Distribution  infrastructure  needs  development.  Transmission  network  in  Kerala  is 
connected  to  the  Southern  Region  Transmission  system  through  tw o  400KV  double 
circuit  line  at  Madakkathara  (Thrissur)  and  Pallippuram  (Thiruv ananthapuram).  Another 
400KV  substation  at  Arecode  (Malappuram)  is  being  constructed  b y  Power  Grid 
Corporation  of  India  Limited  (PGCIL)  Kerala’s  Transmission  syst em  consisting  of 
substations and its connected lines are given below :  	
4.9 Transmission Infrastructure (2012-13) 
Sl. 
No  Item  Target Unit  Achievement Unit  Percentage of 
Achievement 
1  400KVSubstation  0  Nos  0  Nos 
0 
2  220KVSubstation  2  Nos  0  Nos  0 
3  110KVSubstation  8  Nos  1  Nos  12.5 
4  66KVSubstation  6  Nos 
1 Nos 
16.66 
5  33KVSubstation  19  Nos 
8 Nos 
42.1 
 Source: KSEB 
 	
4.10 Transmission facilities in Kerala (2012-13) 	
Capacity  Substation(nos)  Lines(CT Km) 
400 KV  1 417* 
220KV  18 1769.96 
110 KV  132 2720.42 
66 KV  81 2122.14 
33 KV  128 1265.71 
Total  360 8295.23 	
Source: KSEB 
*Owned by PGCIL

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  59  
 
Power Distribution 	
Distribution sector is  a profound area,  which  provides electric
ity  to  all  consumers 
in  Kerala.  Kerala  has  achieved  full  electrification  in  all  vill ages,  which  is  above  average 
of national level. KSEB has giv en great attention to strengthen  the distribution backbone 
by  new  ventures.  The  power  consumption  comes  to  all  time  high.  As  on  2012-13,  the 
total number of consumers has increased to 10806890 nos aganist  the 10457637 during 
2011-12. The distribution infrastructure is an essential part o f electrifying to all domestic 
and  nondomestic  purpose.  The  target  and  achievement  of  the  dist ribution  infrastructure 
during 2012-13 is given in the Table: 	
4.11 Targets and Achievements of distribution Infrastructure	 	
2011-12 	
Sl.No 	Item  Target  Unit 	Achievement	Unit 	
Percentage  of 
Achievement 	
1  11KV Lines  4694.11  K ms  2572.24  Kms  54.8 
2 Distribution 
Transformer  5383  Nos  4375  Nos  81.27 
3  L.T Lines 
2821.7  Kms  4089  Kms  144.91 
4 	Service Connections 	332303  Nos  413667  Nos  124.49 	
 Source: KSEB 
  	
4.12 Targets and Achievements of distribution Infrastructure	 	
2012-13 	
Sl.No 	Item  Target  Unit 	Achievement	Unit 	
Percentage 
of 
Achievement 	
1  11KV Lines  3325 .25 
  Kms  1553 
  Kms  46 .7 
 
2  Distribution 
Transformer  3843 
  Nos  2598 
  Nos  67 .6 
 
3  L.T Lines  2402 .7 
  Kms 2999 
  Kms  124 .81 
 
4 	Service Connections 	256459 
  Nos 230433 
  Nos  89 .85 
 	
 Source: KSEB

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
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4.13 Transmission & Distribution Lines 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
 
Sl.No  Year Transmission & Distribution Lines(in Km) 
LT 	
220KV  110KV  66KV  33KV  22KV  11KV 	
1  2011-12  1763.26  2711.21  2122.08  1197.73  103  51392  270718
2  2012-13  1769.96  2720.42  2122.14  1265.71  103  52842  273274	
    Source: KSEB 
 Transmission and Distribution Loss (T& D loss) 
 	
Power  which  is  supplied  to  various  categories  of  consumers  pass es  through 
various  stages  before  it  finally  reaches  the  premises  of  the  co nsumers.  It  involves 
transformation  to  higher  voltage  level,  wheeling  on  high  voltag e  line,  transformation 
at  various  stages.  The  entire  process  itself  involves  energy  lo sses  known  as 
Transmission  and  Distribution  Loss  (T&  D  loss).The  main  reasons   for  such  high 
losses  are  technical  as  well  as  commercial.  The  high  technical  losses  are  due  to 
existing  outdated  system.  To  min imize  such  losses,  the  system  needs  up-gradation 
and  improvements.  KSEB  made  signifi cant  achievement  in  the  field  of  reducing  the 
T&D  loss.  During  2003-04  onwards,  T&D  loss  was  considerably  reduced  by  way  of 
faulty  meter  replacement,  intensification  of  theft  detection,  i nstallation  of  new 
substations  and  lines,  upgradation  and  modernization  of  sub  transmission  and 
distribution  network  through  Accelerated  Power  Development  and  Reforms 
Programme  .During  2012-13,  T&D  loss  has  come  down  to  15.3  perce nt  from  15.65 
percent  in  2011-12  .The  energy  loss  in  the  KSEB  system  is  accounted  as  internal 
loss. It can be seen in the Table below: 	
4.14 Generation sales and T&D loss 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Sl.N o  Year  Gene-
ration  MU  Auxillary 
Consum -ption (MU)  Import 
(MU)  Expor
t (MU)  Total 
Sales MU  Loss 
MU  % Loss 	Sys-
tem  Inter-
nal 	
1  2011
-12  8350.7
4  60.85  11270.7
1  201.1  16181.6
3  3378.9
7  17.4
5  15.6
5 
2 
2012
-13  5383.2
2  55.35 
14916.7
9  0 
16838.2
4  3406.4
2  16.8
3  15.3

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  61  
 
Rural Electrification 
 	
With  the  availability  of  power,  the  number  of  pump  sets  energiz
ed,  streetlights 
and  distribution  transformer  installed  have  increased  over  the  years.  In  2011-12,  the 
number  of  pump  sets  energized  were  455078  which  has  risen  to  46 6289  in  2012-
13.Similarly, the installation of  street lights and distribution transformers increased. It can 
be shown in the table below:-	
 	
4.15 Pump sets Energized and Street lights installed 2011-12 &  2012-13 	
Year No of Pump sets 
Energized  No of Street 
lights Installed  No of distribution 
Transformers 
2011-12  455078 1218610  62583 
2012-13 466289 1257285  64972 	
 Source: KSEB 
 
4.16 All India Generating Installed Electricity Generation Capacity  
 2012-13 
 
Name of 
State/U.T  s  Hydro  Coal  Diesel  Gas  Nuclear RES*  Total 
Northern 
Region 
15467.7  32413.5  12.99  4781.26  1620  5589.25  59884.75 
Western 
Region  7447.5  49257.01  17.48  8988.3  1840  8986.93  76537.22 
Southern 
Region 11353.03 25032.5  939.32  4962.78  1320  12251.85  55859.48 
Eastern 
Region  3981.12  23457.8  17.2  190  0  454.91  28101.03 
North 
Eastern 
Region  1242  60  142.74  1187.5  0  252.68  2884.92 
Islands  0  0  70.02  0  0  6.1  76.12 
Total (All 
India) 
39491.35 130220.81  1199.75 20109.84 4780  27541.72  223343.52
 Source: KSEB

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Economics  and Statistics  Department	             	
 
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Energy Consumption of Various Home Appliances 
 	
The  domestic  sector  accounts  for  30%  of  totalenergy  consumption   in  the 
country.  It  would  be  useful  to  know  which  gadget  consumers  how  much  electricity. 
Economic  use  of  home  appliances  can  help  in  reducing  bills.  The  following  table 
shows the energy consumption of v arious appliances normally used at home. 
 
Appliances  Rating (Watts)  Op erating Hrs/Day  Units/Month 	
Incandescent Bulbs 40  6  7 	60 
6 11 	
Fluorescent Tube light  40 10 12 
Night Lamp  15 10 4.5 
Mosquito Repellent  5 10 1.5 
Fans  60 15 27 
Air coolers  175 8 42 
Air conditioners  1500 6 270 
Refrigerator  225 15 101 
Mixer/Blender  450 1 13.5 
Toaster  800 0.5 12 
Hot plate  1500 0.5 22.5 
Oven  1000 1 30 
Electric Kettle  1500 1 45 
Electric Iron  1500 1 45 
Water heater-Instant 
Type(1-2Ltr capacity)  3000  1  90 
Water heater-storage 
Type(10-20Ltr capacity)  200  1  60 
Immersion rod 
1000 1 30 
Vacuum cleaner  700 0.5 11 
Washing machine  300 1 9 
Water pump  750 1 22.5 
TV  100 10 30 
Audio system  50 2 3 
Source:www.mercindia.org.in/pdf/TIPS_ON_ENERGY_SAVING	.

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5. MINING AND GEOLOGY 	
 	
The land of Kerala is endowed with a number of occurances/ deposits of good 
quality  minerals  such  as  Heavy  Mi neral  Sands  (Ilmenite,  Rutile,  Zircon,  Monazite, 
Sillimanite),  Gold,  Iron  ore,  Ba uxite,  Graphite,  China  Clay,  Fire  Clay,  Tile  and  Brick 
Clay,  Silica  Sand,  Lignite,  Lime stone,  Lime  shell,  Dimension  St one  (Granite), 
Gemstones,  Magnesite,  Steatite  et c.  However,  mining  activities on large scale are 
confined mainly to a few minerals - Heavy Mineral Sands, China  Clay and to a lesser 
extent  Limestone/Lime  shell,  Si lica  Sand  and  Granite.  The  state   owns  mineral 
deposits  like  limestone,  limeshe ll,  silica  sand,  bauxite,  graphite,  iron  ore,  granite 
Etc.These  minerals  are  found  in  various  districts  providing  bas e  for  forming  various 
mineral based industries in the State. Kerala posses one of the  world class  deposits 
of  minerals  and  sands  and  in  the  coastal  tracts  between  Neendakara  and 
Kayamkulam.Pazhayangadi,  Kannur  are  some  of  the  mineral  based  i ndustries 
working  in  the  State  since  several  years.  The  resources  of  beau tiful  ornamental 
granites  in  the  state  are  being  exported  to  different  countries .  In  fact,  Heavy  mineral 
sand and china clay contribute more than 90% of the total value  of major production 
in  the  State.  However,  75%  of  the  mineral  revenue  comes  from  the  minor  minerals. 
For  all  the  development  activitie s,  mineral  is  an  essential  commodity.  The  minerals 
deposited  are  found  in  various  dis tricts  providing  base  for  forming  various  mineral 
based  industries  in  the  State.  E stimated  available  mineral  reserves  with  occurrence 
and use are shown in Tabl e 3.15 given below:

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 5.1 Available Resources for Mineral Industries 	
Minerals Reserves 
(Million tones)  Occurance  Uses 	
Gold 
0.55 	Wayanad, Marudp, Nilambur, 
Malappuram  Manufacture of ornaments 	
Iron 
83.4 	
Kozhikode (Eleyettimala,  
Naduvallur Nanminda,  Cheruppa, Alampara) 
Malappuram (Korattimala)  Iron is useful in bu ilding 
(Bridge, highway, rail road, etc.) 
, transportation (car, train, boats, 
plane, etc.) , tools (knife ,  machines , etc.) 	
China clay  172 	Thiruvananthapuram,Kollam, 
Kannur,Kasaragod  Ceramics, pottery, paper, 
textiles, Rubber and paints 	
Ball clay  1.67 	
Thiruvananthapuram(Nadayara) 
Kollam (Kumbalam, 
 Kanjirotusser, Mulana)  
Kannur(Pattuvam,Karivalloor, 
Earipuram,Pazhayangadi)  Manufacture of Refractory 
products, Ceramic Granite Tiles, 
Glazed Tiles, Table Ware & High 
Tension Electric Insulators etc. 	
Fire clay  11.55 	
Kollam(Kundamon,Pallikkal), 
Alappuzha(Thamarakulam),  Eranakulam(Amballoor, 
 Kanjiramattom, Keezhumadu),  Thrissur(Poomangalam) Kannur(Pattuvam)  Manufacture of firebrick and of 
various accessory utensils, such  as crucibles, saggers, retorts, and glass pots, used in the 
metalworking industries 	
Silica  28.40 	Coastal area of Alappuzha  Used in ceramics and to make 
glass with. It can also be used to  strengthen iron and steel . 	
Bauxite  12.5 
 	
Thiruvananthapuram 
(mangalapram,Chilambil,Sasthavatt
om), 
Kolam.(Poruvazhy ,Aadichanalloor) 
Kannur,  
Kasaragod  Manufacture of Aluminum .It
 is 
used in cement, chemicals, face 
makeup, soda cans,  
dishwashers, siding for   houses. 	
Lime shell  4.05 	
Alappuzha, Eranakulam (Vembanad 
lake), Kottayam, Thrissur 
(Vadanapally)Kannur (Payyannur, 
Thrikkkaripur)  Manufacture of a variety of 
products including white   cements 	
Lime stone  24 	Palakkad (Walayar)  Manufacture of cement, calcium 
carbide, Iron & steel  
Industry etc 	
Graphite  2.81 	
Thiruvananthapuram (Veli, 
 Kuttichal), Eranakulam  
(vadakode) 
, Kottayam (Chirakadavu)  Crucible Foundry, Refractory, 
Paints & Lubricant Industries 	
Lignite  9.65 	Kannur(madai),Kasaragod 
Nileswaram, Palayi  Used as fuel for steam 
electric power generation in 
some countries 	
Magnesite   0.037 	Palakkad (Attapadi)  Refractory bricks for 
furnaces 	
Source: Dept of mining & Geology

Infrastructure statistics  201213  	
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The  major  mineral  based  industries  like  Indian  Rare  Earths  Ltd,  chavara,  Kerala 
Minerals and Metals Ltd, chavara, Malabar cements, Walayar, Tra vancore cements Ltd, 
Kottayam,  Kundara  ceramics,  Kollam,  English  IndianClays  Ltd,  Th iruvananthapuram, 
Excel  Glass  Industry,  Alappuzha,  Kerala  Clays  and  Ceramic  Products  Ltd, 
Pazhayangadi,  Kannur  are  some  of  the  mineral  based  industries  w orking  in  the  State 
since  several  years.  The  resources  of  beautiful  ornamental  gran ites  in  the  State  are 
being exported to different countries  The  Kerala  Minerals  and  Metals  Ltd  (KMML)  is  the  world’s  first  fully  integrated 
Titanium Dioxide Plant. KMML is also India’s first and only manufacturer of Rutile Grade 
Titanium dioxide by chloride process 	
Indian Rare earths 
   	
 Incorporated  on  August  18,  1950.	 An  ISO  9001,  ISO  14001  &  OHSAS  18001 
Certified Company. 
   IREL has four Production Plants viz. Minerals Division at Chav ara,  
   Manavalakurichi, OS COM and Rare Earths Division at Aluva. 
   Major Activity: Mining and separ ation of Heavy Minerals like, Ilmenite, 
    Rutile,Zircon, Sillimanite, Garnet and Monazite from beach sa nd. 
   Also  engaged  in  chemical  processing  of  Monazite  to  yield  Thori um  compounds, 
Rare Earth Chlorides and Tri-Sodium Phosphate. 
   Products  find  use  in  manufacture  of  white  pigments,  welding  el ectrodes, 
foundries,  ceramics,  refractory’s,  abrasives  for  polishing  glas s/  TV  tubes  and  in 
sand blasting etc. 
   Sales  turnover  exceeding  3600  million  with  export  component  ov er  Rs  1000 
Million. 
   Provides Value for money to its Customers. 
   Professional, Creative and Committed Workforce.

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Details of Major Mineral Mines in Kerala 	
 	
As on 31	st March 2013, there are 81 major mineral mines that are operation
 in the 
State.  The  table  given  below  inc ludes  the  statistics  of  the  mines.  Total  area  covered  by 
mining leases is 2727.9231 ha. 	
 
5.2 Details of Major Mineral Mines in Kerala 2012-13 
 	
Sl. No.	 	Name of major mineral No. of mining leases 	
 	
1 Graphite  1 
2 China clay  34 
3 Laterite  8 
4 Irone ore  1 
5 Quartz  2 
6 Lime shell  5 
7  Mineral sand  4 
8 Lime Stone  1 
9 Silica sand  25 	
Total  81 	
 Source: Economic Review 
 	
 
5.3 Total area Covered by  mining Leases 2012-13 
 	
Sl. No.	 	Minerals Area in Hectares 	
 	
1  Clay  94.082 
2  Silica sand 32.2844 
3  Bauxite  1.3737 
4  Lime shell 1949.90 
5  Limestone  245.69 
6  Mineral sand 354.57 
7  Quartz  50.023 	
Total  2727.9231 	
 Source: Economic Review

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5.4 Details of Mining lease in force 2012-13 
 	
Sl. No.  Name of Mineral  Total 	
1  Graphite  1 
2  China clay 30 
3  Laterite  7 
4  Iron ore 1 
5  Quartz  0 
6  Lime shell 6 
7  Mineral sand 4 
8  Lime stone  1 
9  Silica sand 30 
10  Quartzite  1 	
Total 81 	
 Source: Dept of mining & Geology 
 	
5.5 Statement showing number of Mining Leases in the State of K erala 2012-13 
(District wise and Mineral –wise) 
Sl.No.  District  Name of Mineral 	
Graphite 
China clay 
Laterite 
Iron ore 
Quartz  Lime shell 
Mineral  sand 
Lime 
stone 
Silica  sand 
Quartzi te 	
1 	Thiruvanantha 
puram 	  28                 	
2  Kollam    2          4       
3  Pathanamthitta                     
4  Alappuzha     1      2      30   
5  Kottayam            3         
6  Idukki                    
7  Eranakulam  1                   
8  Thrissur                     
9  Palakkad           1    1     
10  Malappuram                     
11  Kozhikode        1            1 
12  Wayanad                    
13  Kannur     5               
14  Kasaragode      1               	
Total 1  30  7  1  0  6  4  1  30  1 	
 Source: Dept of mining & Geology

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Royalty 	
  Mining and Geology Department is authorized to receive Royalty  on extraction of 
major  as  well  as  minor  minerals  in  the  state  at  the  rates  fixed   by  the  Government.  The 
production  and  royalty  of  various  major  minerals  and  minor  mine rals  in  the  State  during 
the year 2011-12 & 2012-13 summarized are given below: 	
5.6 Production of Major Miner als in Kerala 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Sl.  
No.  Major Mineral  Production in Tonnes  Royalty(Rs) 	
2011-12  2012-13  2011-12  2012-13 	
1  China clay 
812977.6667  434121.88  12194665  10853047 
2  Lime stone  546304  560828.95  34417152  35332224 
3  Ilminite 146401.7895 1283489 
  16689804  26568222 
4  Silica sand 
45638.00806  88091.64  5659113  12597104 
5  Lime shell 63781.14286  43470.97  4018212  2738671 
6  Laterite  76859.35955  107683.96  6840483  10445344 
7  Zircon 16164.68125  7919.35  20690792  14832938 
8  Sillimanite  5988.319444  39.98  1724636  1424332 
9  Rutile  10490.44  49.99  8392352  7707021 
10  Graphite  327.04 696 18720  45240 
11  Quartz  0 3488.37  0 150000 	
 Source: Dept: of Mining&Geology 
 	
5.7 Production of Minor Minerals in Kerala 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
Sl. No.  Minor Mineral Production in Tonnes  Royalty(Rs) 	2011-12  2012-13  2011-12  2012-13 	
1 
Granite(building 
Stone)  13101468.63  15227650.75  209623498  243642412 
2  River Sand*  3697269.8  2629390.8  36972698  26293908 
3  Ordinary sand  3814079.1  3187035.7  38140791  31870357 
4 
Laterite  1757764.313  2070631.5  28124229  33130104 
5  Brick clay  1588373.4  1515292.5  15883734  15152925 
6  Lime shell  9486.54  4804.66  474327  240233 
7 Granite(dimension 
stone)m(in cubic  meters)  373.961  1245.11  1495844  4980445 	
 Source: Dept: of Mining&Geology

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Revenue from minerals 	
Government gets revenue from minerals mainly by way of royalty.
 About 75% 
of  the  revenue  comes  from  minor  minerals  and  rest  from  major  mi nerals.  Revenue 
collected  during  the  year  2012-13  wa s  Rs.49.7  crores.  The  year wise  details  of 
revenue  collected  during  2011-12  &  2012-13  and  district  wise  details  of  revenue 
collected during 2012-13  are given below: 	
5.8 Revenue collection details 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
 
Year  Amount collected for 
Major Mineral 	
(Rs)	  Amount collected for 
Minor Mineral 	(Rs)	  Total 	
2011-12  111677683 
331311145  442988828 
2012-13  123278143 373676894  496955037 	
 Source	: Dept: of Mining&Geology	 
 
The  revenue  realization  by  the   department  has  been  impressive  a nd 
encouraging  as  is  evident  from  the  table  given  above.  As  compar ed  to  2011-12  the 
revenue has increased b y around 12 % during 2012-13.	
 	
5.9 District-wise Revenue Collection 2012-13 	
Sl. 
No.  Districts  Major 
minerals  Minor minerals  Total 
(1) 
(2)  (3) (4) (5) 
1  Thiruvananthapuram  10305958  34264169  44570127 
2  Kollam  49409250  35724786  85134036 
3  Pathanamthitta  0 26601814  26601814 
4  Alappuzha  13585333  2224899  15810232 
5  Kottayam  1439550  18168485  19608035 
6  Idukki  0 12166576  12166576 
7  Eranakulam  195240  58278732  58473972

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Sl. 
No.  Districts  Major 
 minerals  Minor minerals  Total 	
(1) 
(2)  (3) (4) (5) 
8  Thrissur  0 43853637  43853637 
9  Palakkad  35282772  23081040  58363812 
10  Malappuram  0 33839562  33839562 
11  Kozhikode  0 24929698  24929698 
12  Wayanad  0 13473530  13473530 
13  Kannur  5546468  26752242  32298710 
14  Kasaragod 4717189  10734478  15451667 
15  Kerala Mineral 
squard(SR)   0  1820000  1820000 
16 Kerala Mineral 
squard (NR)  0  3856000  3856000 
17 Kerala Mineral 
squard (CR)    2272000  2272000 
18  Directorate 
2796383  1635246  4431629 	
Total 	123278143  373676894  496955037 	
 Source: Dept of Mining & geology	 
 
 	
5.10 Gem Testing Fee Collection 2012-13 	
 
Year  Amount Collected (Rs) 	
2012-13  445655 	
Source: Dept of mining & Geology 	
 	
The mineral concession in force as  on 31 st March 2013 with respect to minor 
minerals is given in Table 3.27.

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5.11 Details of Mineral concessions pertaining to Minor Mineral
 	
2012-13 	
Sl. No.  Type of mineral concession  Number of concessions	
1  Quarrying permits 3924 
2  Quarrying leases including Dimension stone  585 
3  Dealer’s License  1460 
4  License for registered metal crusher unit  195 	
 Source: Dept of mining & Geology   
 
5.12 Statement showing number  of Quarrying permits issued  
2011-12 (District wise and Mineral –wise) 
Sl. 
No.  District  Name of Mineral 	Granite 
building  stone  Laterite 
Brick
Clay  Ordinary 
sand  Sea 
shell  Lime 
shell  Total	
1  Thiruvanathapuram  158  10  0  7      175 
2  Kollam 
60  4  5  2      71 
3  Pathanamthitta  137  20  3        160 
4  Alappuzha    38  4        42 
5  Kottayam 240  3  17  151      411 
6  Idukki 125      1      126 
7  Eranakulam  288  10    11      309 
8  Thrissur 126  64  38        228 
9  Palakkad 194  46  3  132      375 
10  Malappuram  268  429          697 
11  Kozhikode 260  106  31  3      400 
12  Wayanad  167    4  4      175 
13  Kannur 203  571          774 
14  Kasaragode 163  342    181      686 
  Total 2389  1643  105  492      4629 
Source: Dept of Mining & Geology

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5.13 Statement showing number o f Quarrying permits issued  
2012-13 (District wise and Mineral –wise)   
 	
Sl. 
No  District  Name of Mineral 	Granite 
building  stone  Laterite
Brick 
Clay  Ordinary 
sand  Sea 
shell  Lime 
shell  Total	
1 	Thiruvananthapuram 	147  9  2  6  0  -  164 	
2 	Kollam 	122  25  4  4  0  -  155 	
3 	Pathanamthitta 	90  19  1  2-  -  -  112 	
4 	Alappuzha 	-  16  0  -  -  -  16 	
5 	Kottayam 	156  3  0  15  -  -  174 	
6 	Idukki 	92  0  0  1  -  -  93 	
7 	Eranakulam 	243  29  5  12  -  -  289 	
8 	Thrissur 	189  47  54  -  -  -  290 	
9 	Palakkad 	180  31  3  76  -  -  290 	
10 	Malappuram 	266  420  6  -  -  -  692 	
11 	Kozhikode 	267  124  25  12  -  -  428 	
12 	Wayanad 	289  0  8  29  -  -  326 	
13 	Kannur 	179  621  0  0  -  -  800 	
14 	Kasaragode 	113  318  0  8  -  -  439 	
Total 
2333  1662  108  165  -  -  4268	
Source: Dept of Mining & Geology

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5.14 Production details of Major Minerals 
2012-13 (In Tonnes) 	
Minerals  2012-13 	
China clay  434121.88 
Ilmanite  128348.9 
Rutile  49.99 
Zircon 7919.35 
Silimanite  39.98 
Silica sand 88091.64 
Lime shell/ 
sea shell  43470.97 
Lime stone 
560828.95 
Bauxite/Laterite 	107683.96 	
Quartz  3488.37 
Graphite  696 
Brown Ilmanite  50 	
 Source: Dept of mining & Geology 	
 
5.15  Production details of M inor Minerals 2012-13 
(In Tonnes) 	
Minerals  2012-13 	
GBS  15227650.75 
GDS  1245.11 
Laterite 2070631.5 
Lime shell/Sea shell  4804.66 
Brick Clay 1515292.5 
Ordinary Sand  3187035.7 
River sand 2629390.8 	
 Source: Dept of mining & Geology

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5.16 Value details of Major Minerals 	
2012-13 
 (in Rs.) 	
Minerals  2012-13 	
China clay  127197746 
Ilmanite 2181933000 
Rutile  5860000 
Zircon 847370450 
Silimanite  378910 
Silica sand 162882108 
Lime shell/sea shell  47818100 
Lime stone 117774080 
Bauxite/Laterite  39520028 
Quartz  976640 
Graphite 376536 
Brown Ilmanite 3668000 	
     Source: Dept of mining & Geology  
 	
5.17 Value details of Minor Minerals 	
2012-13 
 (in Rs.) 	
Minerals  2012-13 	
GBS  3806912750 
GDS  37353300 
Laterite 579776820 
Lime shell/Sea shell  5285126 
Brick Clay  530352550 
Ordinary Sand 4780554000 
River sand  3944086500 	
 Source: Dept of mining & Geology

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6  IRRIGATION 	
 
Water is very important for survival of all forms of life- plan t as well as animal 
Irrigation is an essential input for agriculture and used in al l parts of the world where 
rainfall does not provide enough ground moisture. Irrigation is  an artificial application 
of  water  to  the  soil  through  va rious  systems  of  tubes,  pumps,  and  sprays.  Irrigation 
is normally used in areas where rainfall is inconsistent or dry  conditions or drought is 
expected.  In  areas  of  irregular  r ainfall,  irrigation  is  used  during  dry  spells  to  ensure 
harvests  and  to  increase  crop  yields.  Access  to  good  irrigation   allows  people  to 
increase their productivity. Irri gation is also an essential input for cultivation for crops 
like  paddy,  which  require  high  amount  of  water  to  grow.  Irrigat ion  is  also  used  to 
prevent  soil  consolidat ion,  suppress  the  growth  of  weeds  in  gra in  fields,  and  to 
protect  plants  against  frost  .Irrigation  is  very  beneficial  to  farmers  Irrigation  reduces 
the  vulnerability  of  farmers  to  unpredicted  rains  and  other  ext ernal  shocks,  thus 
enhancing  their  chances  of  higher  productivity  and  better  incom es.  Especially  those 
farmers  who  own  land  that  are  in  places  that  don't  get  a  suffic ient  amount  of  water. 
They  use  the  strategy  of  irrigation  to  make  up  for  that  deficit   and  can  water  their 
crops to grow them to the full  potential. Irrigation means the  action of applying water 
to land in order to supply crops  and other plants with necessar y water 
The  rivers  in  the  state  provide  east  potential  for  irrigation  and  power 
generation.  Frequent  floods  and  o ccasional  drought  condition  often  affect  the  crops 
adversely.  The  details  of  area  irrigated  under  various  sources  like  canals,  well/tube 
wells,  tanks  etc  Irrigation  development  in  Kerala  is  mainly  centered  on  the 
development  of  surface  water  resources  mainly  on  the  development  of  major  and 
medium  irrigation  projects.  With   the  large  population  growth  expected  for  the  next 
decades,  irrigation  must  be  expa nded  to  increase  the  food  capacity  production.  It  is 
estimated that 80% of additional  food production by the year 2025 will need to come 
from  irrigated  land.  Even  with  the  widespread  measures  to  conse rve  water  by

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improvements in irrigation technology, the construction of more reservoir projects will 
be required	
. 	
  
Purpose of irrigation 	
Irrigation is the process of suppl ying water, in addition to natural precipitation, 
to  field  crops,  orchards,  vineyards,  or  other  cultivated  plants .  Irrigation  water  is 
applied  to  ensure  that  the  water  available  in  the  soil  is  sufficient  to  meet  crop  water 
needs.  The  role  of  irrigation  is  to  improve  production  and  the  effectiveness  of  other 
inputs.  It  also  play  a  crucial  role  in  enabling  the  adoption  of   green  revolution 
technologies,  including  modern  va rieties  of  rice  and  wheat  and their  effects  on 
income,  employment,  prices,  food  security  and  overall  growth,  a re  well  documented 
in the development. Irrigation th rough canals, wells and other sources is considered 
as  a  catalyst  of  economic  developm ent  of  a  country.  Numerous  studies  have 
confirmed  on  the  role  of  irrigation  in  increasing  crop  producti vity,  intensity  of 
cropping  in  India  since  the  evolut ion  of  planning.  However,  it also  helps  in  reducing 
instability  in  crop  production,  changes  the  cropping  pattern  in   favour  of  high  valued 
crops,  and  reduces  inequality  in  inc ome  among  various  section  farmers  in  the 
society. 	
Major, Medium and Minor Irrigation Projects: 	
The  irrigation  projects  can  be  broadly  classified  into  three  ca tegories  viz 
major,  medium  and  minor  irrigation  schemes.  Irrigation  projects   having  Cultivable 
Command  Area  (CCA)	
 upto  50  ha  is  treated  as  MI  Class  II  works.  Schemes  having 
an ayacut area between 50 to  2000ha is treated as MI Class I wo rks. 
Medium  irrigation  works  are  t hose  with  irrigable  command  area  o f  more  than 
2000 ha, but less than 10,000 ha. Those schemes above 10,000 ha  are classified as 
Major  irrigation  schemes.  For  the  purpose  of  analysis  the  major   and  the  medium 
irrigation  projects  are  general ly  grouped  together.  These  proje cts  comprise  a 
network  of  dams,  bunds,  canals  and  other  such  schemes.  Such  projects  require 
substantial financial outlay and a re, therefore, constructed by the government or any 
other agency which may draw financial assistance from the gover nment and financial 
institutions.  The  minor  irrigat ion  projects,  on  the  other  hand,   comprise  all  ground 
water  development  schemes  such  as  dug  wells,  private  shallow  tu be  wells,  deep

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public  tube  wells,  and  boring  and  deepening  of  dug  wells  and  small  surface  water 
development works such as storage  tanks, lift irrigation projects, etc. Minor irrigation 
projects  or  the  groundwater  development  schemes  are  essentially   people's 
programmes  implemented  primarily  through  individual  and  co-oper ative  efforts  with 
finances obtained mainly through  institutional sources. 
Irrigation projects in Kerala 	
There  are  about  twenty  completed  and  seven  ongoing  major  Irrigation 
projects  in  Kerala.  Some  of  the  completed  Irrigation  projects  in  kerala  are  Neyyar  in 
Thiruvananthapuram  district,,  Kallada  in  Kollam  district,  Pampa   in  Pathanamthitta 
district  ,  Periyar  valley  and  Kanakkankadavu  in  Eranakulam  dist rict, 
Chalakkudy,Chimmoni  Mupli,  Vazhani,  Cheerakuzhy  and  Peechi  in  T hrissur  district, 
Malampuzha,  Mangalam,  Walayar,  G ayathri,  Pothundy,  Kanjirapuzha,  Thrithala  and 
chitturpuzha in Palakkad district and finally Kuttiady in Kozhi kode district ,Pazhassi in 
Kannur district.Ongoing project include Edamalayar and Moovattupuzha . At present 
all irrigation projects in Ke rala are owned by government. 	
6.1 Storage levels in reservo irs of completed projects 
 in Kerala  2012-13 	
Sl. No.  Name of Reservoir  2012-13 	
1  Malampuzha  160.83 
2  Neyyar  76.29 
3  Kallada 198.6 
4  Kanhirapuzha  64.12 
5  Kuttiyadi 105.61 
6  Pothundy  32.65 
7  Mangalam 25.34 
8  Vazhazni 11.66 
9  Peechi  59.06 
10  Walayar  6.26 
11  Meenkara 6.311 
12  Chulliyar  2.72 
13  Chimoni 142.58

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14  Malankara  34.32 	
Total 926.351 	
  
 	
6.2 	Irrigation Projects in Kerala 
Sl.  
No.    Name of 
Project  Districts Year 
if 
Start  Year of 
completion   
Ayacut   In ha. 	
  
   
Net  Gross 
1  Neyyar Thiruvananthapuram 1951  1973 
15380  23480 
 2  Pampa Pathanamthitta  1961  1992 
21135  49456 
3  Periyar Valley Ernakulam  1956  1994 
32800  65600 
4  Chalakkudy Thrissur  1949  1966 
19690  39380 
5  Vazhani Thrissur  1951  1962 
4226  4647 
6  Cheerakuzhy Thrissur  1957  1973 
1620  3240 
7  Malampuzha Palakkad  1949  1966 
20553  41106 
8  Peechi Thrissur  1947  1959 
18759  28080 
9  Mangalam Palakkad  1953  1966 
3440  6616 
10  Walayar Palakkad  1953  1964 
3997  6872 
11 Gayathri –
stage-1  Palakkad  1956  1964 
3035  6070 
12 Gayathri –
stage-2  Palakkad  1961  1970 
2430  4860 
13  Pothundy Palakkad  1958  1971 
4685  9370 
14  Chitturpuzha Palakkad  1963  1992 
15700  29202 
15  Kuttiady Kozhikode  1962  1993 
14570  35850 
16  Chimoni Mupli Thrissur  1976  1996 
13000  26000 
17  Kallada Kollam  1961  2004 
61630  92800 
18  Kanjirapuzha Palakkad  1961  1995 
9713  21853 
19  Pazhassi Kannur  1961  1992  11525  23050 
Source :IDRB

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Irrigation status 
 	
The  source-wise  net  area  irrigated  and  gross  area  irrigated  fro
m  2011-12  to 
2012-13  are  given  in  Tables  4.3  &  4.5  respectively.Also  the  district  wise  details  of  net 
irrigated  area  and  gross  area  irrigated  are  shown  in  Table  4.4  .  There  was  a  decline  in 
the  area  under  coconut  cultivation  during  the  year  2012-13.  The re  was  a  decline  in  the 
area under irrigation for paddy cultivation this year compared to previous year. 
6.3 Net Area (in hectares) Irrig ated in Kerala – Source Wise  
 2011-12 &2012-13 	
 (Area in hectare) 	
 	
Source  2011-12 2012-13 	
Government Canal  81737  80718 
Private Canal  1971  2457 
Government Tanks 1724  1275 
Private Tanks 45388  42283 
Government wells  265  417 
Private wells 136928  121921 
Minor irrigation  9220  6772 
Other sources 106613  113877 
Tube wells  25068  26148 	
Total 408914  395868 	
 Source: Agri.Statistics, DES

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6.4 Net Area (in hectares) Irrigated in Kerala– District wise &
 Source Wise 2012-13  	
Area in Hectare 	
Sl. 
No.  District  Govt 
canal  Private 
canal  Govt 
tanks  Private 
tanks  Govt 
wells  Private 
wells  Minor 
irrigation  From River& Lake 
Other 
sources  Total Tube 
wells  Grand  
Total 	
Pum
p
Wheel  Other 
methods 	
1 
Thiruvananthapuram 
3775    217  7    2674        25  355  380  80  7133 	
2 
Kollam 
1129  6  15  66  44  2504  29  19      352  371  48  4212 	
3 
Pathanamthitta 
1812  4    199    1876    6      1  7  13  3911 	
4 
Alappuzha 
2420      449  5  839    1335    28967  34  30336  6081  40130 	
5 
Kottayam 
  115    148    1539    33    11061    11094  8  12904 	
6 
Idukki 
2502  372  5  13847 4  4486    20    13912  2909  16841  1536  39593 	
7 
Eranakulam 
8253  164  306  1315  58  6432  4171  863  18  740  443  2064  421  23184 	
8 
Thrissur 
15832  115  258  3363  104  33804  642  663    132  7032  7827  1078  63023 	
9 
Palakkad 
37022  128  263  4824  31  14416  530  9726  16  3345  6668  19755  8060  85029 	
10 
Malappuram 
3600  263  136  4972  107  15965  866  1006    2073  655  3734  1284  30927 	
11 
Kozhikode 
878  176  8  375  16  2444  18  111    118  1006  1235  84  5234 	
12 
Wayanad 
69  159    39  8  136  455  156    1183  11245  12584  22  13472 	
13 
Kannur 
2922  224  16  1258  25  10576  58  144    211  3243  3598  914  19591 	
14 
Kasaragode 
504  731  51  11421 15  24230  3  2965    625  461  4051  6519  47525 	
Total 
80718  2457  1275 42283 417  121921 6772  17047 34  62392  34404  113877 26148 395868 	
Source: Agri.Statistics, DES

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6.5 Gross Area (in hectares) Irrigated– Crop Wise   2011-12 & 2012-13 	
 (Area in hectare) 	
 
 	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Source: Agri.Statistics, DES 	
Crop 2011-12  2012-13 	
Paddy  153236  146938 
Vegetables  17481  21019 
Tubers  15162  619 
Coconut 181774  164491 
Arecanut  39094  36040 
Cloves  289  265 
Nutmeg 14960  15468 
Other condiments and 
spices  5234  496 
Banana 
44190  44336 
Betel leaves  330  325 
Sugarcane 418  1697 
Others 18417  26202

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6.6 Gross area under irrigation (crop wise) 2012-13 	
(Area in hectare) 	
Sl. 
No.  Districts 	
Paddy 
Tubers 
Vegetables 
Coconut 
Arecanut  Cloves 
Nutmeg 
Other	 
spices & 
condiment	
s	
Banana 
Betal 
leaves 
Sugarcane 
Other 
crops 
Total 	
1  Thiruvanathapuram  1814  19  997  2228  10    1  29  3358  17    1638  101 11 	2  Kollam 1106  1  1040  514  22    1    981  27    2359  6051 	3  Pathanamthitta  2269    821  867  29        1462  29    34  5511 	4  Alappuzha 35477  231  1333  6700  5    82  7  530  54  11  1945  46375 	5  Kottayam  17559    1374  58  3  104  1521  1  638  5    15  21278 	6  Idukki  1176  2  4265  648  156  107  1377    1028  0  1439 41  10239 	7  Eranakulam 3174  60  1825  11833  1566  5  5974  3  3525  9    4035  3200 9 	8  Thrissur 20438  45  1347  44142  4671  6  5829  1  2018  6    3804  82357  	9  Palakkad 42022  40  3589  25910  3987  1  187  417  13129  3  246  5834  95365 	10  Malappuram  4974  172  1348  19133  5684  2  252  8  5583  149    3336  40641 	11  Kozhikode  1478  9  695  2949  305  9  95  3  1643  9    296  7491 	12  Wayanad 10228  28  1002  150  176    2  2  7922  0    50  19560 	13  Kannur  3503  7  875  13468  2033  2  27  1  2008  1    790  22715 	14  Kasaragod 1670  5  508  35891  17393  29  120  24  511  16  1  2025  58193 	
State Total  146938  619  21019  164491  36040  265  15468  496  44336  3 25  1697 26202
457896 	
Source: Agri.Statistics, DES

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6.7 Distribution of district wi
se Area irrigated by different sources 2010-11 	
(Area in hectare) 	
 	Sl. No.  District  Canal  Tank  Well  Tube wells  Other sources  Total 	
Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  %  Area  % 	
1 
Thiruvanantha 
puram 
1168.3  2.26  368.03  0.88  5583.78  4.42  244.71  1.13  2499.61  2.63  9864.43  2.93 	2  Kollam 
311.75  0.60  58.6  0.14  1669.24  1.32  30.2  0.14  1032.24  1.09  3102.03  0.92 	3  Pathanamthitta  1413.04  2.74  51.1  0.12  2244.85  1.78  23.66  0.11   770.95  0.81  4503.6  1.34 	4  Alappuzha  1328.78  2.57  789.01  1.88  1941.43  1.54  5062.09  23.39 15017.18 15.82 24138.49 7.17 	5  Kottayam  81.61  0.16  720.87  1.72  2901.19  2.30  227.44  1.05  9101.51  9.59  13032.62 3.87 	6  Idukki 1344.78  2.60  19063.84 45.37 7866.82  6.23  1135.94  5.25  12 190.36 12.84 41601.74 12.36 	7  Eranakulam  6318.92  12.23 1610.36  3.83  9706.05  7.69  747.47  3.45   2295.58  2.42  20678.38 6.15 	8  Thrissur  8277.89  16.02 2554.51  6.08  25074.19 19.86  873.57  4.04  6258.86  6.59  43039.02 12.79 	9  Palakkad  28720.74 55.59 3447.14  8.2  13074.56 10.36  4754.48  21.97 10867.56 11.45 60864.48 18.09 	10  Malappuram  1438.23  2.78  4637.81  11.04 20318.96 16.09  1210.84  5.59  7486.63  7.89  35092.47 10.43 	11  Kozhikode  516.17  1.00  582.49  1.39  5696.13  4.51  225.89  1.04  1733.82  1.83  8754.5  2.60 	12  Wayanad  546.04  1.06  1422.39  3.39  3700.52  2.93  151.23  0.70  19 895.79 20.96 25715.97 7.64 	13  Kannur 66.06  0.13  1030.66  2.45  10465.83 8.29  522.08  2.41  3243.6  3.42  15328.23 4.56 	14  Kasaragode  129.36  0.23  5682.94  13.52 16013.27 12.68  6433.88  29 .73 2513.76  2.65  30773.21 9.15 	
Total 51661.67 100  42019.75 100  126256.8 100  21643.48 100  94907.45 100  336489.2 100 	
Source: Agri: census 2010-11

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Distribution of district wise 
holdings receiving irrigation by  different sources 2010-11 	
Table 4.8 shows the district wise distribution of holdings receiving irrigation by different sources. The different sources li sted 
are canal, tank, well, tube wells and other sources .Out of the  3918240 irrigated holdings canal irrigated holdings are 172098, tank 
irrigated holding 111098, well  irrigated holdings 2431408, Tube  well irrigated holdings are 290997 and other sources irrigated   
holdings are 912639.  	
6.8 Distribution of district wi se holdings receiving irrigation  by different sources 2010-11 	
Sl. No  District Canal  Tank  Well  Tube wells  Other sources Total 
No  %  No  %  No  %  No  %  No  %  No  % 	
1 
Thiruvanantha 
puram  6802 3.95 3396 3.06 337015 13.86  9630 3.31 124005 13.59 480848 12.27 	2  Kollam 
46886 27.24 1562 1.41 115050 4.73  1672 0.57 43372 4.75 208542 5. 32 	3  Pathanamthitta  5045 2.93 715 0.64 153541 6.31  1235 0.42 16616 1.82 177 152 4.52 	4  Alappuzha  4830 2.81 18822 16.94 111404 4.58  168136 57.78 65650 7.19 368842 9.41 	5  Kottayam 453 0.26 3541 3.19 113173 4.65  4361 1.50 26648 2.92 148176 3.7 8 	6  Idukki 3134 1.82 22618 20.36 58174 2.39  5890 2.02 81570 8.94 171386 4.3 7 	7  Eranakulam  29313 17.03 9375 8.44 192430 7.91  17737 6.10 65969 7.23 314 824 8.03 	8  Thrissur 24027 13.96 9835 8.85 354484 14.58  5040 1.73 79805 8.74 473191 12.08 	9  Palakkad  41630 24.19 9461 8.52 118720 4.88  20026 6.88 136985 15.01 326822 8.34 	10  Malappuram  3511 2.04 11366 10.23 290753 11.96  14009 4.81 144701 15.8 6 464340 11.85 	11  Kozhikode  3155 1.83 1828 1.65 200466 8.24  5639 1.94 20754 2.27 231842 5.92 	12  Wayanad 1810 1.05 1972 1.78 27904 1.15  1327 0.46 60082 6.58 93095 2.38  	13  Kannur 1112 0.65 4147 3.73 224753 9.24  5084 1.75 31379 3.44 266475 6.8 0 	14  Kasaragode  390 0.23 12460 11.22 133541 5.49  31211 10.73 15103 1.65 192705 4.92 	
Total 172098 100 111098 100 2431408 100  290997 100 912639 100 3918240 100  	
 Source: Agri: census 2010-11

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Distribution of district wise 
number of wells and tube wells 
 	
Table 4.9 shows the distributi on of district wise number of wel ls and tube wells.The largest number of wells with pumpset 
are  in  Thrissur(247998)  distric t  and  lowest  in  Wayanad  (19238)  district.Wells  without  pumpset  are  higher  in  Thiruvananthapuram  
(82568).Majority  of  wells  with  pu mpset  is  electric  connected.Wells  with  diesel  pump  set  are  30751   in  the  State.Tube  wells  are 
largest  in  Alappuzha(126061)  distr ict.Electric  connected  tube  wells  are  also  largest  in  Alappuzha  district  125343.Diesel  conne cted 
tube wells are highest in Alapuzha District(718). 	
6.9 Distribution of district wi se number of wells and tube well s 2010-11 	
Sl. No.  District  Number of wells in use  Number of tube wells 
With pump set 
Without pump sets  Elect ric  Diesel  Total 	
Electric  Diesel  Total 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  153379 1823 155202 82568 5190 193 5383 	2  Kollam 96623 1339 97962 49878 1065 184 1249 	3  Pathanamthitta 113423 2167 115590 44152 9645 116 9761 	4  Alappuzha 72181 2244 74425 53508 125343 718 126061 	5  Kottayam 90895 1490 92385 25239 3888 156 4044 	6  Idukki 42033 3533 45566 12176 3009 181 3190 	7  Eranakulam 182576 1059 183635 19379 15458 196 15654 	8  Thrissur 245517 2481 247998 22090 6809 647 7456 	9  Palakkad 81529 856 82385 27666 14951 564 15515 	10  Malappuram 237694 5278 242972 59514 16932 371 17303 	11  Kozhikode 102591 1786 104377 29478 5444 198 5642 	12  Wayanad 18748 490 19238 4732 901 107 1008 	13  Kannur 80116 2580 82696 26977 4356 152 4508 	14  Kasaragode 113349 3625 116974 24870 32679 379 33058 	
Total 1630654 30751 1661405 482227 245670 4162 249832 	
 Source: Agri: census 2010-11

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Number of wells and tube wells u
sed for irrigation in different size classes 	
 	
Table 4 .10 gives the number of wells and tube wells used for i rrigation. There are 1661405wells and 249832Tube wells with 
pump  sets  and  482227wells  without   pump  set  used  for  irrigation in  the  state  as  revealed  in  the  census  during  2010-11.Out  of  th e 
total number of wells used for irrigation are 1630654 are elect ric connected and 30751 are diesel connected. Tube wells connected 
with electricity ar e 245670and diesel tube  wells are 4162. 	
6.10 Number of wells and tube wells used for irrigation in different size cla sses 2010-11 	
 	
Sl. No. Size class  Number of wells in use 
Number of tube wells 
With pump set 
Without 
pump sets  Electric  Diesel  Total 	
Electric  Diesel  Total 	
1  Marginal Below1.00 
1517395 26125  1543520  469243  230527  4081  2 34608 	2  Small (1.00-1.99) 78916 2319  81235  9433  9358  51  9409 	3  Semi-medium (2-3.99)  26747  1595  28342  2877  4170  30  4200 	4  Medium (4.00-9.99)  6558 407  6965  575  1324  0  1324 	5  Large (10.00-&above)  1038  305  1343  99  291  0  291 	
Total 1630654  30751  1661405  482227  245670  4162  249832 	
 Source: Agri: census 2010-11

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Intensity of Irrigation (Gross Area concept) 
 	
Table 4.11 reveals intensity of irrigation .The intensity of irrigation is measured 
as a ratio of gross irrigated ar ea and is expressed as percenta ge. The 9	
th Agricultural 
census reveals that the percenta ge of intensity of irrigation is 121.03 The intensity of 
irrigation  during  2000-01  and  2005- 06  is  109.25  and  110.21respectively.  The 
intensity  of  irrigation  shows  an   increasing  trend  when  compared   with  the  8	
th 
Agricultural census.  
 	
6.11 Intensity of Irrigation 	2000-01 , 2005-06 & 2010-11	 	
Sl.No  Size class (Hectares)  Intensity of Irrigation (Gross Area 
concept) 	
200-01  2005-06  2010-11 	
1 Below 
1.00  111.05  111.10  118.01 
2 Small 
(1.00-1.99)  108.53  110.09  115.05 
3 
Semi-medium 
(2-3.99)  107.60  109.38  114.79 
4 Medium 
(4.00-9.99)  107.17  107.69  115.44 
5 Large 
(10.00- &above)  102.90  109.34  164.59 	
All sizes 
109.25  110.21  121.03 	
 Source: Agri: census2010-11

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Irrigation Status  
2000-01, 2005-06 &2010-11 	
 	
6.12 Percentage of area irrigated from different sources of irrigation by major size groups  	
2000-01, 2005-06 & 2010-11 
 	
Sl.No  Category of holdings 
Size group  Canal  Tank  Well 	
00-01  05-06  2010-11  00-01  05-06  2010-11  00-01  05-06  2010-11 	
1  2 
3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11 	1  Marginal (0.02-0.99)  45.92 47.34 44.37 31.64 33.71 32.00 63.42 69.36 68.75 	2  Small (1.00-1.99) 24.42 24.06 26.30 19.86 24.44 23.61 18.20 16.64 14. 83 	3  Semi medium (2.00-3.99)  19.48 17.67 17.37 15.77 19.95 16.35 10.59 9. 50 7.31 	4  Medium (4.00-9.99) 8.74 8.58 8.65 12.55 11.10 7.86 4.33 3.31 2.74 	5  Large (10.00 & above)  1.45 2.35 3.31 20.18 10.8 20.18 3.46 1.19 6.37 	
All sizes  100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 	
 Contd:-

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 Sl. 
No  Category of holdings 
Size group  Tube well 
Other sources  All Sources 	
00-01  05-06  2010-11  00-01  05-06  2010-11  00-01  05-06  2010-11 	
1  2  12  13  14  15  16  17  18  19  20 	1  Marginal (0.02-0.99)  54.79 49.20 58.21 45.91  32.63 39.56 51.97 48.2 7 51.50 	2  Small (1.00-1.99) 15.43 17.30 19.37 22.60  19.97 20.70 20.37 19.80 19 .64 	3  Semi medium (2.00-3.99)  12.61 17.96 13.45 15.79  17.55 13.53 14.11 1 5.17 12.13 	4  Medium (4.00-9.99) 8.19 12.05 6.06 7.96  9.99 6.40 7.15 7.80 5.53 	5  Large (10.00 & above)  8.98 3.49 2 .91 7.73  19.86 19.81 6.39 8.96 11.20 	
All sizes 100 100 100 100  100 100 100 100 100 	
 Source :AgriculturalCensus 2010-11  	
The  above  table  shows  the  various  percentages  of  source  wise  and  size  class  wise  irrigation  during  7
th,  8
th  and  9
th  census. 
Analysing the sources of irrigation to different classes compared with the result of previous c ensus the percentage of irrigated area 
is  higher  in  marginal  followed  by   small,  semi-medium,  medium  from  all  sources,  viz  Canal,  Tank,  Well,  Tube  well  and  other 
sources.This characteristic is same during the earlier census r esults also .Among the various sources, well and tube well is h ighest 
in marginal size class.

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7. GROUND WATER 	
Richly  endowed  with  natural  resources,  the  tiny  State  of  Kerala   receives 
average  annual  rainfall  of  about  3000  mm.It  also  boasts  of  abun dant  fresh  water 
resources  including  44  rivers  besides  a  large  number  of  ponds  a nd  water  bodies. 
The  State  also  has  a  large  number   of  large  diameter  open  wells for  extraction  of 
ground  water  for  various  uses.  Groundwater  is  water	
  located  beneath  the  earth's 
surface  in  soil	
 pore	  spaces  and  in  the  fractures	 of rock formations.	  Ground  water  is 
recharged  from,  and  eventually  flows  to,  the  surface  naturally;   natural  discharge 
often occurs at springs and seeps and can form oasis or wetland s. However, in spite 
of  the  apparent  riches,  water  scarc ity  is  becoming  common  places  in  parts  of  the 
state,  especially  during  summer  months.  Increasing  population, rapid  urbanization 
and industrialization has results in increasing use of ground w ater resources over the 
last  few  decades  in  the  State.  J udicious  and  planned  development  of  ground  water 
and  its  scientific  management  hav e  become  necessary  to  ensure  long  term 
sustainability  of  this  precious  natural  resource  in  Kerala.  Thi s  requires  realistic 
estimate  of  the  availability  of  ground  water  resources  and  the  current  status  of  its 
utilization.  Ground  water  has  traditionally  been  and  still  cont inues  to  be  one  of  the 
preferred sources of fresh water  for various uses in Kerala. With nearly 90 percent of 
the  total  geographical  area  underlain  by  massive  hard  rocks,  th e  ground  water 
development  prospects  of  the  Stat e  are  very  limited.  Increasing  demand  of  fresh 
water  resources  to  satisfy  the  requirements  of  an  increasing  population  has  been 
putting these limited resources under increasing stress in rece nt decades. Changing 
life styles, increasing urbanization and consequent reduction i n the recharge into the 
ground  water  reservoirs  have  also  made  significant  contribution s  to  the  depletion  of 
ground  water resources of the  Stat e. Contamination  of ground water resources from 
natural  and  anthropogenic  sources  is  also  emerging  as  a  major  threat  to  the 
sustainability  of  ground  water  s ources  in  many  areas.  Groundwat er  contains 
information  on  rainfall  performance,  water  flowing  streams  and  ground  water 
resources,  water  quality  criter ia  and  distribution  of  water  mon itoring  stations.  The 
occurrence  and  availability  of  ground  water  vary  considerably  f rom  place  to  place 
within  the  state  depending  on  the  prevailing  climatic,  geomorphological  and  hydro 
geological conditions.

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7.1 Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Kerala 2012-13 	
Sl.No  District  No.of GWMW 	Dug Wells  Piezometers  Total 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  31 
42 73 
2  Kollam  25 30 55 
3  Pathanamthitta  19 30 49 
4  Alappuzha  27 40 67 
5  Kottayam  24 32 56 
6  Idukki  20 27 47 
7  Eranankulam  43 25 68 
8  Thrissur  28 37 65 
9  Palakkad  40 43 83 
10  Malappuram  35 30 65 
11  Kozhikode  20 28 48 
12  Wayanad  37 19 56 
13  Kannur  41 28 69 
14  Kasaragode  53 21 74 
 	
Total  443 432  875 	
 Source: GWD

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Total Annual Ground Water Recharge 	
The  Total  Annual  Ground  Water  Availability  in  Kerala  State  has 
been 
computed  as  6.686  Billion  Cubic  Metre  (BCM).Rainfall  recharge  accounts  for  about 
82  percent  of  the  annual  recharge,  with  the  remainder  contributed  by  other  sources. 
The  contribution  of  districts  t o  the  total  annual  recharge  of  t he  State  is  as  shown 
below  in  Table  4.14.  Also  the  Net  Ground  Water  Availability  for  the  entire  State  is 
6.073  billion  cubic  metre  (BCM).  T he  district  wise  availability  in  theState  ranges 
from196.55 MCM in Idukki distric t to 783.83MCM in Palakkad district. 	
 
Net Ground Water Availability for future Irrigation  Development 	
  The  availability  of  ground  water  resources  for  future  developme nt  has  been 
computed as the difference bet ween the net annual ground water  resource available 
and  the  annual  ground  water  draft  for  all  purposes.  The  Net  Gro und  Water 
Availability for future Irrigati on Development in the State as in 2011 is of the order of 
3.065 BCM. The district wise net g round water availability ranges from 83.87 MCM in 
Kasaragode district to 327.22 MCM in Eranakulam district. Distr ict wise status of Net 
Ground  Water  Availability  and  Annual  Ground  Water  Draft  for  all   uses  is  shown 
below Table 4.15.

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7.2 Annual Ground water Recharge 2011-12 	
Sl. 
No  Districts  Recharge 
from rainfall  during 
monsoon 
season (MCM)  Recharge from 
other sources  during 
monsoon 
season (MCM)  Recharge from 
rainfall during 
non-monsoon  season (MCM)  Recharge from 
other sources  during non-
monsoon 
season (MCM)  Total Annual 
Ground Water  Recharge 
(MCM)  Provision for 
Natural 
Discharges 
(MCM)  Net Annual 
Ground water  Availability 
(MCM) 	1  Alappuzha  304.07 0.70 73.00 108.69 486.46 33.56 452.90 	2  Eranakulam 424.96 4.83 79.42 135.78 644.99 61.73 583.27 	3  Idukki 162.33 1.10 31.19 23.76 218.38 21.84 196.55 	4  Kannur 452.96 6.79 0.00 72. 56 532.32 52.19 480.13 	5  Kasaragode 310.39 8.15 0. 00 46.90 365.44 36.54 328.89 	6  Kollam 319.65 1.66 104.52 41.72 467.56 45.35 422.21 	7  Kottayam 347.80 1.33 73.31 69.39 491.82 46.12 445.70 	8  Kozhikode 362.27 2.29 0.00 14.47 379.04 34.42 344.62 	9  Malappuram 400.81 3.60 55.90 85.00 545.31 49.76 495.55 	10  Palakkad  455.01 17.42 77.69 308.02 858.14 74.32 783.83 	11  Pathanamthitta  182.08 1.23 61.26 34.61 279.18 26.16 253.02 	12  Thiruvananthapuram  248.92 2.85 74.39 29.81 355.96 27.24 328.71 	13  Thrissur 571.51 10.72 0.00 172.82 755.05 73.52 681.53 	14  Wayanad 304.07 0.21 0.00 2.46 306.75 30.67 276.07 	
Total 4846.83 62.88 630.68 1145.99 6686.40 613.42 6072.98 	
Total in BCM 4.847 0.063 0.631 1.146 6.686 0.613 6.073 	
 Source: GW Dept

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7.3 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Kerala 2011-12 	 	
Sl. 
No.  Districts  Net Annual 
Ground Water 
Availability  Existing 
Gross 
Ground 
Water Draft 
for irrigation  Existing 
Gross Ground  Water Draft 
for domestic 
and industrial  water supply  Existing 
Gross 
Ground 
Water Draft  for all uses  Provision for 
domestic, and  industrial 
requirement 
supply up to  2025  Net Ground 
Water 
Availability  for future irrigation 
developmen t  Stage of 
Ground  Water 
Developmen t (%) 	1  Alappuzha  452.90 29.92 100.40 130.32 103.72 319.27 28.78 	2  Eranakulam 583.27 103.08 139. 31 242.40 152.96 327.22 41.56 	3  Idukki 196.55 28.74 54.96 83.70 59.85 107.96 42.58 	4  Kannur 480.13 109.43 109.39 218.82 119.32 251.37 45.58 	5  Kasaragode 328.89 167.05 67.75 234.80 77.98 83.87 71.39 	6  Kollam 422.21 40.15 119.33 159.48 130.16 251.90 37.77 	7  Kottayam 445.70 34.91 92.14 127.05 107.04 303.75 28.51 	8  Kozhikode 344.62 52.00 140.24 192.24 157.93 134.69 55.78 	9  Malappuram 495.55 81.66 202. 35 284.01 243.92 169.96 57.31 	10  Palakkad 783.83 354.94 131.51 486.46 141.97 288.94 62.06 	11  Pathanamthitta  253.02 34.63 60.04 94.67 63.04 155.34 37.42 	12  Thiruvananthapuram  328.71 39.85 133.16 173.01 146.99 141.87 52.63 	13  Thrissur 681.53 221.67 137.20 358.88 152.16 307.69 52.66 	14  Wayanad 276.07 6.52 43.19 49.71 48.16 221.39 18.01 	
Total in MCM 6072.98 1304.55 1530. 97 2835.55 1705.20 3065.22 46.69 	Total in BCM 6.073 1.305 1.531 2.836 1.705 3.065 46.69 	
 Source: GW Dept

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7.4 Variation in Major componen
ts of Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Kerala  
2009-10,2010-11 & 2011-12 	 	
Sl. 
No. 
Districts  Net Annual Ground 
Water Availability  (MCM)  Existing Gross 
Ground Water Draft  for all use (MCM)  Net Ground Water 
Availability for future 
irrigation development  (MCM)  Stage of Ground 
Water 
Development (%) 	
2009  2011  2009  2011  2009  2011  2009  2011  	
1  Alappuzha  453.65  452.90 129.35 130.32 320.02 319.27 28.51 28.78 	2  Eranakulam 
557.35 583.27 239.76 242. 40 301.72 327.22 43.02 41.56 	3  Idukki 196.55 196.55 82.98 83.70 107.96 107.96 42.22 42.58 	4  Kannur 479.11 480.13 217.39 218.82 250.35 251.37 45.97 45.58 	5  Kasaragode 327.24 328.89 233.33 234. 80 82.21 83.87 71.30 71.39 	6  Kollam 409.27 422.21 157.11 159.48 238.10 251.90 38.39 37.77 	7  Kottayam 473.16 445.70 125.97 127.05 331.21 303.75 26.62 28.51 	8  Kozhikode 347.38 344.62 189.72 192.24 137.45 134.69 54.61 55.78 	9  Malappuram 484.31 495.55 279.51 284.01 158.72 169.96 57.71 57.31 	10  Palakkad  795.25 783.83 484.17 486.46 300.42 288.94 60.88 62.06 	11  Pathanamthitta  284.11 253.02 94.24 94.67 186.44 155.34 33.17 37.42 	12  Thiruvananthapuram  304.74 328.71 171.01 173.01 117.90 141.87 56.12 52.63 	13  Thrissur 640.60 681.53 356.73 358.88 266.76 307.69 55.69 52.66 	14  Wayanad 276.28 276.07 47.68 49.71 221.60 221.39 17.26 18.01 	 
Total in MCM  6028.99 6072.98 2808.95 2835.55 3020.87 3065.22 46.62 46. 69 	Difference in comparison 
with 2009(%)  +0.73  +0.95  +1.47  +0.002 	 Source: GW Dept

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A  comparison  of  the  major  components  of  the  dynamic  ground  wate r 
resources  of  Kerala  as  in  2011  with  those  in  2009  is  as  shown  a bove.  The  data 
provided  in  the  table  indicate  that  the  net  annual  ground  water   availability  for  the 
State  of  Kerala  during  2011  has  i ncreased  by  0.73  %  when  compar ed  with  the 
corresponding  figures  during  2009.The  annual  ground  water  draft  for all uses has 
increased  by  0.95%  during  the  per iod.  The  net  ground  water  availability  for  future 
irrigation  development  in  the  Sta te  as  a  whole  shows  a  increased  of  1.47%  in  2011 
when  compared  to  the  corresponding  figures  in  2009.The  stage  of   ground  water 
development  in  the  State  shows  a  increase  from  46.62  %  during  2 009  to  46.69  % 
during  2011,registering  a  marginal  increase.  It  is  observed  tha t  the  variations  in  the 
major  components  of  dynamic  ground  water  resources  of  Kerala  as   computed  in 
2009 and 2011 vary from district to district.  	
 
Additional Annual Potential Recharge 	
The  availability  of  ground  water  resources  to  be  used  as  potent ial  recharge 
has  been  computed  for  shallow  water  table  areas  of  the  State.  T he  potential 
Recharge  thus  calculated  for  Kerala  as  a  whole  is  of  the  order  of  491.86  MCM. 
Details of district wise computations of potential recharge are  as shown below:

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7.5 Additional Annual Potential Recharge under specific conditions  in Kerala 2011-12 
 
 
Districts  Potential Recharge 
in water logged 
and shallow water  table area  Potential 
Recharge in  flood prone  area  Total Annual 
Additional 
Potential Ground  Water Recharge 	
2011  2011 2011 	
Alappuzha  39802.69 
0.00  39802.69 
Eranakulam  7584.77 
0.00 7584.77 
Kasaragode  108.88 
0.00 108.88 
Kollam  1624.19 
0.00 1624.19 
Kottayam  13.38 
0.00 13.38 
Kozhikode  7.50 
0.00 7.50 
Palakkad  33.83 
0.00 33.83 
Thrissur  11.20 
0.00 11.20 	
Total 49186.43 
0.00 49186.43 	
Total in MCM  491.86  0.00 491.86 	
 Source: GW Dept

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8. STORAGE 	
 	
The  idea of Food Management has been introduced  with the basic  objectives 
of  distribution  of  food  to  the  needy  sections  of  the  society  at   affordable  prices.  This 
concept  also  focuses  on  the  int egrated  national  food  which  aim  at  maintaining  a 
buffer  stock  which  is  created  by  purchasing  supplies  in  surplus   areas  to  counter  the 
factors  of  local  or  seasonal  var iations  in  demand  and  supply,  t o  provide  a  price 
support to the farmers on harvesting and also to put a check on unethical activities of 
hoarders  and  profiteers  as  these  activities  may  cause  violent  f luctuations  in  the 
prices of food grains.  Storage  of  goods  is  of  vital  impor tance  not  only  in  the  agriculture  sector  but 
also  in  the  industrial  sector.  In  the  primary  sector  that  is  ag riculture,  storage  is 
necessary  at  the  farm  and  fields  level;  in  the  secondary  sector   that  is  industry, 
storage  is  essential  at  the  proc essing  and  manufacturing  level  and  in  the  tertiary 
level  it  is  inevitable  for  the  domestic,  import  and  export  trad e.  The  necessity  for 
storage arises primarily because  of lack of adjustment between the time and place of 
production of goods and time and pl ace of their consumption. 
   Warehouses  play  a  vital  role  in  the  flow  of  goods  from  produc ers  to 
consumers.  It  helps  in  combatin g  annual  and  seasonal  fluctuation  in  production  and 
prices.  Provision  of  facilities  for  food  grains  comes  under  the   purview  of  Department 
of  Food  and  Public  Distribution.   There  are  three  agencies  in  the  public  sector  which 
are  engaged  in  building  large  sca le  storage/  warehousing  capacity-  Food 
Corporation  of  India  (FCI),  Cent ral  Warehousing  Corporation  (CW C)  and  17  State 
Warehousing  Corporations  (SWCs).In  addition  to  food  grains,  storage  also  includes 
industrial  warehousing,  custom- bounded  Warehouses,  container  fr eight  stations, 
inland clearance depots and ai r cargo complexes.  
The Central Government, through FCI, has the responsibility for  procurement, 
storage,  transportation  and  bulk  allocation  of  food  grains  to  t he  States.  The  State 
Government  has  the  responsibility   of  making  area  wise  allocations  within  the  State, 
identification  of  BPL/APL  fam ilies,  and  issue  of  categorized  ra tion  cards  and  finally

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distribution  of  food  grains  to  the  rationed  families  in  a  simpl e  and  rational  manner 
through the Public Distribution  System network across the count ry. 
Kerala,  being  a  deficit  State,  FCI  undertakes  the  major  role  of   providing 
scientific  storage  of  food  grains  i n  the  State  thereby  ensuring  adequate  stocks  for 
timely distribution under GOI schemes and also in  facilitating adequate buffer stocks 
for  the  State’s  requirement.  In   order  to  provide  easy  physical  access  in  deficit, 
remote and inaccessible areas, the FCI has a network of storage  depots strategically 
located  all  over  India.  These  depots  include  silos,  go  downs  an d  an  indigenous 
method developed by FCI, call ed Cover and Plinth (CAP). 
In the State the FCI is having 23  owned go downs with a total covered storage 
capacity of 5.19 Lakh Metric T onne.This storage capacity ensure s 3 months of buffer 
storage  for  state’s  TPDS  requirem ent.  In  addition,  FCI  also  has  a  CAP  storage 
capacity of 20870 MT which is not put to use due to torrential  rainfall in the state. 
The  Food  Corporation  of  India  was  setup  under  the  Food  Corporat ion  Act  1964,  in 
order to fulfill following obj ectives of the Food Policy: 	
 	Effective  price  support  operati ons  for  safeguarding  the  interests  of  the 
farmers. 	
  	Distribution  of  food  grains  throughout  the  country  for  public  d istribution 
system. 	
  	Maintaining satisfactory level  of operational and buffer stocks  of food grains to 
ensure National Food Security. 
Since  its  inception,  FCI  has  pla yed  a  significant  role  in  India's  success  in 
transforming  the  crisis  management   oriented  food  security  into a  stable  security 
system.

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8.1 Storage capacities with FCI in the state 	
2012-13 	
Sl. 
No  Revenue District  FCI District  Depot  Capacity in MT 	
covered  open 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  Thiruvananthapuram Valiathura  33440  2250 	Kazhakutham  36136  0 	
2  Kollam 
Kollam Kollam  11900  0 	Karunagapally  30000  0 
Avaneeswaram  9200  0 	
Kilikollur  5000  1200 	
3  Pathanamthitta 
 No FCI Godown  Requirement is met 
from FSDs 
mavelikkara & 
Avaneeswaram 
4  Alappuzha  Alappuzha Alleppey  10000  0 	Mavelikkara  20000  5000 	
5  Kottayam 
Kottayam Chingavanm  15320  0 
6  Idukki 
Arakkulam  5000  0 
7  Eranakulam Kochi Kochi  18700  0 	Angamally  40000  0 	
8  Thrissur 
Trichur M.G.Kavu  48960  5750 	
Chalakudy  10000  1670 	
9  Palakkad 
Palakkad Palakkad  70740  5000 
10  Malappuram   Angadipuram  10000  0 
11  Calicut  Calicut Kuttipuram  5000  0 	West Hill  35160  0 
Thikkodi  45000  0 	
12  Wayanad 
 Meenangadi  5000  0 
13  Kannur  Kannur Muzhapilangad  10640  0 	
Payyannur  29000  0 	
14  Kasaragode 
 Neeleswaram  9500  0 
PEG-CW Kunnamthanam (under D.O.Kottayam)   5000  0 	
TOTAL    518696  20870 	
 Source: FCI

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8.2 Storage Capacity with FCI 
2006 to 2013 	
 
Capacity  1	
st 
April  2006  1	st 
April  2007
 	
1st 
April  2008  1	st 
April  2009  1	st 
April  2010  1	st  
April  2011  1	st 
April  2012  1	st 
April  2013 	
Covered 	
Owned  12.93 12.94  12.95  12.97  12.97 12.99  13.01  13.00
Hired  09.90 09.34  08.71  10.12  12.89 15.46  17.21  20.99
Total  22.83 22.28  21.66  23.09  25.86 28.45  30.22  33.99	
CAP(cover and Plinth) 	
Owned  2.21  2.29  2.20  2. 17  2.51  2.62  2.63  2.64 
Hired  0.51  0.63  0.03  0.02  0.47  0.54  0.75  1.10 
Total  2.72  2.92  2.23  2.19  2.98  3.16  3.38  3.74 
Grand 
Total 25.55 25.20  23.89  25.28  28.84 31.61  33.60  37.73
(Figure in million tones) 
Source: FCI 
 	
8.3 Storage capacity available 
with the State Government is as 
follows 	
Capacity in MT 	
Sl.No  State Agency  Owned Hired  Total 	
1 SWC  Nil  Ni  Nil 
2  Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd.  Nil  Nil  Nil 
3 Marketfed  Nil  Nil  Nil 	
TOTAL  Nil  Nil  Nil 	
   Source: FCI

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8.4 District wise Food grain storage capacity, cold storages, warehouses and container Depots : 2012-13 
 
 	
Sl.No  District  Food 
Grain 
storage 
(in tones)  Cold 
storage  (in 
number)  Warehouses 
(in 
numbers)  Container 
Depots  (in 
number) 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  3080  Nil  5 Nil 
2  Kollam  1000  Nil 4 Nil 
 3  Pathanamthitta  2000  Nil  4 Nil 
4  Alappuzha  2100  Nil 6 Nil 
5  Kottayam  1400  Nil 5 Nil 
6  Idukki  1500  Nil 3 Nil 
7  Ernakulam  850  Nil 4 1 
8  Thrissur  1550  Nil 4 Nil 
9  Palakkad  6350  Nil 4 Nil 
10  Malappuram  2500  Nil 3 Nil 
11  Kozhikode  Nil  Nil 2 Nil 
12  Wyanad  1100  Nil 3 Nil 
13  Kannur  2500  Nil 4 Nil 
14  Kasaragod  2500  Nil 5 Nil 	
Total  28430  Nil  56 1 	
Source: Kerala State Warehousing Corporation

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9.    PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 	
  	
Food,  drinking  water,  education  and  shelter  are  required  to  be  provided  to 
poor  and  weaker  sections  of  the  society  for  their  upliftment.  T he  changes  in  prices 
affect  purchasing  power  and  thereby  the  living  conditions  of  the  people.  Food  being 
the  most  important  of  all,  ava ilabllity  of  selected  food  grains  at  the  reasonable  price 
to  poor  is  the  prime  responsibil ity  of  the  Government.  The  Stat e  Government  has 
ensured  the  availability  of  f ood  grains  by  opening  sufficient  n umber of Fair Price 
Shops  (FPS)  across  the  State,  wit h  the  main  objective  of  providing  food  grains  at 
cheaper  and  subsidized  rates  to  the  poor.  The  responsibility  of   Public  Distribution 
System  (PDS)  is  shared  by  the  C entral  as  well  as  the  State  Government.  Required 
allocation of food grains to the  States is fulfilled by the Central Government, whereas 
the  identification  of  needy  fam ilies  and  allocation  of  food  gra ins  to  them  is  the 
responsibility  of  the  State  Government.  The  main  commodities  co vered  under  PDS 
are Wheat, Rice, Sugar and Kero sene. Public distribution system is very relevant for 
the State, where there is more  than 75% deficit in food grain p roduction. Only 15% of 
the food grains required are produced here and the rest is met  from other states like 
Tamilnadu,  Andhra  Prades h,  Madhya  Pradesh  etc.The  Public  Distribution  system  is 
an  instrument  for  ensuring  the  availability  of  certain  essentia l  commodities  for 
consumption at subsidized rates  to the people, particularly the poor.

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9.1 Public distribution system of essential commodities 
2011-12 &2012-13  	
Item 
2011-12  2012-13 	
Number of ration cards for families 
7863698  8100536 	
No. of Ration permits 6311  6311 	
No. of FCI Depot 22  22 	
No. of wholesale shops Co-operatives 
35  36 	
Supply Co 
9  10 
Others 288  287 	
Total 
332  333 	
Number of Retail shops  Co-operatives 
413 411 	Others 
13854  13890 	
Total 
14267  14301 	
 Source: Economic Review 	
 
 
 
 
9.2 Allotment of sugar and kerosene from  2011-12 to2012- 2013 	
 	
Year  Sugar allotment 
MT  Kerosene allotment 
KL 
2011-12  62855 197124 
2012-13  58076 125196 	
Source: Economic Review

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10.Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation 	
 Water  is  the  edifice  of  all  acti vities.  Safe  drinking  water  and   its  supply  and 
proper  sanitation  are  the  basic  necessities  of  life.  Demand  for   water  is  increasing 
due  to  multitude  of  human  activities  in  the  country.  Govt.  of  I ndia  as  well  as  State 
Govt  are  committed  to  provide  safe  drinking  water  facilities  an d  total  sanitation  to  all 
The  primary  responsibility  of  p roviding  drinking  water  facilities  in  the  country  rests 
with  the  respective  state  Governments,  though  the  Centre  formul ates  policies  and 
guidelines  for  the  sector,  and  supplements  the  efforts  of  State   Governments  by 
providing  technical  and  financia l  assistance  under  various  centrally  sponsored 
schemes.  The  state  of  Kerala  is  no  exception  to  it.  Provision  o f  safe  drinking  water 
not  only  reduces  the  risk  of  death  due  to  water  born  diseases,  but  safe  drinking 
water  along  with  proper  sanitation  also  helps  in  maintaining  an d  determining  the 
quality of life.  The  problem,  however  is  that  with  the  growth  of  human  populatio n, there is a 
growing  concern  for  adequacy  of  fresh  water.  Now  access  to  safe   drinking  water 
remains an urgent need. Drinkin g water scarcity has been experi enced in many parts 
of the state on an unprecedented scale. There is an imminent ne ed to create greater 
social  awareness  about  the  rights  and  responsibilities  in  the  u se  of  water  and  to  put 
in place better management practic es in the utilization of this invaluable resource.  	
 
Coverage of water supply in Kerala 	
Our State has also initiated a number of programmes for giving  safer drinking 
water and hygienic environment to its people on area specific b asis in both Rural and 
Urban areas. As on 31.03.2013, the coverage of drinking water s upply in Kerala was 
79.12 percent of total population. In urban and rural areas of  the state, 85.18 percent 
and  77.00  percent  of  the  population  were  covered.  The  total  number  of  urban  and 
rural people covered by water supply schemes in Kerala was 70.4 1 lakh and 181.51 
lakh respectively.

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During  2012-13  Eranakulum  Distric t  had  the  highest  rural  water supply 
coverage  (98.26%)  and  Kozhikode  district  had  the  lowest  coverag e  (42.75%).In 
urban  area,  Malappuram  District  had  the  highest  coverage  (99.35%)  and  Wayanad 
District  had  the  lowest  coverage  with  50.10  percent.  In  the  case  of  total  population 
covered,  Eranakulum  district  had  the  highest  coverage  (97.41%) and  Kozhikode 
District  had  the  lowest  cover age  (55.25%)  during  2012.-13.  The  district  wise  details 
of population covered by Water  Supply Schemes as on 31/03/2013  is given below: 	
 
 
 
10.1 District-wise population cover ed by Water Supply Schemes  
2012-13	
 	
Sl.No  District  Rural popul-
ation 
covered  % to 
Total 
Rural 
popul- ation  Urban 
popul-
ation 
covered  % to 
Total 
Urban 
popul- ation  Total popul-
ation 
covered  % to 
Total 
popul- ation 
1 	Thiruvanantha 
puram 	1873648  87.44  958617  87.81  2832265  87.57 	
2 	Kollam  1590377  75.05  453781  97.38  2044158  79.07 	
3 	Pathanam 
thitta  888473  80.03  107700  87.00  996173  80.73 	
4 	Alappuzha  1202805  80.85  528255  85.00  1731060  82.07 	
5 	Kottayam  1197584  72.41  292663  97.62  1490247  76.28 	
6 	Idukki  687801  64.18  55262  95.95  743063  65.80 	
7 	Ernakulam  1600350  98.26  1425000  96.47  3025350  97.41 	
8 	Thrissur  1928376  90.33  828354  98.68  2756730  92.62 	
9 	Palakkad  1583342  70.03  340964  95.62  1924306  73.52 	
10 	Malappuram  2107224  64.45  353860  99.35  2461084  67.88 	
11 	Kozhikode  760044  42.75  830762  75.44  1590806  55.25 	
12 	Wayanad  694217  92.44  14835  50.10  709052  90.83 	
13 	Kannur  1167377  97.60  708332  58.40  1875709  77.86 	
14 	Kasaragod  869925  89.65  143298  61.32  1013223  84.15 	
 
Total  18151543  77.00  70416 83  85.18  25193226  79.12 
Source :KWA

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Kerala Water Authority 
 	
Various  schemes  are  being  implemented  by  Kerala  Water  Authority 
considering  the  need  for  extendi ng  the  coverage  of  protected  wa ter  supply  in  the 
state  adopting  scientific  distri bution  and  conservation  such  as   Centrally  Sponsored 
National  Rural  Drinking  Water  Programme  (NRDWP)  and  Urban  Water   Supply 
schemes,  Technology  Mission  Schem es,  Swajaldhara  schemes,  schemes  with  loan 
assistance  from  NABARD/Banks,  externally  aided  JBIC  projects  (n ow  JICA)  and 
ADB  and  World  Bank  assisted  schemes.  State  funded  water  supply  schemes  are 
also being undertaken by Ker ala Water Authority. 
As  on  31/03/2012,  there  are  2188  water  supply  schemes  operating   under 
Kerala  Water  Authority.  Out  of  which  71  are  urban  schemes,  985  Multi  panchayat 
and  1132  Single  panchayat  Schemes .  Under  urban  water  supply  schemes 
Ernakulum  (14  schemes)  and  Thrissur  (12  schemes)  have  more  schemes.  As  in  the 
case of Multi panchayat schemes, Thrissur is in first position  having 147 followed by 
palakkad  (133  schemes)  and  Kozhikode  (118  schemes).For  Single  p anchayat 
scheme Wayanad has only 32 schemes. 
  As  on  31/03/2013,  there  are  2208  water  supply  schemes  operating   under 
Kerala  Water  Authority.  Out  o f  which  72  are  urban  schemes,  996  Multi  panchayat 
and  1140  Single  panchayat  Schemes .  Under  urban  water  supply  schemes 
Eranakulum (14 schemes) and Thrissu r (12 schemes) have more schemes. As in the 
case of Multi panchayat schemes, Thrissur is in first position  having 147 followed by 
Palakkad  (133  schemes)  and  Kozhik ode  (118  schemes).For  Single  panchayat 
scheme, Wayanad has only 33 schemes. 
Details are given in the Table below:

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10.2 District and Category-wise Wa ter Supply Schemes-KWA in operation 
2011-12 
Sl. 
No  District  No. of Urban 
Water 
Supply 
Schemes  Rural Water Supply 
Schemes-  Total 	
Multi 
panchayat  Single 
panchayat 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram 
6  45  95  146 
2 Kollam 
3  38  65  106 
3 Pathanamthitta 
3  19  50  72 
4 Alappuzha 
7  2  77  86 
5 Kottayam 
5  55  97  157 
6 Idukki 
1  106  92  199 
7 Eranakulam 
14  63  91  168 
8 Thrissur 
12  147  104  263 
9 Palakkad 
4  133  51  188 
10 Malappuram 
5  113  43  161 
11 Kozhikkode 
2  118  128  248 
12 Wayanad 
0  30  32  62 
13 Kannur 
6  52  120  178 
14 Kasaragode 
3  64  87  154 
 Total  71 985  1132  2188 	
Source:Kerala Water Authority

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10.3 District and Category-wise Water Supply Schemes in  
operation  
2012-13 
 
Sl.No  District  No. of Urban 
Water Supply  Schemes  Rural Water Supply 
Schemes- 
Total 	
Multi 
panchayat  Single 
panchayat 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  6  46  96  148 
2  Kollam 3 39  66  108 
3  Pathanamthitta  3 21  50  74 
4  Alappuzha  7 2  77  86 
5  Kottayam  6 60  97  163 
6  Idukki  1 106  93  200 
7  Eranakulam  14 64  91  169 
8  Thrissur  12 147  104  263 
9  Palakkad  4 133  51  188 
10  Malappuram  5 113  46  164 
11  Kozhikkode  2 118  129  249 
12  Wayanad  0 30  33  63 
13  Kannur  6 53  120  179 
14  Kasaragode  3 64  87  154 
 	Total  72  996  1140  2208 	
Source: Kerala Water Authority

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10.4 District-wise details of w
ater supply connections and stre et 
taps 2011-12  	
Sl. 
No  District  Water supply connection  Street taps 	
Domestic 
Non-
Domestic	 	
Indu
strial  Total  Panchayat  Corp	/ 
/Mun  TOTAL 	
1 
Thiruvanan 
thapuram  264638  38085  110 	302833 	11756  5190 	16946 	
2  Kollam  102655  9115  195 	111965 	16016  4757 	20773 	
3 Pathanam 
thitta  29934  2622  24 	32580 	6286  1037 	7323 	
4  Alappuzha  82016  3176  97 	85289 	20509  4441 	24950 	
5  Kottayam  89598  6191  54 	95843 	13143  2079 	15222 	
6  Idukki 
19992  1794  4 	21790 	3510  536 	4046 	
7  Eranakulam  351882  20888  241 	373011 	31535  10140 	41675 	
8  Thrissur  118967  4497  40 	123504 	23205  5482 	28687 	
9  Palakkad  91802  5809  142 	97753 	13065  3377 	16442 	
10  Malappuram  52290  3409  7 	55706 	7190  2403 	9593 	
11  Kozhikode  54515  4043  29 	58587 	4460  3458 	7918 	
12  Wayanad  10719  1068  3 	11790 	3988  265 	4253 	
13  Kannur  30095  3611  69 	33775 	5102  1605 	6707 	
14  Kasaragod  15421  905  10 	16336 	3115  539 	3654 	
 	TOTAL  1314524  105213  1025 1420762  162880  45309  208189 	
Source: Kerala Water Authority

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10.5 District-wise details of water supply connections and stre et 
taps 2012-13 	
 
Sl.
No  District  Water supply connection  Street taps 	
Domestic 
Non- 
Domesti c  Indust
rial 
Total Panchay
at 	Corp/ 
Mun  TOTAL	
1 Thiruvananthapu
ram 	283165  41816  135  325116  12288  5445  17733 	
2  Kollam 	112626  5912  196  118734  14531  4765  19296 	
3  Pathanamthitta 	32621  2785  26  35432  10276  1037  11313 	
4  Alappuzha 	96498  3352  110  99960  22588  4385  26973 	
5  Kottayam 	92577  6356  54  98987  7599  2141  9740 	
6  Idukki 	21005  1897  6  22908  3369  536  3905 	
7  Eranakulam 	374751  21739  268  396758  29982  9877  39859 	
8  Thrissur 	125259  4709  41  130009  21864  5400  27264 	
9  Palakkad 	97985  6064  141  104190  14089  3182  17271 	
10  Malappuram 	55919  3584  7  59510  7052  2334  9386 	
11  Kozhikode 	56354  4101  30  60485  4436  3522  7958 	
12  Wayanad 	11482  1177  3  12662  3844  218  4062 	
13  Kannur 	31669  3723  67  35459  5582  1632  7214 	
14  Kasaragod 	15867  970  10  16847  2915  556  3471 	
 
TOTAL  1407778  108185  1094  1517057 160415  45030  205445
Source: Kerala Water Authority

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Receipt of Kerala Water Authority   	
Major  financial  source  of  Kerala  Water  Authority  includes  revenue  from  water 
charges  and  sewerage,  Plan  and  Non-Plan  allocation  from  state  G overnment, 
Deposit  from  Local  Bodies,  Fund   from  Govt.  of  Indiaand  loan  fromLIC/  HUDCO. 
Details of revenue receipts of KWA are given below. 	
 
 
10.6 Receipts of Kerala Water Authority from various   sources from 2011-12 & 2012-13 
   (	
Rs.In Lakh) 	
Year Revenue 
from 
Water/ 
Sewerage 
rates  State Govt 
Deposits 
from 
local 
bodies  Govt of 
India  Loan 
from  LIC/ 
HUDCO  others  Total 	
Plan 
Non-
Plan 	
2011-
12  35335
.08  46825 .74  19152 .16 1260 .00  12446 .43 77 .52  1922 .16  117019 .09
2012-
13  35800
.20  57554 .75  22865 .04 5531 .37  24903 .58 77 .77  3217 .14  149949 .85	
Source: Kerala Water Authority

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10.7 District Wise & Category wise number of ongoing water supply schemes 2012-13 	
 	Name of District 	
Number of ongoing Water Supply Schemes 	
Rural water Supply Schemes 
Urban Water Supply Schemes 
Total 	
ARWSS NC/PC 
Technology  Mission 
TRPschemes 
funded by GOI 
State plan 
SAARK(2010- 2011) 
New Water 
Schemes (2010- 2011	
) 
NABARD 
Externally 
Assisted(JICA) 
Deposit works of 
KWA 	
( For Schemes 
of local bodies /other  agencies)	
 
SAARK(2009-10)  Completion of 
ongoing UWSS - 
Special Package 
Externally 
Assisted (JICA) 
JNNURM 
SPARK (2009-10)  Replacement of 
old pipes 
UIDSSMT 
Bank 	
Thiruvananthapuram 
15  -      3      3    196  1  2  1  1        222 	
Kollam 
10  1      1      1  1  35                49 	
Pathanamthitta 
15  11      1      1    108            1    137 	
Alappuzha 
6  11  2    2      -  1  76            1    99 	
Kottayam 
21  1      8      -    48  1          1    80 	
Idukki 
21  -            1    11                33 	
Eranakulam 
11  3      1      3    210    2    1        231 	
Thrissur 
5  1  2    1  1    3    147    6        2    168 	
Palakkad 
8  4  1          3    41    2        2    61 	
Malappuram 
19  3      1  3    2    108          1  2    139 	
Kozhikode 
15  29  1    1      1    53      1    2  1    104 	
Wayanad 
3  -            -    43            1    47 	
Kannur 
7  4    1  1  1    -  1  44    3      2  2    66 	
Kasargod 
6  -            -    26    1      1      34 	
Total  162  68  6  1  20  5  0  18  3  1146  2  16  2  2  6  13  0  1470

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10.8 Plan & Non Plan Expenditu re of Kerala Water Authority 
2011-12 & 2012-13 
 	
 (Rs. In Lakhs) 
Items  2011-12  2012-13 	
Plan Expenditure 	
State Plan Schemes   25983.99  34867.63 	
LIC/HUDCO  0.00 0.00 	
Externally Assisted  19307.00  26438.28 
Centrally Assisted  2375.13  4334.98 
Others (if any)  0.00 0.00 	
Total  47666.12  65640.89 	
Non Plan Expenditure 	
Salary & Establishment  37247.78  41984.15 	
Power charge 14788.00  19400.00 	
Operation & Maintenance  7489.99  7500.00 	
Interest on Loans 3703.87 3132.83 
(excluding GOK)    	
Repayment of Loans  5039.66 11407.92 	
(excluding GOK)    	
Others 850.00  900.00 
Total  69119.30  84324.90 	
Grand Total 116785.42  149965.8 	
Source: Kerala Water Authority

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10.9 District wise distribution  of KWA Water Supply Schemes 
Transferred to Local Bodies  2010-11 
 
Sl.No  District  No.of Schemes(Rural) 
Total Population 
coverage 	
From the 
list of 1050  schemes  From other 
than the list  of 1050 
schemes 	
1  Thiruvananthapuram  2  0  2  33667 
2 
Kollam  2  0  2  3950 
3 
Pathanamthitta  0  0  0  0 
4 
Alappuzha  0  0  0  0 
5 
Idukki  3  1  4  2710 
6 
Kottayam  9  0  9  32400 
7 
Thrissur  19  22  41  57640 
8 
Eranakulam  1  0  1  1500 
9 
Palakkad  69  51  120  434300 
10 
Malappuram  45  56  101  264643 
11 
Kozhikkode  49  65  114  142315 
12 
Wayanad  10  1  11  42445 
13 
Kannur  6  2  8  4800 
14 
Kasaragode  14  25  39  28700 
 	Total 229  223  452  1049070 	
 Source: KWA

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10.10 Income from water charges 2011-12 & 2012-13 	
 	
 (Rs in Lakhs) 
Year  Urban schemes 
Rural comprehensive 
schemes  Rural single panchayat 
scheme  Total 	
Domestic/ 
non domestic &  Industrial 
Street taps 
Total 
Domestic/ 
non domestic &  Industrial 
Street taps 
Total 
Domestic/ 
non domestic & 
Industrial 
Street taps 
Total 
Domestic/ 
non domestic &  (Industrial) 
Street taps 
Total 	
2011-12  15789  2487  18276  3947  1838  5785  1974 1595  3569  21710  5920  27630 	2012-13  16868  4356  21224  4217  4958  9175  2343  8038  10381  23428  12394  35822 	
 Source
: Kerala Water Authority

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Jalanidhi Project 	
 
Kerala  Rural  Water  Supply  and  Sanitation  Agency  (KRWSA)  was  set  up, 
under  the  aegis  of  the  World  Bank,  in  November  1999  as  an  auton omous  body 
functions under the Dept of Water Resources, Got of Kerala. The  primary aim of this 
agency  is  to  facilitate  and  support  year-round  supply  of  adequate  quantities  of 
potable  water  to  the  rural  Kerala,  through  the  active  participa tion  of  the  user  group 
themselves. The advances made b y the Peoples’ planning programme in Kerala and 
successful  decentralization  has  m ade  participatory  planning  a  feasible  and 
meaningful  tool  in  adopting  a  demand  driven  approach  rather  tha n  the  hitherto 
followed  supply  driven  approach.  The  rural  water  supply  &  sanit ation  project 
implemented by KRWSA is  known as JALANIDHI 
KRWSA  has  taken  up 3712  water  supply  schemes  in  112  GPs  under  t he  first 
phase  of  JALANIDHI  project,  of  w hich  3693  small  water  supply  schemes  and  16 
large water supply schemes have already been commissioned benef itting 11.28 lakh 
populations.  In  addition  to  water  supply  schemes  other  componen ts  like  ground 
water  recharge  activities,  latrines,  environmental  sanitation  m easures,  Rain  Water 
Harvesting etc were also underta ken and successfully completed under the project. 
Jalanidhi-II  is  a  World  Bank  supported  Rural  water  supply  and  S anitation 
Project,  based  on  community  o wnership  and  demand  driven  approac hes.  This 
project  is  a  sequel  to  the  Jalanidhi-I  implemented  during  2000- 2008  Negotation  for 
Jalanidhi-II took place between Govt. of India and Govt. of Kerala with World Bank in 
November 2011. Accordingly the World Bank approved a credit amo unt of US$155.3 
million (credit No.5027-1 N) for i mplementing the project for total estimate of 1022.30 
Cr.  Project  agreements   were  signed  on  12	
th  February  2012  and  it  is  effective  from 
17/04/2012.  
Project  implementation  activities   were  started  in  22  Grama  Panj ayath  in  12 
districts  of  Kerala  excluding  Alappuzha  and  Eranakulam  district s  during  the  year 
2012-13. As there were only planning phase activities during th e period, no  physical 
infrastructures were completed during the year 2011-12and 2012- 13.

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10.11 Plan Scheme Allocation and Expenditure 2011-12 	
 
Name of the Scheme  Head of  AccountAllocation- 
Rs in 
Crores  Expenditure- 
Rs in Crores  Percentage 
of 
Expenditure
Add  on  Project  of  Jalanidhi-
(World  Bank  Aided  Second 
Kerala  Rural  Water  Supply 
and Sanitation Project-)  2215-
01-800-
67  112.50  25.00  22.22 
Scaling  up  of  Rain  Water 
Harvesting  and  G  W  R 
Programme  throghK  R  W  S 
A  2215-
01-800- 64  5.00  0.00  0.00 
Installation  of  Plants  for  the 
removel of Iron from Drinking 
Water  2215-
01-800- 57  1.00  0.00  0.00 
Completion  of  Rural  Water 
Supply  and  Sanitation 
Projects  Implemented 
through KRWSA  2215-
01-800- 53  5.00  5.00  100.00 	
Total 
 
1213.50  30.00  24.30 	
 
Notable Achievements 	
World  Bank  Aided  Second  Kerala  Rural  Water  Supply  and  Sanitatio n  Project 
(Jalanidhi-Phase-II)  agreement  was  signed.  Pre-planning  activit ies  for  Batch-I  Grama 
Panchayath, in which the Project is to be implemented, were sta rted. Selection of 22 Grama 
Panchayaths  and  selection  NGOs  as  Support  Organisations  for  each  Panchayath  was 
completed. Capacity Building measures have been started.

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10.12 Plan Scheme Allocation an
d Expenditure in Phase-II 2012-
2013 	
 	
Name of the Scheme  Head of 
Account  Allocation-
Rs in 
Crores  Expenditure- 
Rs in Crores  Percentage 
of 
Expenditure	
Add  on  Project  of  Jalanidhi-(World 
Bank  Aided  Second  Kerala  Rural 
Water Supply and Sanitation Project-)  2215-01-
800-67  109.82  40.00  36.42 
Scaling  up  of  Rain  Water  Harvesting 
and  G  W  R  Programme  throghK  R  W 
S A  2215-01-
800-64  12.02  8.02  66.72 
Installation of Plants for the removel of 
Iron from Drinking Water  2215-01-
800-57  2.50  0.00  0.00 
Completion of Rural Water Supply and 
Sanitation  Projects  Implemented 
through KRWSA  2215-01-
102-93  2.00  2.00  100.00 	
Total 
  126.34  50.02  39.60 	
 
 
Notable Achievements 
 
  Project  activities-  Jalanidhi  -  Phase-II,  were  live  in  22  Grama  Panchayaths 
and  pre-planning  activities  were   about  to  complete  for  Batch-II  Grama 
Panchayaths. 
    1031  nos  of  Benificiary  Groups  consisting  of  52253  households   were 
registered for implementing  Jalanidhi-Phase-II project. 
   27 nos of Single Grama Panchayaths K W A Schems were taken ove r by the 
Grama  Panchayaths  concerned  as  p art  of  the  implementation  of  Jalanidhi-
Phase-II project. 
   Water  security  Plan  for  22  Grama  Panchayaths  and  18  Tribal  Gra ma 
Panchayaths  were  prepared  in  conne ction  with  the  implementation of 
Jalanidhi-Phase-II project. 
   Arranged  the  transfer  of  RS  462.49  lakh  as  Grama  Panchayaths  S hare  and 
mobilized  Rs  672.77  lakh  as  Benef iciary  Contribution  in  connection  with  the 
implementation of Jalan idhi-Phase-II project.

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  Source  Development  Works  were  s tarted  for  141  Nos  of  Water  Supply 
Schemes as part  of Jalanidhi-Phase-II project. 
   All Key Staff were positioned with respect to Jalanidhi-II Pro ject and imparted 
required  capacity  building  measure s to all levels of stakeholders as per the 
scheme cycle. 
   Set up 1951 nos of House Hold R W H units under the schemes of   scaling 
up of Rain Water Harvesting and  G W R programme through K R W S  A. 
 	
 
Sanitation 	
 	
The  concept  of  sanitation  was  earlier  limited  to  disposal  of  hu man  excreta  by 
cess  pools,  open  ditches,  pit  latrines,  bucket  system  etc.  Toda y it has a 
comprehensive  concept,  which  includes  liquid  and  solid  waste  disposal,  food 
hygiene,  personal,  domestic  as  w ell  as  environmental  hygiene.  Proper  sanitation  is 
important  not  only  from  the  general  health  point  of  view  but  it has a vital role to play 
in  our  individual  and  social  life  too.  Sanitation  is  one  of  the   basic  determinants  of 
quality  of  life  and  human  development   index.  Good  sanitary  practices  prevent 
contamination  of  water  and  soil  and  thereby  prevent  diseases.  The  concept  of 
sanitation  was,  therefore,  expanded  to  include  personal  hygiene,  home  sanitation, 
safe  water,  garbage  disposal,  excreta  disposal  and  waste  water  disposal.  Individual 
Health  and  hygiene  is  largely  dependent  on  adequate  availability  of  drinking  water 
and  proper  sanitation.  There  is  therefore,  a  direct  relationshi p  between  water, 
sanitation,  and  health.  Consumpti on  of  unsafe  drinking  water,  improper  disposal  of 
human  excreta,  improper  environmental  sanitation  and  lack  of  pe rsonal  hygiene 
have  been  major  causes  of  diseases  in  developing  countries.  The   concept  of 
sanitation  includes  personal  hygiene,  garbage,  excreta  disposal ,  waste  water 
disposal  etc.  The  Central  Rural  Sanitation  programme(CRSP),a  ce ntrally  sponsored 
scheme  launched  in  1986,  was  restructured  by  the  Govt.  of  India   in  1999  to 
introduce the Total Sanitation  Campaign. This is one of the dat a poor sectors.

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Total Sanitation Campaign 	
Total  Sanitation  Campaign  is  a  comprehensive  programme  to  ensur
e 
sanitation  facilities  in  rural  areas  with  broader  goal  to  eradi cate  the  practice  of  open 
defecation.TSC  envisages  synergize d  interaction  between  Government,  people  and 
active NGOs. It follows a principle of “low to no subsidy” wher e a nominal subsidy in 
the form of incentive is given to rural poor households for con struction of toilets. TSC 
had  given  strong  emphasis  on  Information,  Education  and  Communi cation  (IEC), 
Capacity  Building  and  Hygiene  E ducation  for  effective  behaviour  change  with 
involvement of PRIs, CBOs and NGOs etc. The key intervention ar eas are Individual 
household  latrines  (IHHL),  School   Sanitation  and  Hygiene  Education  (SSHE), 
Community  Sanitary  Complex,  Anganwadi  toilets  supported  by  Rural  Sanitary  Marts 
(RSMs) and Production Centers (PCs). The main goal  of the GOI i s to eradicate the 
practice  of  open  defecation  by  2010.  To  give  fillip  to  this  end eavour,  GOI  has 
launched Nirmal Gram Puraskar to recognize the efforts in terms  of cash awards for 
fully  covered  PRIs  and  those  i ndividuals  and  institutions  who  h ave  contributed 
significantly in ensuring full sanitation coverage in their are a of operation.NGP is also 
a  way  of  awareness  as  well  as  a   competition  between  Panchayats  for  firstly  create 
open defecation free area and seek the Nirmal Gram Puraskar. 	
Objectives 
 
The main objectives o f the TSC are as under. 
  Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas 
  Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas 
  Generate  felt  demand  for  sanitation  facilities  through  awarene ss  creation  and 
health education 
  Cover  schools/  Anganwadis  in  ru ral  areas  with  sanitation  facilities  and 
promote hygiene educ ation and sanitary habits among students 
  Encourage cost effective and appr opriate technologies in sanitation 
  Eliminate  open  defecation  to  min imize  risk  of  contamination  of  drinking  water 
sources and food 
  Convert  dry  latrines  to  pour  flush  latrine,  and  eliminate  manu al  scavenging 
practice, wherever in existence in rural areas

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Waste Management in Kerala 	
Keralites  are  traditionally  well  known  for  maintaining  personal
 hygiene by 
almost all sections of people. Environmental awareness is very  high in the state due 
to  high  literacy.  They  are  therefore  demanding  better  environme ntal  quality.  Solid 
and liquid waste management are the essential components of soc ietal hygiene. But 
the  peculiar  characteristics  of  the  state  such  as  high  water  ta ble  in  coastal  areas, 
where  most  of  the  urban  local  bodies  are  situated  and  long  peri od  of  monsoon 
season  spread  over  six  months  in  an  year,  makes  the  solid  and  l iquid  waste 
management  a  challenging  job.  Anot her  peculiarity  of  the  state is its very high 
density  of  dug  wells,  it  comes  about  400  dug  wells  per  square  K ilometer, makes  the 
job  of  waste  management  at  househol d  level  a  difficult  task.  Small  land  holdings 
having  well  for  drawing  drinking  water  and  household  latrines  with  on-site  excreta 
disposal system is a common scene in rural settings. In these c ircumstances finding 
a  suitable  site  for  household  pr ocessing  of  solid  waste  using  p opular  technologies 
like pit composting, ring compos ting, or biogas plant is very difficult. 
Segregation  of  wastes  at  source  o f  generation  itself  is  the  key element 
promoted for managing wastes at household level, institutions a nd other major waste 
generators.  Encouragem ent  has  been  given  to  segregate  solid  was te to at least two 
fractions  namely,  biodegradable   and  non  degradable.  Biodegradable  wastes  include 
all  organic  fraction  of  solid  waste,  which  is  intended  to  be  pr ocessed  at  source.  If 
biodegradable, especially the  easily biodegradable waste is sep arated, and then the 
non-degradable  and  hazardous  waste  could  be  handling  safely.  Non-degradable 
wastes  include  plastics,  metal,  glass  etc.  Homely  hazardous  was tes  consist  of  CFL 
lamps,  tube  lights,  discarded  battery,  discarded  medicines,  mosquito  coils,  remnant 
of  pesticides,  etc.  The  main  advantage  noticed  from  cultivating  the  habit  of 
segregation and storage of waste a t source is that the problematic easily degradable 
waste can be removed daily for p rocessing at household level or at community level, 
and  the  non-degradable  and  hazardous  wastes  can  be  stored  for  c omparatively  a 
longer  period, without mixing wit h biodegradable wastes. The first experiment in this 
regard in Kerala state was tried during 2003 at Kozhikode Munic ipal Corporation with 
the  financial  assistance  of  the  Ministry  of  Environment  and  For ests,  Government  of 
India.  Two  bin  systems,  green  bi n  for  biodegradable  and  white  bin  for  non-

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degradable  were  issued  to  the  resi dents.  House  to  house  collection  was  introduced 
by  involving  Kudumbasree  (Women  Self  Help  Groups)  volunteers,  w hich  showed 
encouraging results.  Technologies  such  as  pit  composting,  ring  composting,  vermin  co mposting 
and  biogas  plants  are  being  prom oted  for  processing  of  biodegradable  wastes  at 
household  level  and  institutional   level.  Aerobic  windrow  compos ting,  vermin 
composting  and  biogas  plants  are   being  promoted  for  processing of  biodegradable 
waste at community level. In order to help the local bodies, th e State Government in 
the  Local  Self  Government  Department  has  issued  a  comprehensive   guideline  on 
standards,  specifications,  operat ion  and  maintenance  of  protoco l  for  the  above 
mentioned processing technologies.  In  the  state,  27  Municipalities  and  all  the  five  Municipal  orpo rations  have 
already  completed  the  construction  of  Solid  Waste  Processing  Pl ants  and  made  the 
plant  operational.  They  have  been  following  the  treatment  technology  based  on 
biological  processing  of  Municipal  Solid  waste,  using  mainly  th e  Windrow 
Composting  and  biogas  plants,  as  specified  in  the  MSW  Rules.  The  Suchitwa 
Mission has been focusing and fill ing the gap in the field of Solid Waste Management 
in  urban  areas  and  focusing  in  activities  mainly  at  Grama  Panch ayats  and  small 
Municipality level. The Kerala  sustainable  Urban Development Pr oject (KSUDP) has 
been involved in providing techni cal and financial support to Municipal Corporations, 
and some of the major Municipalities under the   JNNURM/UIDSSMT  schemes.  Even  though,  the  technical  and  financia l 
support  have  been  extended  to  Municipal  Corporations  and  major  Municipalities, 
through the KSUDP project, there  are gaps  and issues in those LSGIs in the field of 
solid  waste  management.  Present  status  of  implementation  of  Sol id  Waste 
Management System in ULbs has been assessed.  The  five  City  Corporations  and  53  Municipalities  were  supported   with  partial 
financial assistance from the Suchitwa Mission for establishing  full-fledged integrated 
Municipal  Solid  Waste  Management  Facility, with  financial  support  from  the  state 
Plan.  Funds  have  also  been  made  available  for  solid  waste  manag ement  from  LSG 
fund,  and  financial  resource  of  Ja waharlal  Nehru  National  Urban  Renewal  Mission 
Urban  Renewal  Mission,  Urban  Infras tructure  Development  scheme for  small  and

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medium Towns and Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project.  However, there 
are  certain  technical  issues  like  odour  nuisance,  open  dumps,  m enace  from  flies, 
birds  and  dog,  need  to  collect  and  treat  leach  ate,  need  for  pr oper  mechanization  of 
processing  plants,  need  to  prote ct  the  site  with  boundary  wall and  barbed  fencing, 
need  to  have  a  proper  sanitary  landfill  system,  need  to  have  a  resource  recovery 
centre,  need  to  have  a  proper  waste  management  system  for  slaug hterhouses,  etc, 
that  required  to  be  addressed  fo r  mitigating  the  environmental impacts  linked  to 
ISWM facilities, in general, and wa ste processing plants, in particular. 
The  suchitwa  Mission  has  also  been  providing  technical  support  and  part 
financial  assistants  to  the  Grama  Panchayats  for  establishing  solid  waste 
management  activities.  A  three  level  approach  is  being  taken  in   this  regard.  At 
household  level,  Institution  level  and  community  level,  biologi cal  treatment 
technologies  are  being  followed  for  the  purpose  of  source  treat ment  of  bio 
degradable waste. The suchitwa  Mission has been giving technica l approval and part 
financial  support  to  Rural  LSGIs  f or  establishing  solid  waste  management  facilities 
under  the  centrally  sponsored  programme  of  Total  Sanitation  Cam paign  (TSC)  and 
from Plan Schemes of the suchitwa Mission. 
   At  present,  the  Municipal  Cor porations  and  Major  Municipalities  have  been 
following the treatment technology based on biological processi ng of Municipal Solid 
Waste, using mainly the Windrow  Composting and biogas plants, a s specified in the 
MSW Rules. Those LSGIs have been facing the difficulties such as lack of adequate 
land  for  disposal  of  rejects  from  the  compost  plants,  inadequacies  of  processing 
facilities  and  odour  nuisance,  exc essive  leach  ate  generation, water  pollution  and 
other  environmental  issues  from  operation  of  the  compost  plants .  The  major  issues 
faced by these plants are being  highlighted by media and there  are public protests in 
some  urban  local  bodies.  There  is  a  wide  spread  public  concern  over  the 
management  of  Municipal  Solid  Was te  especially  in  Corporation  and  major 
Municipalities. Hence, the Government is in the process of searching for alternate or 
better  technologies  for  solving  the  above  mentioned  issues  in  t hose  urban  LSGIs. 
The  selected  technological  options  are  too  tried  under  the  Kera la  condition,  in 
consideration  of  its  special  wast e  characteristics,  climatic  conditions,  land 
constraints, environmental sensitiveness, etc.

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There  are  a  lot  of  environmental  and  operational  issues  due  to  mixing  of 
waste plastic carry bags with muni cipal solid wastes. Therefore, the LSGIs are facing 
lot  of  problems  in  their  waste treatment  activities  due  to  high er  percentage  of  plastic 
waste.  More  over  unscientific  disposal  of  waste  plastic  carry  b ags  led  to  various 
environmental  issues  in  the  Stat e.  The  Plastic  Waste  (Managemen t  and  handling) 
Rules,  2011  notified  under  Envir onment  (Protection)  Act,  1986  insist  that  the  local 
bodies  have  to  take  action  for  collection  of  waste  plastic  carr y  bags  and  to  take 
action  for  using  the  collected  carry  bags  for  mixing  it  with  bi tumen  for  road  tarring 
and  or  co-incineration  in  the  kilns  of  cement  plants.  The  LSGIs  are  as  part  of  their 
waste  management  projects,  are  planning  to  establish  Plastic  sh redding  Units  at 
Grama  Panchayat  and  Municipality  level,  for  shredding  the  colle cted  waste  plastic 
carry bags. There is therefore an urgent need for utilization o f these shredded plastic 
carry bags for road tarring or co-  incineration in the Cement Kilns, as stipulated in the 
said  Rules.  In  the  case  of  sanitary  latrines,  Kerala  has  a  good  record.  We  have 
extensive  coverage  of  sanitary  l atrines  in  the  state.  The  coverage  increased 
exponentially in the 90’s backed up by a well organized program me and commitment 
of funds.  
Emerging challenges of waste management in Kerala are many. Fol lowing are a few 
important challenges: 
  Per capita generation of wastes  in Local Self Governments in Kerala is higher 
than those in other states due to  the peculiar consumption pattern in the State. 
  Primary collection is limited to urban local self Governments. Storage of waste at  source is limited to a few cities and towns. 
  Plastic wastes and e-wast es are on the increase. 
  After attaining high coverage  of sanitary latrines, the remaining target mostly 
consists of landless people or t hose having very low extent of  land, where 
construction of toilets poses a major challenge. 
  High water table areas particu larly in the coastal and in low lying areas like 
Kuttanad pose a technological challenge. 
  Septage treatment has not been addressed so for.

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10.13 District- Wise Financial Progress 
2012-13 (release VS Expenditure) 
 	
Sl. 
No.  State/District  Release Amount (in 
Lakhs)  Expenditure Amount (in Lakhs) 	
Central 
State 
Bene-
ficiary 
Total 
Central 
State 
Bene-
ficiary 	
Total 	
1  Alappuzha  0.00  0.00 0.10  0.10  27.19  0.01  2.00  29.20 
2  Eranakulam  0.00  0.00 0.00  0.00  72.13  22.71  0.00  94.84 
3  Idukki  0.00  0.00 0.00  0.00  170.34 85.25  3.55  259.14 
4  Kannur 0.00  0.00 0.00  0.00  23.16  14.29  0.00  37.45 
5  Kasaragod  0.00  0.00 0.00  0.00  45.18  17.67  0.00  62.85 
6  Kollam  0.00  0.00 0.00  0.00  19.78  6.62  0.00  26.40 
7  Kottayam  0.00  0.00 3.15  3.15  32.41  10.75  12.21  55.37 
8  Kozhikode  0.00  0.00 0.00  0.00  20.94  5.82  0.00  26.76 
9  Malappuram  0.00  0.00 0.40  0.40  22.64  5.74  0.40  28.78 
10  Palakkad  0.00  0.00 12.71 12.71 234.44 152.90  12.71  400.05 
11 Pathanam 
Thitta  0.00  0.00 0.00  0.00  19.27  3.34  174.34  196.95 
12 
Thiruvanantha 
puram  0.00  0.00 0.00  0.00  99.05  10.07  5.29  114.41 
13  Thrissur  0.00  0.00 0.00  0.00  110.96 34.75  0.00  145.71 
14  Wayanad  0.00  0.00 0.00  0.00  54.02  1.84  0.00  55.86 
  TOTAL  0.00  0.00 16.36 16.36 951.51 371.76  210.5  1533.77	
Source: suchitwa Mission

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10.14 District- Wise Physical Progress  2012-13 
 	
 	
Sl. 
No.  District Name 	
IHHL 
(BPL) 
IHHL 
(APL) 
IHHL (Total)  Sanitary 
Complex 
School Toilets 
Anganwadi  Toilets 
RSM 
PC 
SLWM 
Total School  covered 	
1  Alappuzha  0	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
2  Eranakulam 0	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	11	 	0 	
3  Idukki 3018	 
0  3018	15	 	17	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
4  Kannur  0	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
5  Kasaragod 0	 	0 	0 	4 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
6  Kollam 0	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	7 	0 	
7  Kottayam  0	 	0 	0 	10	 	17	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	9 	
8  Kozhikode 0	 	0 	0 	1 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
9  Malappuram 0	 	0 	0 	4 	0 	92	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
10  Palakkad  0	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	3 	0 	
11  Pathanamthitta  0	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
12  Thiruvananthapuram  2656	 
0 	2656	 	13	 	0 	230	 	0 	0 	0 	5 	
13  Thrissur  0	 	0 	0 	2 	0 	0 	0 	0 	20	 	0 	
14  Wayanad 0	 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	0 	
 
Total 	5674  0  5674 49  34  322  0  0  41  14 	
Source: suchitwa mission

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10.15 Year wise achievements of Physical Components 
2002-03 to 2012-13 	
Sl. 
No.  Component   2002-
2003  2003-
2004  2004-
2005  2005-
2006  2006-
2007  2007-
2008  2008-
2009  2009-
2010  2010-
2011  2011-
2012  2012-
2013 	1  IHHL BPL  100867  108225 
138982  130298  100087  246152 
74297  56723  20047  2188  5674 	
2  IHHL APL  0  6800 
27450  23688  21571  44033 
7568  11579  194  0  0 	
3  TOTAL 
IHHL(BPL+  APL)  100867  115025 
166432  153986  121658  290185 
81865  68302  20241  2188  5674 	
4 
Sanitary  
Complex  71  331  110  31  24  63  89  153  58  68  49 	5  school Toilets  112  757  435  320  221  672  605  448  29  76  34 	6 Anganwadi  
Toilets  0  15  476  291  163  1416  713  1390  195  60  322 	
 Source: suchitwa mission
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